La, 


The  Gift  of  Beatrix  Farrand 

to  the  General  Library 
University  of  California,  Berkeley 


Ex 

Libris 

BEATRIX 
FARRAND 

LANDSCAPE 
ARCHITECTURE 


WINTER  BOTANY 


A  COMPANION  VOLUME 
TO  THE  AUTHOR'S 


PLANT  MATERIALS  OF 
DECORATIVE  GARDENING 


BY 

WILLIAM  TRELEASE 

PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


URBANA 
PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHOR 

1918 


COPYRIGHT,  1918 

BY 
WILLIAM  TRELEASE 


Add  to  Lib* 

PE 

TURE 

GffT 


LANDSCAPE 

ARCHITECTURE 


LANDSCAPE 
ARCH. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

FOREWORD   ______________________________________________     v 

INTRODUCTION  ___________________________________________  vii 

USING  THE  KEYS  _________  _______________________________    ix 

KEY  TO  GENERA  _______________  _  _________________________  xii 

LEAVES  WHORLED  ____________________________________  xii 

LEAVES  OPPOSITE  _____________  •  _______________________  xiii 

LEAVES  ALTERNATE  __________________________________  xx 

WINTER  CHARACTERS  _____________________________________     1 

REFERENCES  _____________________________________________  361 

GLOSSARY  _  ________________________________  s  ______________  363 

INDEX  _  __385 


370 


FOREWORD. 

While  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  nearly  forty  years 
ago,  I  became  interested  in  the  differences  by  which  woody 
plants  may  be  recognized  in  winter — sometimes  more  surely 
than  when  in  flower — and  learned  from  Willkomm's  excellent 
but  inconveniently  shaped  book  how  readily  these  differences 
may  be  grouped  for  differential  purposes. '  A  large  collection 
of  winter  twigs  was  accumulated  subsequently  at  the  Missouri 
Botanical  Garden,  and  I  owe  a  lasting  debt  of  gratitude  to 
many  friends — among  them  the  even  then  venerable  Dr.  Chap- 
man of  Florida — who  collected  such  material  for  me. 

Willkomm's  book,  like  other  contemporary  publications 
of  its  kind,  was  confined  to  the  commonest  deciduous  trees 
and  shrubs  of  northern  Europe.  My  intention  at  that  time 
was  to  prepare  a  winter  manual  of  the  trees  native  to  the 
Eastern  United  States,  and  illustrations  of  many  of  these  were 
prepared  by  Miss  Grace  E.  Johnson  (now  Mrs.  George  Clifford 
Vieh).  For  a  variety  of  reasons,  this  undertaking  was  laid 
aside,  and  her  skilful  and  expressive  drawings  remain  un- 
published except  for  those  picturing  Acer,  Carya,  Juglans  and 
Leiineria.  It  is  a  pleasure .  to  record  that  though  long  out 
of  practice,  Mrs.  Vieh  has  prepared  for  the  engraver  some  of 
the  simplified  drawings  now  published. 

URBANA,  ILLINOIS, 
August  1918. 


INTRODUCTION. 

When  my  Plant  Materials  pocket  manual  was  issued,  in 
1917,  an  unusually  full  account  was  given  of  characters  that 
are  not  mentioned  in  the  usual  handbooks,  but  the  keys  were 
based  in  large  part  on  differences  used  by  the  old  herbalists, — 
position  and  other  peculiarities  of  the  foliage.  The  key  of 
the  present  volume  utilizes  leaf-scar  and  bud  differences  in 
the  same  manner. 

Because  the  keys  of  the  first  volume  are  as  available  for 
coniferous  evergreens  in  winter  as  in  summer,  this  important 
group  of  trees  is  not  considered  here  at  all ;  but  angiospermous 
evergreens  and  the  few  deciduous  conifers  are  treated  now  in 
even  greater  fullness.  To  avoid  .unnecessary  repetition,  fam- 
ily descriptions  are  not  repeated  here,  and  the  generic  charac- 
ters are  confined  to  the  direct  purpose  of  the  book. 

This  purpose,  naming  our  common  trees  and  shrubs  when 
without  foliage,  involves  a  close  accounting  for  small  differ- 
ences between  small  parts,  so  that  illustrations  are  more  in- 
dispensable than  for  a  Summer  Manual  leading  to  the  same 
end  with  the  same  plants.  Such  illustrations  are  inserted  in 
the  text,  where  they  may  be  used  with  convenience.  Occa- 
sionally a  twig  or  leaf  is  pictured  of  natural  size  or  reduced 
to  one-half  (or  in  Magnolia  one-fourth)  its  natural  size.  Ex- 
cept for  these  and  the  self-evident  cases  of  Ailanthus,  Aralia 
and  Cedrela  where  details  are  seen  easily  without  enlarge- 
ment, the  essential  characters  of  leaf-scars,  bud  and  pith  are 
shown  with  a  uniform  enlargement  of  three  diameters,  which 
serves  the  purpose  though  details  sometimes  appear  small  as 
a  result. 

Even  more  necessary  than  in  summer  studies,  is  a  good 
pocket-lens  of  about  12-magnification;  and  it  should  bd  an 
invariable  practice  to  examine  carefully  a  number  of  buds 

vii 


viii  INTRODUCTION 

and  leaf-scars,  particularly  those  of  ordinary  branches  rather 
than  suckers  or  spurs,  before  beginning  to  use  the  key.  When 
this  practice  is  followed,  after  a  few  familiar  species  have 
been  traced  through  so  as  to  give  facility,  the  key  will  be 
found  simple,  direct  and  conclusive  in  nearly  every  case;  and 
native  and  introduced  species,  as  .well  as  genera,  may  be 
named  for  the  most  part. 

The  present  volume,  though  conifers  are  excluded,  deals 
with  326  genera  belonging  to  93  families.  Species  and  espe- 
cially varieties  are  not  differentiated  to  the  same  extent  as  in 
the  earlier  volume,  but  the  keys  lead  to  the  names  of  about 
1100  such  forms. 

As  in  the  earlier  volume,  questions  of  nomenclature  have 
been  waived,  and  the  same  names  are  used  in  both  books 
except  for  correction  of  a  few  oversights  in  the  first,  so  that 
reference  may  be  made  readily  to  the  Standard  Cyclopedia  for 
other  information  concerning  the  plants;  and  this  is  even 
more  necessary  than  when  names  are  learned  from  summer 
characters. 


USING    THE    KEYS. 

As  in  the  Summer  Manual,  the  keys  are  essentially  dicho- 
tomous,  bringing  together  in  couplets  alternatives  with  usu- 
ally sharply  contrasted  differences.  In  each  instance,  these 
contrasts  are  grouped  under  a  single  number.  A  few  exam- 
ples will  show  the  simplicity  of  using  such  a  key,  and  the 
directness  with  which  it  leads  to  the  name  of  a  plant. 

Caution  should  be  observed  with  all  alternate-leaved 
shrubs  until  the  poisonous  species  of  Rhus  have  become 
known. 

Having  a  disinclination  to  come  into  unexpected  contact 
with  the  poison  ivy,  I  decide  to  familiarize  myself  with  its 
essential  winter-characters  at  once.  Remembering  where  I 
saw  it  last  summer,  I  go  to  a  post  or  tree  trunk  over  which 
it  is  climbing,  and  without  touching  it  I  am  able  to  see  that 
it  climbs  by  the  aid  of  numerous  short  roots  that  fasten  them- 
selves to  the  support,  but  has  no  tendrils,  and  that  its  leaf- 
scars  are  distributed  singly  along  the  stem,  or  alternate.  Cau- 
tious examination  under  a  lens,  still  without  touching  the 
plant,  shows  that  these  leaf-scars  are  half-round  or  somewhat 
shield-  or  heart-shaped  or  3-sided,  and  after  looking  at  several 
of  them  I  have  satisfied  myself  that  each  scar  is  marked  by  a 
number  of  dots — more  or  less  evidently  in  3  groups,  each  of 
which  is  a  bundle-trace  corresponding  to  one  of  the  woody 
strands  that  passed  from  the  stem  to  make  up  the  framework 
of  the  leaf  last  season.  Over  each  leaf-scar  is  a  single  bud, 
slightly  elongated  or  stalked  below  its  leaves.  No  sign  of 
stipules,  or  scars  left  after  their  fall,  is  evident  near  any  of 
the  leaf-scars.  I  have  noticed  everything  essential  to  naming  the 
plant  without  having  exposed  myself  to  danger  from  its  poi- 
son. Turning  to  the  key  (p.  xi),  I  find  only  five  contrasts — 
no.  1  to  140;  no.  140  to  150;  no.  150  to  151;  no.  151  to  157— 
before  I  stop  convinced  that  it  belongs  to  the  genus  Rhus. 

ix 


x  USING  THE  KEYS 

Reading  the  winter-description  of  that  genus  on  p.  187  con- 
firms me  in  this  conviction.  The  analysis  of  species  under 
Rhus  leads  as  directly  and  certainly  to  Rhus  radicans  (L  4) 
as  the  name  of  my  plant. 

As  I  return  to  the  house,  I  stop  to  look  at  a  velvety  vine 
rooted  against  a  tree-trunk  where  I  remember  having  seen 
something  different  from  poison  ivy  last  summer.  Without 
touching  this  climber  I  look  it  over  carefully,  first  with  the 
unaided  eye,  then  under  a  lens,  and  find  that  it  differs  from 
Rhus  in  a  number  of  respects.  Besides  the  roots  by  which  it 
is  fastened  to  its  support,  it  produces  short  hand-like  tendrils 
at  many  of  its  nodes  and  the  fingers  of  these  are  dilated  into 
broad  adhering  tips.  These  tendrils  are  opposite  the  half- 
round  leaf-scars,  each  of  which  has  a  series  of  rather  indis- 
tinct bundle-traces  just  inside  its  margin;  and  a  narrow  sti- 
pule-scar runs  off  at  either  side  of  the  short  round  bud  above 
each  leaf -scar.  The  sequence  in  the  key  here  is  no.  1  to  140; 
140  to  150;  150  to  151;  151  to  152;  and  152  to  153.  The  disks 
at  end  of  the  tendril-branches  satisfy  me  that  this  is  a  Vir- 
ginia creeper,  and  the  key  to  the  several  kinds  of  Partheno- 
cissus  (p.  225)  shows  that  I  have  seen  the  rooting  ampelopsis, 
Parthenocissus  quinquefolia  Saint-Paulii,  which  I  may  trans- 
plant to  my  house  next  spring  without  fear, — and  in  the  cer- 
tainty that  it  will  cling  closely  and  tenaciously  to  the  wall. 

My  neighbor  grows  a  fleecy,  tall  shrub  that  has  the  pecu- 
liarity of  discarding  many  of  its  very  slender  twigs  every 
fall,  reclothing  itself  in  a  similar  array  the  next  season.  I 
find  that  instead  of  ordinary  broad  leaves,  this  produces  small 
scales,  one  at  a  node  though  often  crowded  close  together. 
These  scale-leaves  have  not  fallen  as  most  leaves  do,  but  are 
present  in  winter.  In  the  axil  or  angle  over  each  of  them  is 
a  small  round  bud,  and  the  outer  scales  of  some  of  these 
have  parted,  showing  a  nest  of  smaller  buds.  Cutting  across 
one  of  the  reddish  branchlets,  I  see  that  its  pith  is  toward 
one  side  rather  than  exactly  central  in  the  zone  of  wood  by 


USING  THE  KEYS  xi 

which  it  is  separated  from  the  bark.  Tracing  the  shrub  is 
simple:— no.  1  to  140;  to  141;  to  142;  to  143;  to  144;  to  145, 
where  I  stop  at  Tamarix.  The  species  (p.  238)  are  not  easily 
distinguished,  but  the  color  of  the  twigs  makes  me  believe 
that  this  is  the  commonly  cultivated  Tamarix  gallica. 

Several  years  ago  a  squirrel  overlooked  some  sort  of  a 
nut  that  he  had  buried  next  a  fence.  It  has  grown  into  a 
small  tree  with  sumach-like  foliage,  that  must  be  either  a 
hickory  or  black  walnut  or  butternut.  I  want  to  know  which. 
The  twigs  present  several  peculiarities:  leaf-scars  are  alter- 
nate, raised  above  the  level  of  the  stem,  shaped  much  as  in 
the  poison  ivy,  with  3  usually  C-shaped  or  fragmented  bundle- 
traces;  over  each  leaf-scar  are  two  scaly  buds,  one  superposed 
above  the  other;  and  the  twig,  when  split,  shows  a  peculiar 
pith,  not  solid,  but  consisting  of  thin  brown  plates  separating 
cavities  or  chambers.  The  key  leads  me  from  no.  1  to  140; 
to  150;  to  172;  to  202;  to  203;  to  219;  to  224;  to  225;  to  227; 
to  255;  to  256;  to  259;  to  260;  where  I  decide  that  my  tree  is 
a  Juglans.  The  characters  of  this  genus  (p.  16)  satisfy  me 
that  this  is  right,  and  the  short  gray  silky  terminal  bud  and 
the  absence  of  moustache-like  velvety  lines  above  the  leaf- 
scars  show  that  it  was  a  black  walnut  that  the  squirrel  planted 
and  forgot,  here  as  along  many  other  fences. 

A  horticultural  friend  brings  me  a  twig  of  one  of  the 
golden  bells  which  survived  the  last  severe  winter  better  than 
the  common  Forsythia  viridissima,  and  asks  if  it  can  be  the 
hybrid  ( X  F.  intermedia)  between  that  species  and  the  hardier 
F.  suspensa.  The,  key  (1  to  2;  to  15;  to  19;  to  22;  to  35; 
to  40;  to  86;  to  87;  to;  92;  to  97;  to  104;  to  124;  to  126) 
convinces  me  that  what  he  has  is  really  a  Forsythia.  Turn- 
ing to  p.  308  I  find  that  the  twig  has  the  solid  tissue  at  its 
nodes  characteristic  of  F.  suspensa  (f.  3),  but  the  thin  plates 
or  their  remains  between  the  nodes  characteristic  of  F.  viri- 
dissima (f.  1) ;  for  the  hybrid  X  Forsythia  intermedia  (f.  2) 
is  intermediate  between  the  parent  species  in  this  as  in  other 
characters. 


KEY    TO    GENERA. 

1.  Leaves  solitary  (alternate)  at  each  node.     140. 
Leaves  2  or  more  at  each  node.     2. 

(Leaves  may  be  represented  by  scales  or  spines  or  by  scars 
from  which  they  have  fallen,  in  either  of  the  groups). 

2.  Leaves  characteristically  2  at  each  node.     15. 
Leaves  characteristically  3  at  each  node.     3. 
(Exceptional  branches  may  have  3  instead  of  2,  or  2  in- 
stead of  the  customary  3  leaves). 

LEAVES  WHORLED. 

3.  Leaves  reduced  to  small  thin  scales.  p.  6.     Ephedra. 
Ordinary  leaves  or  their  scars  present.     4. 

4.  Leaves  persistent  and  green  (evergreen).     5. 
Leaves  absent  (deciduous),  or  dried.     10. 

5.  Leaves  small,  narrow,  revolute:  low  shrubs.     6. 
Leaves  larger,  broad,  flat:   sap  milky.     9. 

6.  Leaves  terete:  aromatic.  p.  181.     Ceratiola. 
Leaves  broader  than  thick.     7. 

7.  Leaves  3  or  4  in  a  whorl:  plants  erect.  p.  299.     Erica. 
Leaves  about  5  in  a  whorl:  plants  matted.     8. 

8.  Leaves  flat  above,  not  toothed.  p.  180.     Empetrum. 
Leaves  biconvex,  microscopically  toothed.       p.  179.  Corema. 

9.  Stipules  present:  leaf-scars  not  fringed,    p.  324.  Allamanda. 
Stipules  lacking:  leaf-scars  fringed  at  top.    p.  326.  Nerium. 

10.  Twigs  stout:   leaf-scars  large.  p.  341.     Catalpa. 
Twigs  slender.     11. 

11.  Buds  small,  often  sunken  in  the  bark.     p.  344.  Cephalanthus. 
Buds  moderate  or  very  evident.     12. 

12.  Bundle-trace  1:  pods  long,  slender.  p.  340.     Chilopsis. 
Bundle-traces  several.     13. 

13.  Pith  spongy  or  excavated:   buds  acute.         p.  77.     Deutzia. 
Pith  continuous.     14. 

14.  Two  or  four  hairy  lines  below  each  node.    p.  348.  Diervilla. 
Without  hairy  ridges:  buds  short,  blunt,    p.  81.  Hydrangea. 

xii 


KEYS — LEAVES  OPPOSITE  xiii 

LEAVES  OPPOSITE. 

15.  Leaves  represented  by  small  persistent  scales.     16. 
Ordinary  leaves,  or  their  scars,  present.     19. 

16.  Twigs  often  ending  in  spines.     17. 

Twigs  not  sharp  and  pungent.  p.  6.     Ephedra. 

17.  Spines  much  flattened.  p.  214.     Colletia. 
Twigs  cylindrical   (terete).     18. 

18.  Spines  rather  long:  no  stipules.  p.  241.     Koeberlinia. 
Spines  2  cm.,  outcurved:  stipules  minute,    p.  221.  Adolphia. 

19.  Leaf-scars  and  buds  in  2  vertical  ranks.     20. 
Leaf-scars  in  4  ranks  unless  on  climbers.     22. 

20.  Deciduous:    without  stipules  or  stipule-scars.     21. 
Evergreen:  stipules  persistent.  p.  159.     Guaiacum. 

21.  Not  aromatic:   buds  elongated.  p.  43.     Buckleya. 
Aromatic:  buds  round.  p.  67.     Meratia. 

22.  Climbing  or  scrambling.     23. 
Not  climbing.     35. 

23.  Climbing  by  coiling  leaf -organs  (tendrils).     24. 
Climbing  by  aerial  roots.     25. 

Twining  or  scrambling,  without  aerial  roots  or  tendrils.  28. 

24.  Wood  showing  a  cross  in  section.  p.  338.     Bignonia. 
Wood  not  showing  a  cross:  stem  angled.      p.  52.  Clematis. 

25.  Evergreen:   leaves  rather  small.  p.  195.     Evonymus. 
Deciduous.     26. 

26.  Leaf-scars  half-round:  bundle-trace  1.          p.  339.  Campsis. 
Leaf-scars  crescent-shaped.  p.  81.     Hydrangea. 
Leaf-scars  U-shaped  or  horseshoe-shaped:  pith  spongy.     27. 

27.  Leaf -scars  U-shaped:  bundle-traces  5.  p.  78.  Schizophragma. 
Leaf-scars  horseshoe-shaped.  p.  79.     Decumaria, 

28.  Pith  continuous.     29. 

Pith  spongy:  evergreen:  sap  milky.     30. 
Pith  chambered  or  excavated.     32. 

29.  Tiwgs  acutely  4-lined.  p.  320.     Jasminum. 
Twigs  terete  and  not  ribbed.  p.  330.     Petraea. 


xiv  KEYS — LEAVES  OPPOSITE 

30.  Leaves  rounded  at  ends.  p.  328.     Stephanotis. 
Leaves  acute  at  both  ends.     31. 

31.  Leaf-scars  transversely  connected,  p.  325.  Trachelospermum. 
Leaf-scars  without  connecting  lines.         p.  324.  Allamanda. 

32.  Sap  milky:   leaf-scars  raised,  shriveled,     p.  327.  Periploca. 
Sap  not  milky.     33. 

33.  Bundle-trace  1:   commonly  evergreen.     34. 
Bundle-traces  3:   twining.          .  p.  353.  Lonicera. 

34.  Twining:  stems  4-lined:  leaves  simple,    p.  322.  Gelsemium. 
Scrambling:  stems  not  lined.  p.  320.     Jasminum. 

35.  With  spines  ending  some  twigs  or  in  the  axils.     36. 
Without  spines  or  prickles.     40. 

36.  Scurfy  with  shield-shaped  (peltate)  scales.     37. 
Without  such  scales.     38. 

37.  Evergreen:   buds  naked:   leaves  lanceolate.        p.  318.  Olea. 
Deciduous:  buds  scaly.  p.  248.     Shepherdia. 

38.  Spines  forking:    evergreen.  p.  323.     Carissa. 
Spines  unbranched,  often  blunt:   foliage  deciduous.     39. 

39.  Buds  several,  superposed,  small.  p.  316.  Forestiera. 
Buds  not  superposed,  relatively  large.       p.  220.  Rhamnus. 

40.  Bundle-traces  3  or  more,  separate,  in  an  open  series.     41. 
Bundle-trace  1;  or  many  traces  scattered  or  in  an  ellipse, 

or  nearly  confluent  in  a  straight  or  curved  line.     86. 
(This  group  includes  cases  in  which  the  bundle-traces 
are  indistinguishable  in  a  shriveled  scar). 

41.  Leaf-scars  large  and  broad:   twigs  stout.     42. 
Leaf-scars  small  or  narrow.     43. 

42.  Buds  solitary,  the  terminal  enlarged.  p.  207.  Aesculus. 
Buds  multiple.                                               p.  359.     Sambucus. 

43.  Leaf-scars  linear  or  U-shaped.     75. 
Leaf-scars  horseshoe-shaped.     85. 
Leaf-scars  not  as  above  unless  by  tearing.     44. 

44.  Evergreen.     45. 
Deciduous.     48. 


KEYS — LEAVES  OPPOSITE  xv 

45.  Leaves  pinnate,  frequently  alternate.  p.  143.  Sophora. 
Leaves  simple.     46. 

46.  Bundle-traces  three.     47. 

Bundle-traces  7:  stipules  forming  a  sheath,  p.  345.  Gardenia. 

47.  Pith  uniform  and  continuous.  p.  349.     Viburnum. 
Pith  gritty,  finally  chambered.  p.  364.     Aucuba. 

48.  Pith  spongy  or  finally  excavated.     49. 

Pith  characteristically  continuous  and  persistent.     53. 

49.  Leaf-scars  raised,  or  else  buds  superposed.     50. 
Leaf-scars  little  raised:  buds  not  superposed.     52. 

50.  Buds  sessile.     51. 

Buds  slightly  stalked:  tender.  p.  356.     Leycesteria. 

51.  Buds  never  superposed.  p.  352.  Symphoricarpos. 
Buds  often  superposed.  p.  353.  Lonicera. 

52.  Pith  spongy,  or  lower  bud-scales  short.  p.  77.   Deutzia. 
Pith  excavated:  lower  scales  as  long  as  bud.  p.  347.  Dipelta. 

53.  Buds  behind  a  persistent  petiole-base.  p.  262.  Cornus. 
-    Buds  covered  by  a  broad  membrane,      p.  74.  Philadelphus. 

Buds  exposed.     54. 

54.  Buds  enclosed  in  a  single  outer  scale  or  sac.     55. 
Buds  naked,  or  with  separate  scales.     57. 

55.  Scale  1,  split  in  front.  p.  49.     Cercidiphyllum. 
Scales  2,  united  in  a  closed  sac.     56. 

56.  With  evident  stipule-scars.  p.  201.     Staphylea. 
Without  stipule-scars.                                    p.  349.     Viburnum. 

57.  Most  leaf-scars  alternate:  buds  silvery,    p.  148.  Laburnum. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     58. 

58.  Leaf-scars  ciliate  at  top.     59. 
Leaf-scars  not  ciliate.     61. 

59.  Buds  solitary  over  each  leaf-scar.     60. 

Buds  often  collaterally  multiplied.         p.  112.    Rhodotypos. 

60.  Buds  essentially  sessile.  p.  202.     Acer. 
Buds  slightly  but  evidently  stalked.         p.  349.     Viburnum. 

61.  Twigs  with  2  or  4  often  hairy  raised  lines,  p.  348.  Diervilla. 
Twigs  not  ridged  when  fresh.     62. 


xvi  KEYS — LEAVES  OPPOSITE 

62.  Buds  without  scales:   stellate-scurfy.         p.  349.  Viburnum. 
Buds  with  scales.     63. 

63.  Visible  scales  1  or  2  pairs.     64. 
Visible  scales  more  than  2  pairs.     70. 

64.  Buds  stalked:  scales  meeting  at  their  edges,     p.  202.  Acer. 
Buds  not  stalked.     65. 

65.  Leaf-scars  distinctly  raised.     66. 
Leaf-scars  low.     68. 

66.  Aromatic:  lateral  bundle-traces  very  small,    p.  67.  Meratia. 
Not  aromatic:  bundle-traces  3,  nearly  equal.     67. 

67.  Leaf-scar  on  a  finally  torn  membrane,    p.  74.  Philadelphus. 
.  Leaf-scar  not  on  an  articular  membrane,    p.  353.  Lonicera. 

68.  Leaf-scar  thin  and  tearing  at  top.          p.  74.  Philadelphus. 
Leaf-scar  not  on  an  articular  membrane.     69. 

69.  Glabrate:  with  stipule-scars.  p.  201.     Staphylea. 
Velvety:   without  stipule-scars.  p.  162.     Evodia. 

70.  Buds  sometimes  superposed.     71. 
Buds  not  superposed.     72. 

71.  Leaf-scars  raised.  p.  353.     Lonicera. 
Leaf-scars  low.                                                  p.  348.     Diervilla. 

72.  Bark  exfoliating:  traces  subconfluent.     p.  357.  Kolkwitzia. 
Bark  not  exfoliating,  or  else  bundle-traces  separated.     73. 

73.  Buds  nearly  globose  or  else  plants  pithy,    p.  81.  Hydrangea. 
Buds  conical.  p.  202.  Acer. 
Buds  ovoid  or  oblong.    74. 

74.  Buds  branching  or  else  leaf-scars  meeting.        p.  202.  Acer. 
Buds  remaining  solitary.  p.  349.  Viburnum. 

75.  Bud-scale  1,  forming  a  closed  sac.     76. 
Bud-scales  several  or  indistinct,  or  lacking.     77. 

76.  Buds  gummy  within.  p.  349.  Viburnum. 
Buds  not  gummy  when  opened.  p.  11.  Salix. 

77.  Twigs  with  many  ridges.  p.  76.  Fendlera. 
Twigs  without  such  ridges.     78. 

78.  Very  woolly:  savory:  small.  p.  334.  Rosmarinus. 
Neither  very  woolly  nor  savory.     79. 


KEYS — LEAVES  OPPOSITE  xvii 

79.  Buds  quite  sessile.     80. 

Buds  somewhat  stalked:  pith  continuous.     83. 

80.  Pith  continuous.     81. 

Pith  spongy:   often  stellately  pubescent.         p.  77.   Deutzia. 
Pith  excavated:   twigs  slender.  p.  358.  Abelia. 

81.  Evergreen:   leaf-scars  at  first  raised.  p.  267.  Garrya. 
Deciduous:   leaf-scars  low.     82. 

82.  Leaf-scars  meeting.  p.  75.  Jamesia. 
Leaf-scars  not  meeting.  p.  202.  Acer. 

83.  Leaf-scars  for  a  time  raised:  scales  valvate.     p.  262.  Cornus. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     84. 

84.  Leaf-scars  meeting  in  a  point.  p.  202.  Acer. 
Leaf-scars  not  meeting.                                  p.  349.  Viburnum. 

85.  Aromatic:  buds  closely  superposed.          p.  66.  Calycanthus. 
Not  fragrant:   buds  solitary.  p.  165.  Phellodendron. 

86.  Leaf-scars  fringed:  evergreen:  sap  milky,     p.  326.  Nerium. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     87. 

87.  Soft  pithy  half-shrubs:   buds  superposed.     88. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     92. 

88.  Peppery-aromatic:  leaf-scars  U-  or  C-shaped.    p.  333.  Vitex. 
Not  peppery-aromatic.     89. 

89.  Leaf-scar  subelliptical.     90. 

Leaf-scar  triangular  or  crescent-shaped,     p.  321.  Buddleia. 
Leaf-scar  or  bundle-trace  C-shaped.  p.  331.  Callicarpa. 

90.  Leaf-scars  of  each  pair  connected.  p.  342.    Tecoma. 
Leaf-scars  not  connected  by  a  downy  line.    91. 

91.  Leaf-scar   straight   at  top.  p.332.   Caryopteris. 
Leaf-scar  notched.                                   p.   329.  Clerodendron. 

92.  Bundle-traces  many  in  a  compound  or  elliptical  series.  93. 
Bundle-traces  few  (often  3),  rather  distinct.     95. 
Bundle-traces  1,  sometimes  obscure.     97. 

93.  Sap  milky:    bud-scales  striated.  p.   36.  Broussonetia. 
Sap  not  milky:  bud-scales  2  or  four,  not  ribbed.     94. 

94.  Pith  chambered:   leaf-scars  elliptical.       p.  337.  Paulownia. 
Pith  continuous:  scars  shield-shaped.  p.  310.  Praxinus. 


xviii  KEYS — LEAVES  OPPOSITE 

95.  Aromatic:   middle  bundle-trace  largest.         p.  67.  Meratia. 
Not  aromatic.     96. 

96.  Stipules  persistent:  buds  silvery-hairy,    p.  148.  Laburnum. 
Stipules  lacking:  buds  gray- velvety.       p.  357.  Kolkwitzia. 

97.  Heath-like  or  trailing,  with  small  evergreen  leaves.     98. 
Not  heath-like  or  trailing  and  also  evergreen.     104. 

98.  Delicate  trailing  rooting  vine.  p.  355.  Linnaea. 
Heath-like  or  moss-like.     99. 

99.  Leaves  auricled  at  base  and  sessile.  p.  298.  Calluna. 
Leaves  neither  auricled  nor  sessile.     100. 

100.  Leaves  overlapping  like  fleshy  scales.         p.  282.  Cassiope. 
Leaves  not  overlapping.     101. 

101.  Leaves  very  revolute.  p.  277.  Loiseleuria. 
Leaves  narrowly  if  at  all  revolute.     102. 

102.  Leaves  finely  toothed.  p.  198.  Pachistima. 
Leaves  entire.     103. 

103.  Leaves  with  distinct  dots  beneath,      p.  276.  Leiophyllum. 
Leaves  not  or  very  indistinctly  dotted.        p.  278.  Kalmia. 

104.  Evergreen.     105. 
Deciduous.     124. 

105.  Leaves  of  2  leaflets:  odoriferous.  p.  160.  Covillea. 
Leaves  pinnately  divided.                           p.  320.  Jasminum. 
Leaves  simple,  not  divided.     106. 

106.  Aromatic.     107. 
Not  aromatic.     112. 

107.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate:   shrub.  p.  252.  Myrtus. 
Leaves  broad.     108. 

108.  Leaves  several-nerved,  rather  ovate,    p.  69.  Cinnamomum. 
Leaves  1-nerved,  elliptical  or  falcate.     109. 

109.  Leaves  white-woolly  beneath.  p.  254.  Feijoa. 
Leaves  glabrous.     110. 

110.  Leaves  of  mature  growth  alternate.       p.  257.  Eucalyptus. 
Leaves  all  opposite  and  elliptical.     111. 

111.  Bark  shredding:  buds  solitary.  p.  250.  Punica. 
Bark  not  shredding:   buds  superposed.       p.  255.  Pimenta. 


KEYS — LEAVES  OPPOSITE 


xix 


112.  Leaves  and  buds  gray-  or  golden-scurfy.  p.  318.  Olea. 
Not  scurfy.     113. 

113.  Pith  spongy.     114. 
Pith  continuous.     117. 

114.  Sap  milky:  pith  round. 

Sap  not  milky:   pith  usually  4-angled. 

115.  Pubescent:  pith  brown. 
Glabrous:   pith  green  or  white.     116. 

116.  Leaves  very  small  (5-8x15-20  mm.). 
Leaves  distinctly  larger. 

117.  Buds  not  superposed.     118. 
Buds  often  superposed.     120. 

118.  Leaves  small  (2  cm.).     119. 
Leaves  larger:   stipules  sheathing. 

119.  Leaves  blunt. 
Leaves  acute. 

120.  Bundle-trace  at  top  of  the  leaf-scar. 
Bundle-trace  in  the  middle  of  the  leaf-scar.     121. 

121.  Leaf-scars  relatively  large   (3  mm.),      p.  315.   Osmanthus. 
Leaf-scars  smaller,  elevated.     122. 

122.  Leaves  elliptical. 

Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate.     123. 

123.  Leaves  entire,  lance-ovate. 
Leaves  toothed  or  else  not  ovate. 

124.  Pith  spongy.     125. 

Pith  finally  chambered  or  excavated. 
Pith  continuous  and  persistent.     130. 

125.  Leaf-scars  round:   bark  flaking.         p.  249.   Lagerstroemia. 
Leaf-scars  crescent-shaped.  p.  195.  Evonymus. 

126.  Buds  slender,  finally  much  multiplied,     p.  308.  Forsythia. 
Buds  only  1-3  in  each  axil.     127. 

127.  Leaf -scars  shield-shaped.  p.  312.   Schrebera. 
Leaf-scars  triangular  or  lens-  or  crescent-shaped.     128. 

128.  Leaf-scars   raised,   shriveled.  p.  352.  Symphoricarpos. 
Leaf-scars  low.     129. 


p.  324.  Allamanda. 
115. 
p.  253.  Psidium. 

p.  198.  Pachistima. 
p.  195.  Evonymus. 


p.  346.  Coffea. 

p.  177.  Buxus. 

p.  244.  Daphne. 

p.  178.  Simmondsia. 


p.  278.  Kalmia. 

p.  319.  Ligustrum. 
p.  314.  Phillyraea. 

126. 


xx  KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE 

129.  Leaf-scars  triangular.  p.  236.  Ascyrum. 
Leaf-scars  angularly  lens-shaped.           p.  237.  Hypericum. 

130.  Twigs  rather  sharply  4-ridged.     131. 

Twigs  at  most  angular  or  grooved  below  the  nodes.     132. 

131.  Leaf-scars  ciliate  or  fringed  at  top.       p.  309.  Fontanesia. 
Leaf-scars  not  ciliate.  p.  250.  Punica. 

132.  Leaf-scars  relatively  broad  (3  mm,).     133. 
Leaf-scars  minute  (scarcely  2  mm.).     135. 

133.  Buds  superposed.     134. 

Buds  not  superposed.  p.  313.     Syringa. 

134.  Bud-scales  stiff-pointed.  p.  317.  Chionanthus. 
Bud-scales  not  pungent.  p.  310.  Fraxinus. 

135.  Leaf-scars  low.     136. 
Leaf-scars  elevated.     137. 

136.  Buds  several,  superposed,  separated.       p.  316.  Forestiera. 
Buds  collaterally  multiplied.  p.  182.  Coriaria. 
Buds   usually  solitary:  bark  not  shredding,  p.  244.  Daphne. 

137.  Leaf-scars  shriveled.  p.  352.  Symphoricarpos. 
Leaf-scars  distinctly  outlined.     138. 

138.  Bushy.     139. 

With  a  tendency  to  climb.  p.  320.  Jasminum. 

139.  With  a  stipular  line.  p.  343.  Pinckneya. 
Without  stipular  vestiges.  p.  319.  Ligustrum. 

LEAVES  ALTERNATE. 

140.  Leaves  represented  by  small  scales,  or  by  spines.     141. 
Ordinary  leaves,  or  their  scars,  present.    150. 

141.  Wood-strands  scattered  through  the  stem.       p.  7.  Ruscus. 
Wood  in  a  zone  between  pith  and  bark.     142. 

142.  Leaves  persistent  in  the  form  of  scales.     143. 
Leaves  or  their  axes  persistent  as  spines.     146. 

143.  Scales  and  buds  minute:  twigs  spiny,    p.  241.  Koeberlinia. 
Scales  and  buds  evident,  though  small:  not  spiny.     144. 

144.  Percurrent  tree:  twigs  slender.  p.  5.  Taxodium. 
Openly  branched  small  trees  or  shrubs.     145. 

145.  Pith  central  in  the  branches.  p.  238.  Myricaria. 
Pith  toward  one  side  of  the  branches.        p.  238.  Tamarix. 


KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE  xxi 

146.  Twigs,  as  well  as  leaves,  becoming  spines.       p.  149.  Ulex. 
Only  the  leaves  becoming  spines.     147. 

147.  Spines  without  leaflet-scars.     148. 
Spines  with  leaflet-scars.     149. 

148.  Spines  unbranched:  stems  rather  fleshy,  p.  239.  Fouquieria. 
Spines  commonly  branched.  p.  57.  Berberis. 

149.  Buds  with  evident  scales.  p.  154.  Caragana. 
Bud-scales  indistinct:   tender.                 p.  141.  Parkinsonia. 

150.  Climbing  or  scrambling.     151. 
Not  climbing.     172. 

151.  Climbing  by  tendrils.     152. 

With  aerial  roots  but  no  tendrils.     157. 

Twining  or  scrambling,  without  roots  or  tendrils.     158. 

152.  Tendrils  on  the  persistent  leaf-base.  p.  8.  Smilax. 
Tendrils  opposite  the  leaf-scars.     153. 

153.  Tendrils  often  ending  in  disks.        p.  225.  Parthenocissus. 
Tendrils  not  enlarged  into  disks.     154. 

154.  Pith  continuous.     155. 

Pith  sub-chambered.  p.  222.  Ampelopsis. 

155.  Stems  rather  fleshy,  terete.  p.  223.  Cissus. 
Stems  firm.     156. 

156.  Bark  not  flaking:  pith  not  firmer  at  nodes. 

p.  225.  Parthenocissus. 
Bark  flaking  and  pith  firmer  at  nodes  except  in  one. 

p.  224.  Vitis. 

157.  Evergreen :  leaves  simple,  usually  angular,     p.  258.  Hedera. 
Deciduous.     Poisonous.  p.  187.  Rhus. 

158.  Leaf-scars  U-shaped  or  linear.     159. 
Leaf-scars  neither  U-shaped  nor  linear.     160. 

159.  Buds  solitary,  scaly:   stem  often  prickly.         p.  123.  Rosa. 
Buds  superposed,  pubescent,  indistinct,    p.  44.  Aristolochia. 

160.  Some  twigs  spinescent.     161. 
Entirely  unarmed.     162. 

161.  Twigs  5-ridged,  pale.  p.  335.  Lycium. 
Twigs  not  ribbed.                                    p.  46.  Bougainvillea. 


xxii  KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE 

162.  A  knob  or  spur  at  each  angle  of  the  leaf-scar. 

p.  151.  Wisteria. 
Leaf-scars  without  knobs  at  their  angles.     163. 

163.  Buds  small  or  sunken  or  covered  by  the  leaf-scar.     164. 
Buds  moderately  large,  evident.     167. 

164.  Bundle-trace  1:   stems  not  corrugated,      p.  232.  Actinidia. 
Bundle-traces  3-7: stems  corrugated. (Menispermaceae). 165. 

165.  Stem  hairy:  stone  of  fruit  crescent-shaped,   p.  61.   Cocculus. 
Stem  becoming  nearly  or  quite  glabrous.     166. 

166.  Stem  finally  glabrous:  stone  crescent-shaped. 

p.  61.  Menispermum. 
Stem  somewhat  pubescent:   stone  cup-shaped. 

p.  61.  Calycocarpum. 

167.  Buds  oblong,  appressed.  p.  217.  Berchemia. 
Buds  round  or  ovoid,  not  appressed.     168. 

168.  Bundle-trace  1.     169. 
Bundle-traces  several.     170. 

169.  Bud-scales  glabrous,  acute.  p.  199.  Celastrus. 
Bud-scales  pubescent,  blunt.  p.  336.  Solanum. 

170.  Pith  excavated:   leaf-scars  low.  p.  65.  Schizandra. 
Pith  continuous:  leaf-scars  raised.     171. 

171.  Deciduous:   leaf-scars  much  raised.  p.  55.  Akebia. 
Evergreen:  leaves  digitately  compound,     p.  54.  Stauntonia. 

172.  With  spines   (pungent  twigs  or  stipules).     173. 
With  prickles    (superficial  outgrowths).     197. 
Without  either  spines  or  prickles.     202. 

173.  Scurfy  with  silvery  or  brown  scales.     174. 
Not  scurfy  with  such  scales.     175. 

174.  End-bud  often  present:  twigs  moderate,    p.  247.    Elaeagnus. 
Twigs  ending  in  spines,  very  slender,     p.  246.  Hippophae. 

175.  Spines  at  side  of  the  leaf-scar,   (stipules).     176. 
Spines  representing  leaves.     See  146. 

Spines  ending  the  twigs,  or  axillary  (stem).     181. 


KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE  xxiii 

176.  Only  the  stipules  pungent.     177. 
Pungent  leaves  also  present.     See  146. 
Pungent  twigs  also  present.     See  181. 
Prickles  also  present.     See  186. 

177.  Leaf-scars  on  a  finally  torn  membrane.       p.  157.  Robinia. 
Leaf-scars  small,  not  on  an  articular  membrane.     178. 

178.  Bundle-trace  one.     179. 

Bundle-traces  3:   fruit  a  screw-like  pod.     p.  135.  Prosopis. 

179.  Slender  branchlets  from  the  nodes:   fruit  fleshy. 

p.  212.  Zizyphus. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     180. 

180.  Leaf-scars  low:   fruit  umbrella-shaped.       p.  213.  Paliurus. 
Leaf -scars  raised:   fruit  a  legume.  p.  133.  Acacia. 

181.  Wood  appearing  "endogenous":  a  supra-axillary 

spine  present,     p.  46.  Bougainvillea. 
Wood  distinctly  in  a  zone  between  pith  and  bark.     182. 

182.  Pith  chambered  or  excavated.  p.  131.  Prinsepia. 
Pith  spongy:   spine  by  side  of  bud.  p.  235.  Lycium. 
Pith  continuous.     183. 

183.  Aromatic:   evergreen  or  with  green  twigs..     184. 

Not  aromatic:  evergreen:  leaves  simple,  p.  99.  Pyracantha. 
Neither  aromatic  nor  evergreen  nor  green-twigged.     186. 

184.  Deciduous:   spines  strong.  p.  169.  Poncirus. 
Evergreen:   leaves  compound.     185. 

185.  Leaflets  3:    spines  needle-like.  p.  167.  Triphasia. 
Leaflet  1,  but  disarticulating  from  its  stalk,    p.  168.  Citrus. 

186.  Sap  more  or  less  milky.     187. 
Sap  not  milky.     188. 

187.  Without  stipule-scars:    bundle-traces  3.      p.  302.  Bumelia. 
With  stipule-scars:  bundle-traces  more.        p.  35.  Maclura. 

188.  Leaf-scars  on  finally  torn  membranes.     189. 
Without  such  articular  membranes.     190. 

189.  Spines  branched,  often  clustered.  p.  139.   Gleditsia. 
Spines  unbranched.  p.  143.  Sophora. 


xxiv  KEYS— LEAVES  ALTERNATE 

190.  Branches  very  green,  terete.  p.  142.  Cercidium. 
Branches  gray-green,  flat-ribbed.         p.  197.  Glossopetalon. 
Branches  very  gray  or  white:   Southwestern.     191. 
Branches  neither  conspicuously  green  nor  white.     192. 

191.  Twigs  terete.  p.  216.  Microrhamnus. 
Twigs  5-angled.  p.  215.  Condalia. 

192.  With  clustered  stipules  in  the  axils.         p.  135.  Prosopis. 
Without  bristly  dwarf-branches.     193. 

193.  Spines  very  pungent,  beside  the  buds.     194. 
Spines  less  specialized  twigs  or  branch-tips.     195. 

194.  Bud-scales  fleshy:  twigs  terete.  p.  111.  Crataegus. 
Bud-scales  dry:   twigs  angular.             p.  103.  Chaenomeles. 

195.  Bundle-trace  1:  Western.  p.  219.  Ceanothus. 
Bundle-traces  3.     196.. 

196.  Leaf-scars  linear  or  U-shaped.  p.  104.  Pyrus. 
Leaf-scars  broader:   with  stipule-scars.         p.  127.  Prunus. 

197.  Leaf  bases  persistent  and  torn  at  top.          p.  115.  Rubus. 
With  clean-cut  though  sometimes  shriveling  leaf-scars.   198. 

198.  Leaf-scars  on  articular  membranes.  p.  157.  Robinia. 
Leaf-scars  relatively  broad.                   p.  161.  Zanthoxylum. 
Leaf-scars  small,  elliptical  or  shriveled.        p.  133.  Acacia. 
Leaf-scars  linear  or  U-shaped.     199. 

199.  Leaf-scars  nearly  encircling  the  thick  stem.     p.  260.  Aralia. 
Leaf-scars  shorter:  twigs  not  excessively  stout.     200. 

200.  Buds  elongated  and  stalked:   pith  spongy.       p.  82.  Ribes. 
Buds  round-ovoid:  pith  continuous.     201. 

201.  Leaf -scar  U-shaped :  bundle-traces  5.   p.  259.   Acanthopanax. 
Leaf -scar  nearly  straight:  bundle-traces  3.       p.  123.  Rosa. 

202.  Bundle-traces  2:   dwarf-twigs  abundant.  p.  3.  Ginkgo. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     203. 

203.  Creeping  or  matted  or  heath-like  evergreens.     204. 
Not  evergreen,  or  else  not  matted  or  heath-like.     219. 

204.  Leaves  revolute  nearly  or  quite  to  the  midrib.     205. 
Leaves  not  revolute  to  the  midrib.     208. 


KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE  xxv 

205.. Twigs  and  revolute  leaves  terete.  p.  181.  Ceratiola. 

Twigs  flat-ribbed  below  the  leaves.     206. 

206.  Leaves  quite  entire:  twigs  glabrescent.    p.  180.  Empetrum. 
Leaves  microscopically  toothed.     207. 

207.  Twigs  downy  in  the  grooves.  p.  179.  Corema. 
Twigs  glabrous.                                            p.  279.  Phyllodoce. 

208.  Delicate,  trailing,  the  leaves  not  crowded.     209. 
Not  loosely  trailing  or  else  the  leaves  crowded.     210. 

209.  Stems  chaffy:  leaves  not  white  beneath,    p.  297.   Chiogenes. 
Stems  not  chaffy:  leaves  white  beneath,  p.  295.  Vaccinium. 

210.  Leaves  very  narrow:   plants  small,  moss-like.    .211. 
Leaves  broader:  plants  not  at  all  moss-like.     212. 

211.  Leaves  glabrous.  p.  282.  Cassiope. 
Leaves  white-hairy.                                        p.  240.  Hudsonia. 

212.  Not  forming  distinct  leaf-scars.     213. 

Leaves  finally  falling  from  clean-cut  scars.     214. . 

213.  Leaves  obtuse,  spatulate,  outcurved.        p.  300.  Diapensia. 
Leaves  acute,  oblanceolate.  p.  301.  Pyxidanthera, 

214.  With  stipules.  p.  100.  Cotoneaster. 
Without  stipules.     215. 

215.  Leaves  neither  toothed  nor  dotted.     216. 

Leaves  minutely  toothed,  or  else  dotted  beneath.     217. 

216.  Leaves  densely  woolly  beneath.  p.  280.  Daboecia. 
Leaves  not  woolly.                                p.  292.  Arctostaphylos. 

217.  Leaves  elongated  or  else  pungent.  p.  291.  Pernettya. 
Leaves  relatively  broad,  not  pungent.     218. 

218.  Leaves  broadest  below  the  middle.       p.  294.  Gaylussacia. 
Leaves  broadest  above  the  middle.          p.  295.  Vaccinium. 

219.  Without  leaf-scars.     220. 

With  large  leaf-scar  on  deciduous  sheath,    p.  45.  Coccoloba. 
With  leaf-scars  on  stem  or  on  leaf  cushion  or  petiole.   224. 

220.  Trailing  hairy  evergreen :  leaves  elliptical,  p.  289.  Epigaea. 
Not  trailing.     221. 

221.  Leaf -bases  not  overlapping:  petiole  torn.      p.  115.  Rubus. 
Persistent  leaf-bases  overlapping  at  least  on  spurs.     222. 


xxvi  KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE 

222.  Evergreen:   leaflets  numerous.  p.  56.  Nandina. 
Deciduous  or  else  without  many  leaflets.     223. 

223.  Petiole  sometimes  elongated:  deciduous,    p.  117.  Potentilla. 
Petiole  not  elongated:  subevergreen.  p.  60.  X Mahoberberis. 

224.  Bundle-traces  3  or  more,  separate,  in  an  open  line.     225. 
Bundle-trace  1;  or  many  traces  scattered  or  in  an  ellipse, 

or  nearly  confluent  in  a  straight  or  curved  line.     344. 
(This  group  includes  cases  in  which  the  bundle-traces 
are  indistinguishable  in  a  shriveled  scar). 
Caution.    Learn  the  poisonous  species  of  Rhus. 

225.  Evergreen,  with  small  finely  compound  leaves.     226. 
Leaves  not  small  and  fern-like  if  evergreen.     227. 

226.  Leaves  scarcely  twice  pinnate.         p.  96.  Chamaebatiaria. 
Leaves  nearly  thrice  pinnate.  p.  122.  Chamaebatia. 

227.  Leaf-scars  linear  or  narrowly  U-shaped.     228. 
Leaf-scars  C-shaped  or  horseshoe-shaped,  or  ring-like 

and  encircling  the  bud.    248. 
Leaf-scars  not  of  the  preceding  types.     255. 

228.  Stipule-scars  encircling  the  twig.  p.  63.  Magnolia. 
Stipule-scars,  if  any,  not  encircling  the  twig.     229. 

229.  Leaf-scars  fully  half-encircling  the  twig.     230. 
Leaf-scars  shorter.     231. 

230.  Evergreen:    leaves  pinnately  compound,     p.  59.  Mahonia. 
Deciduous:   twigs  yellow  when  cut.       p.  51.  Zanthorhiza. 

231.  Bud-scale  distinctly  1,  forming  a  sac.  p.  11.  Salix 
Bud-scales  several  or  else  indistinct.     232. 

232.  Pith  spongy:  buds  acute.  p.  82.  Ribes. 
Pith  chambered:   buds  obtuse.                  p.  125.  Osmaronia. 
Pith  continuous.     233. 

233.  Aromatic:  twigs  slender:  buds  superposed,    p.  72.  Benzoin. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     234. 

234.  Buds  round-ovoid  with  resinous  or  fleshy  scales.     235. 
Buds  usually  indistinct:  bark  green.      p.  142.  Cercidium. 
Without  either  of  these  combinations  of  characters.     237. 

235.  Buds  imbedded  in  gum  or  resin.     236. 

Buds  not  resinous,  fleshy.  p.  111.  Crataegus. 


KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE  xxvii 

236.  With  stipule-scars:   pith  flat  or  3-sided.          p.  23.  Betula. 
No  stipule-scars:   pith  round.  p.  360.  Baccharis. 

237.  Leaf-scars  low,  almost  straight.  p.  123.  Rosa. 
Leaf-scars  more  or  less  raised  if  straight.     238. 

238.  Lateral  buds  short-ovoid  or  bluntly  conical  or  oblong.  239. 
Lateral  buds  elongated-ovoid  or  conical.     243. 

239.  With  stipule-scars.     240. 
No  stipule-scars.     242. 

240.  Pith  minute,  flat  or  3-sided.  p.  23.  Betula. 
Pith  rounded.     241. 

241.  Twigs  hairy:   bud-scales  overlapping.         p.  102.  Cydonia. 
Glabrous:  buds  ovoid, scales  subvalvate.  p.  242.  Stachyurus. 

242.  Twigs  slender  (1mm.):  end-bud  lacking,    p.  109.  Photinia. 
Twigs  stouter:   usually  with  end-bud.  p.  104.  Pyrus. 

243.  Pith  5-angled:  bud-scales  twisted.        p.  110.  Amelanchier. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     244. 

244.  Pith  minute,  green,  flattened  or  3-sided.         p.  23.  Betula. 
Pith  not  3-sided  if  small.     245. 

245.  Bark  exfoliating.  p.  98.  Exochorda. 
Bark  not  exfoliating.     246. 

246.  Buds  woolly  or  gummy,  ovoid-oblong.  p.  106.  Sorbus. 
Buds  neither  woolly  nor  gummy.     247. 

247.  Buds  narrowly  oblong.  p.  105.  Aronia. 
Buds  acutely  ovoid:  bark  bitter.                     p.  127.  Prunus. 

248.  Stipule-scars  encircling  the  twig.  p.  90.  Platanus. 
Stipule-scars  not  encircling  the  twig.     249. 

249.  Leaf-scar  from  the  first  nearly  encircling  the  bud.     250. 
Leaf-scar  at  first  on  an  articular  membrane.     252. 

250.  Sap  milky  or  flowing  freely:  pith  continuous,   p.  187.  Rhus. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     251. 

251.  Pith  continuous:   nodes  not  swollen.       p.  144.  Cladrastis. 
Pith  spongy:  nodes  swollen.  p.  245.  Dirca. 

252.  Somewhat  aromatic:   twigs  dotted.  p.  164.  Ptelea. 
Not  aromatic:   end-bud  lacking.     253. 


xxviii  KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE 

253.  With  small  stipules  or  stipule-scars.     254. 

Without  stipules  or  stipule-scars.  p.  139.  Gleditsia. 

254.  Nodes  usually  swollen:  buds  distinct.        p.  143.  Sophora. 
Nodes  neither  swollen  nor  buds  large,     p.  157.  Robinia. 

255.  Leaf-scars  enlarged  on  trunk:   sap  milky,     p.  243.  Carica. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     256. 

256.  Pith  spongy  between  the  nodes.     257.  » 
Pith  chambered,  at  least  at  some  nodes.     259. 
Pith  continuous.     262. 

257.  Leaf-scars  2-ranked.  p.  40.  Zelkova. 
Leaf-scars  in  more  than  2  ranks.     258. 

258.  Lowest  bud-scale  in  front.  p.  9.  Populus. 
Scales  otherwise  disposed.                       p.  85.   Liquidambar. 

259.  Buds  naked:  bundle-traces  large.  p.  19.  Pterocarya. 
Buds  scaly.     260. 

260.  Twigs  coarse:   leaf-scars  large.  p.  16.  Juglans. 
Twigs  slender:  leaf-scars  small.     261. 

261.  Buds  triangular,  appressed,  solitary,  2-ranked.  p.  39.  Celtis. 
Buds  globose,  superposed:   twigs  green.  p.  80.  Itea. 

262.  Pith  with  firmer  plates  at  intervals.     263. 
Pith  without  firmer  diaphragms.     266. 

263.  Evergreen:   very  rusty-hairy.  p.  64.  Michelia. 
Deciduous.     264. 

264.  Buds  solitary  or  not  forming  spurs.  p.  266.  Davidia. 
Buds  superposed  or  else  forming  dwarf  branches.     265. 

265.  Buds  with  scales,  not  red-hairy.  p.  265.  Nyssa. 
Buds  red-hairy,  the  terminal  without  scales,  p.  68.  Asimina. 

266.  Evergreen  or  largely  so.     267. 
Deciduous.     281. 

267.  Leaves  compound.     268. 
Leaves  simple.     274. 

268.  Peppery-aromatic.  p.  185.   Schinus. 
Not  peppery.     269. 

269.  Buds  superposed.  p.  208.  Sapindus. 
Buds  not  superposed.     270.      • 


KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE  xxix 

270.  Twigs  greenish.  p.  143.  Sophora. 
Twigs  brown.     271. 

271.  Twigs  warty.     272. 

Twigs  not  warty:  leaflets  small,  blunt,   p.  136.  Tamarindus. 

272.  Leaflets  large  and  pointed.     273. 

Leaflets  small,  very  numerous.  p.  134.  Leucaena. 

273.  Bark  papery-exfoliating.  p.  171.  Bursera. 
Bark  not  papery.                                           p.  172.  Swietenia. 

274.  Leaves  with  several  nectar-glands  beneath,  p.  127.  Prunus. 
Leaves  without  such  glands.     275. 

275.  Leaf-scars  with  acute  angles:   hairy.      p.  108.  Eriobotrya. 
Leaf-scars  transversely  elliptical.  p.  251.  Rhizophora. 
Without  either  of  these  combinations  of  characters.     276. 

276.  Leaf-scars  at  first  raised  and  minute,     p.  120.  Cercocarpus. 
Leaf-scars  from  the  first  low.     277. 

277.  Leaves  large  (15  cm.  or  more  long).     278. 
Leaves  distinctly  smaller   (scarcely  10  cm.).     279. 

278.  Leaves  oblanceolate.  p.  229.  Theobroma. 
Leaves  lance-oblong.  p.  183.  Mangifera. 

279.  Leaves  with  resin-glands,  crenate  or  lobed.    p.  13.  Myrica. 
Leaves  not  resin-dotted,  entire.     280. 

280.  Glabrous:  buds  acute.  p.  107.  Raphiolepis. 
Somewhat  hairy:  buds  rather  obtuse,    p.  84.  Pittosporum. 

281.  Buds  small,  superposed,  in  silky  pits.   p.  140.  Gymnocladus. 
Buds  at  first  under  a  membrane.  p.  139.  Gleditsia. 
Buds  neither  sunken  in  pits  nor  covered  if  superposed.  282. 

282.  With  free-flowing  gum  or  sap.     283. 

Sap  not  flowing  freely  when  twigs  are  cut.     286. 

283.  Pith  angular:  twigs  often  corky-ridged,  p.  85.  Liquidambar. 
Pith  not  angular.     284. 

284.  Bundle-traces  3,  or  in  3  groups.     285. 

Bundle-traces  or  groups  more  than  3.  p.  187.  Rhus. 

285.  Odoriferous:   bud-scales  2.  p.  186.  Cotinus. 
Not  odoriferous:  bud-scales  several.  p.  34.  Morus. 

286.  Exuding  a  sweet  gum:  pith  angled.      p.  85.  Liquidambar. 
Not  exuding  a  sweet  gum  if  pith  is  angular.     287. 


xxx  KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE 

287.  Lowest  scale  central  over  the  leaf -scar:  pith  5-angled, 

sometimes  spongy.  p.  9.  Populus. 

Without  this  combination  of  characters.     288. 

288.  With  resin-glands  or  blisters,  at  least  in  sheltered 

places.     289. 
Not  resinous-glandular.     290. 

289.  Stipule-scars  elongated:  resin  in  blisters.      p.  23.  Betula. 
Stipule-scars  minute  or  lacking.  p.  13.  Myrica. 

290.  Buds  distinctly  stalked  below  their  lowest  scales.     291. 
Buds  not  stalked  except  as  they  begin  to  develop.     295. 

291.  Leaf-scars  2-ranked:  buds  pubescent.     293. 
Leaf-scars  in  more  than  2  ranks.     292. 

292.  Spicy-aromatic.  p.  72.  Benzoin. 
Not  aromatic.  p.  25.  Alnus. 

293.  Bark  flaking:  buds  often  black.  p.  86.  Parrotia. 
Buds  not  exfoliating.     294. 

294.  Fruit  in  elongated  clusters.  p.  87.  Fothergilla. 
Partly  developed  fruit  in  sessile  groups,    p.  88.   Hamamelis. 

295.  Pith  3-sided  or  much  flattened.     296. 

Pith  neither  3-sided  nor  greatly  flattened.     297. 

296.  Bud-scales  scarcely  meeting.  p.  25.  Alnus. 
Bud-scales  overlapping.                                         p.  23.  Betula. 

297.  Twigs  3-Hbbed  below  the   (usually  stipulate) 

leaf-scars.     298. 

Twigs  not  sharply  3-ribbed  from  the  leaf-scars 
when  fresh.     307. 

298.  Twigs  green  or  red,  slender:  small  shrubs.     299. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     300. 

299.  Twigs  green:  buds  solitary.  p.  113.  Kerria. 
Twigs  red:  buds  superposed.                 p.  93.  Stephanandra. 

300.  Leaf-scars  fringed:   buds  superposed.  p.  137.  Cercis. 
Leaf-scars  not  fringed  or  else  buds  not  superposed.     301. 

301.  Buds  superposed.     302. 
Buds  not  superposed.     303. 


KEYS — LEAVES  ALTEKNATE  xxxi 

302.  Bark  not  exfoliating.  p.  160.  Amorpha. 
Bark  quickly  exfoliating.  p.  92.  Neillia. 

303.  Buds  appressed:  bark  exfoliating.          p.  91.  Physocarpus. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     304. 

304.  Leaf-scars  notched:   bark  shredding.  p.  114.  Neviusia. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     305. 

305.  Stipules  falling  from  the  twig.  p.  160.  Amorpha. 
Stipules  or  their  scars,  if  any,  on  a  leaf-cushion.     306. 

306.  Leaf-cushion  gland-fringed.  p.  152.  Colutea. 
Leaf-cushion  not  glandular.  p.  127.  Prunus. 

307.  Buds  long  and  spine-like:  stipule-scars  long.    p.  27.  Fagus. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     308. 

308.  Twigs  very  stout:  leaf-scars  large:  buds  short.     309. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     310. 

309.  Bundle-traces  5:  end-bud  present.  p.  173.  Cedrela. 
Bundle-traces  9:   end-bud  fallen.                p.  170.  Ailanthus. 

310.  Buds  small  and  appressed.     311. 
Buds  scarcely  appressed.     314. 

311.  Trunk  smooth  and  green.  p.  142.  Cercidium. 
Trunk  not  green.     312. 

312.  Leaf-scars  on  raised  leaf-cushions.  p.  127.  Prunus. 
Leaf-scars  low.     313. 

313.  Twigs  zig-zag,  gray:  pith  small.  p.  39.  Celtis. 
Twigs  straight,  brown :   pith  larger.      p.  242.   Stachyurus. 

314.  Buds  very  large,  acute,  warty-wrinkled,    p.  53.  Decaisnea. 
Without  this  combination  of  bud-characters.     315. 

315.  Bundle-traces  5  or  7  in  1  series.     316. 
Bundle-traces  3  or  in  3  groups.     317. 

Bundle-traces  grouped  about  a  central  one.    p.  50.  Paeonia. 

316.  Buds  solitary:  leaf-scars  ciliate.  p.  47.  Euptelea. 
Buds  superposed:   scars  not  ciliate.          p.  15.  Platycarya. 

317.  Leaf-scars  rounded:  bundle-traces  3.  p.  97.  Sorbaria. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     318. 

318.  Buds  superposed.     319. 
Buds  not  superposed.     320. 


xxxii  KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE 

319.  Leaf-scars  somewhat  3-lobed.  p.  132.  Albizzia. 
Leaf-scars  not  lobed.                                        p.  218.  Hovenia. 

320.  Twigs  warty:   bud-scales  fringed.         p.  211.  Xanthoceras. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     321. 

321.  Twigs  warty:    end-bud  lacking.  p.   126.  Maddenia. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     322. 

322.  Stipules  persistent:  leaf-scars  raised.      p.  148.  Laburnum. 
Stipules  lacking:   leaf-scars  raised.  p.  109.  Photinia. 
Without  eithe'r  of  these  combinations  of  characters.     323. 

323.  Pith  5-sided:   twigs  often  corky-ridged,  p.  85.  Liquidambar. 
Pith  not  sharply  5-angled.     324. 

324.  Leaf-scars  often  2-ranked.     325. 
Leaf-scars  in  more  than  2  ranks.     332. 

325.  Bud-scales  several  pairs  in  2  ranks.     326. 
Bud-scales  not  evidently  in  2  ranks.     328. 

326.  Bud-scales  acute.  .  p.  41.  Aphananthe. 
Bud-scales  obtuse.     327. 

327.  Buds  ovoid,  moderate  or  else  twigs  gray.        p.  38.  Ulmus. 
Buds  round,  small:  twigs  cherry-colored.      p.  39.  Planera. 

328.  End-bud  present.  p.  89.  Corylopsis. 
End-bud  lacking.     329. 

329.  Bud-scales  striate:   bark  of  trunk   scaly,     p.   22.   Ostrya. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     330. 

330.  Bud-scales  2.  p.  226.  Tilia. 
Bud-scales  about  half-a-dozen.     331. 

331.  Buds  nearly  globose:   twigs  often  bristly,     p.  20  Corylus. 
Buds  ovoid:  not  bristly:  tree.  p.  21.  Carpinus. 

332.  Visible  bud-scales  two.     333. 

Exposed-scales  more  than  two  or  buds  naked.     334. 

333.  Scales  valvate:  end-bud  present.  p.  262.  Cornus. 
Scales  overlapping:   end-bud  lacking.       p.  144.  Cladrastis. 

334.  Without  stipules  or  stipule-scars.     335. 

With  stipule-scars  or  persistent  stipules.     338. 

335.  Aromatic:    twigs  green,  mucilaginous.       p.  71.  Sassafras. 
Not  aromatic.     336. 


KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE  xxxiii 

336.  Buds  with  red  fleshy  scales.  p.  111.  Crataegus. 
Bud-scales  not  fleshy.     337. 

337.  Buds  woolly  or  gummy:    no  catkins.  p.  106.   Sorbus. 
Buds  not  woolly  or  gummy.                            p.  14.  Leitneria. 

338.  Stipule-scars  rather  elongated.     340. 
Stipule-bases  present,  or  their  scars  short.     339. 

339.  Stipule-scars  or  bases  on  a  leaf-cushion,     p.  127.  Prunus. 
Stipule-scars  not  on  a  leaf-cushion.     341. 

340.  Pith  round:   buds  often  superposed.  p.  92.  Neillia. 
Pith  3-sided:  buds  not  superposed.  p.  23.  Betula. 

341.  Leaf-scars  somewhat  raised.  p.  242.  Stachyurus. 
Leaf-scars  low.     342. 

342.  Buds  nearly  globose.  p.  150.  Amorpha. 
Buds  ovoid.     343. 

343.  Bundle-traces  confluent  or  twigs  hairy.       p.  220.  Rhamnus. 
Bundle-traces  separate  or  twigs  glabrous,    p.  127.  Prunus. 

344.  Stipule-scars  nearly  or  quite  encircling  the  twig.     345. 
Stipule-scars  not  nearly  encircling  the  twig.     349. 

345.  Buds  pointed  and  spike-like.  p.  27.  Fagus. 
Buds  not  sharp  and  hard.     346. 

346.  Sap  milky.  p.  37.  Ficus. 
Sap  not  milky.     347. 

347.  Very  rusty-hairy.  p.  64.  Michelia. 
Without  long  rusty  hairs.     348. 

348.  Buds  terete.  p.  63.  Magnolia. 
Buds  flattened.                                             p.  62.  Liriodendron. 

349.  Leaf-scar  nearly  encircling  the  twig  after  the 

petiole  has  fallen.  p.  121.  Purshia. 

Leaf-scar  not  at  all  nearly  encircling  the  twig.     350. 

350.  Bundle-traces  3:   pith  chambered.  p.  19.  Pterocarya. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     351. 

351.  Bundle-traces  many,  mostly  in  3  groups:   leaf-scars 

lobed.     352. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     358. 


xxxiv  KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE 

352.  Pith  chambered  and  angular.  p.  16.  Juglans. 
Pith  continuous.     353. 

353.  Evergreen:  buds  solitary:  leaves  fern-like,  p.  42.  Grevillea. 
Deciduous.     354. 

354.  With  terminal  bud:  buds  ovoid:  pith  angled,    p.  18.  Carya. 
Without  a  terminal  bud.     355. 

355.  Buds  half-ellipsoid:  leaf-scars  raised,     p.  209.  Koelreuteria. 
Buds  globose.     356. 

356.  Buds  solitary.     357. 

Buds  superposed.  p.  208.  Sapindus. 

357.  Twigs  glabrous:  lenticels  conspicuous.  p.  174.  Melia. 
Twigs  dingy-tomentulose.                              p.  210.  Ungnadia. 

358.  Bundle-traces  many  in  a  long  series,  or  scattered.     359. 
Bundle-trace  1,  not  ring-like,  barely  broken 

into  3  or  5  if  divided.     370. 

359.  Leaf-scars  large,  subelliptical:  buds  not  superposed.     360. 
Leaf-scars  small  if  they  are  elliptical.     361. 

360.  Tree:   twigs  green:   pith  continuous.         p.  230.  Sterculia. 
Shrub:   twigs  buff  or  gray.  p.  222.  Ampelopsis. 

361.  CAUTION.     (See  Rhus.).     Sap  milky  or  gummy.     362. 
Sap  neither  milky  nor  gummy.     365. 

362.  With  stipule-scars.     363. 

Without  stipule-scars.     Sometimes  very  poisonous. 

p.  187.  Rhus. 

363.  Pith  with  thin  diaphragms  at  nodes,    p.  36.  Broussonetia. 
Pith  without  firm  nodal  diaphragms.     364. 

364.  Buds  ovoid.  p.  34.   Moms. 
Buds  depressed-globose.                                      p.  35.  Maclura. 

365.  Without  stipules  or  stipule-scars.     366. 
With  stipules  or  stipule-scars.     367. 

366.  Small  and  soft-wooded:   twigs  stout.  p.  50.  Paeonia. 
Large  and  woody:  twigs  rather  slender,    p.  234.  Gordonia. 

367.  Pith,  and  usually  twigs,  grooved.     368. 

Pith  nearly  or  quite  round:   end-bud  lacking.     369. 

368.  Bud-scales  numerous:   end-bud  present.         p.  29.  Quercus. 
Bud-scales  2  or  3:  end-bud  often  lacking,    p.  28.  Castanea. 


KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE 


XXXV 


369.  Buds  evident,  with  2  broad  scales.  p.  226.  Tilia. 
Buds  naked  except  for  stipules.                      p.  227.  Grewia. 
Buds  not  discernible.                                        p.  228.  Hibiscus. 

370.  Leaf-scars  minute,  on  ridges:  fruit  a  cone.     371. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     372. 

371.  Buds  rounded:    cone-scales  persistent.  p.  4.  Larix. 
Buds  more  elongated:  cone-scales  falling,  p.  4.  Pseudolarix. 

372.  Pith  chambered.     373. 
Pith  spongy.     379. 
Pith  continuous.     388. 

373.  Leaf-scars  large  and  saucer-like. 
Leaf-scars  not  dish-like  if  large.     374. 

374.  Buds  round-conical:   subevergreen. 
Buds  ovoid  or  triangular.     375. 

375.  Bud-scales  2,  overlapping. 
Bud-scales  several.     376. 

376.  Leaves  evergreen,  pellucid-punctate. 
Leaves  deciduous.     377. 

377.  Buds  deltoid,  closely  appressed. 
Buds  ovoid.     378. 

378.  Leaf-scars  notched  at  top. 
Leaf-scars  not  notched. 

379.  Evergreen:  leaves  simple.     380. 
Deciduous.     384. 

380.  Leaves  entire.     381. 

Leaves  more  or  less  toothed.     382. 

381.  Leaves  flat,  glabrous. 

Leaves  revolute,  woolly  beneath. 

382.  Leaves  distinctly  serrulate:  aromatic. 
Leaves  somewhat  crenate.     383. 

383.  Leaves  flat,  not  pellucid-punctate. 
Leaves  revolute,  pellucid-punctate. 

3S4.  Buds  very  small:   twigs  angled,  pale. 


p.  231.  Cola. 

p.  307.  Symplocos. 

p.  303.  Diospyros. 

p.  166.  Skimmia. 

p.  39.  Celtis. 

p.  304.  Halesia. 
p.  48.  Eucommia. 


p.  256.  Tristania. 

p.  271.  Ledum. 

p.  290.  Gaultheria. 

p.  235.  Thea. 

p.  166.  Skimmia. 

p.  335.  Lycium. 


Buds  of  moderate  size:  twigs  not  angled.     385. 


xxxvi  KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE 

385.  Bud-scales  numerous.     386. 

Exposed  bud-scales  two  or  three.     387. 

386.  Leaf-scars  low:   no  stipules.  p.  163.  Orixa. 
Scars  raised:   stipules  persistent.               p.  117.  Potentilla. 

387.  Buds  triangular-ovoid  with  2  scales.         p.  303.  Diospyros. 
Buds  subfusiform,  sometimes  multiple,    p.  233.  Stewartia. 

388.  Pith  with  firmer  plates  at  intervals,   p.  200.   Tripterygium. 
Pith  without  firmer  plates.     389. 

389.  Leaf-base  for  a  time  persistent,  torn  at  top.     390. 
Leaf-scar  clean-cut  even  if  on  a  raised  base.     391. 

390.  Twigs   few-ribbed,   gray-green.  p.  197.  Glossopetalon. 
Twigs  finely  corrugated:    rush-like.  p.  145.  Spartium. 
Twigs  neither  green  nor  sculptured.  p.  306.  Styrax. 

391.  Bundle-trace  frequently  broken  into  three.     392. 
Bundle-trace  undivided,  or  else  of  many  fragments.     396. 

392.  Twigs  aromatic,   green,  mucilaginous.        p.  71.  Sassafras. 
Twigs  neither  aromatic  nor- green.     393. 

393.  Buds  solitary.     394. 
Buds  superposed.     395. 

394.  Leaf-scars  raised,  with  stipules.  p.  148.  Laburnum. 
Leaf-scars  without  conspicuous  stipules,    p.  220.  Rhamnus. 

395.  Buds  subglobose.  p.  191.  Ilex. 
Upper  buds  oblong.                                            p.  306.   Styrax. 

396.  Leaf-scars  fringed  at  top,  shield-shaped.     397. 
Leaf-scars  not  fringed.     398. 

397.  Evergreen:  leaves  thick  and  not  veiny,     p.  189.  Cliftonia. 
Deciduous,  or  leaves  very  veiny  if  present,    p.  190.  Cyrilla. 

398.  Aromatic:   evergreen.     399. 

Not  both  aromatic  and  evergreen.     403. 

399.  Leaves  compound:    resin  flowing  freely,    p.  184.  Pistaeia. 
Leave^  simple.     400. 

400.  Leaves  with  several  nerves.  p.  69.  Cinnamomum. 
Leaves  with  only  1  principal  vein.     401. 

401.  Leaves  sickle-shaped:   buds  naked.         p.  257.  Eucalyptus. 
Leaves  lanceolate:   buds  with  scales.     402. 


KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE  xxxvii 

402.  Glabrous:  leaves  not  whitened  or  veiny.         p.  73.  Laurus. 
Pubescent  or  else  leaves  whitened  or  veiny,   p.  70.  Persea, 

403.  Leaf-scars  on  dilated  or  ribbed  leaf-cushions.     404. 
Leaf-scars  not  on  dilated  or  ribbed  leaf-cushions.     421. 

404.  Evergreen:  leaves  compound  or  serrate  or  glandular 

or  varnished.     405. 
Deciduous  or  else  leaves  not  as  above.     407. 

405.  Leaves  at  most  finely  toothed.  p.  120.  Cercocarpus, 
Leaves  with  about  5  revolute  lobes.     406. 

406.  Bud-scales  2:   stipules  lacking.  p.  118.  Fallugia, 
Forming  spurs  with  leaf-bases.                     p.  119.  Cowania, 

407.  With  bud-like  axillary  spurs.     408. 

Not  producing  such  dwarf-branches.     410. 

408.  Twigs  hairy  but  not  glandular.  p.  133.  Acacia, 
Twigs  at  first  glandular-bristly:  bark  exfoliating.     409. 

409.  Stipules  small   (scarcely  1  mm.  long).        p.  121.  Purshia. 
Stipules  large   (fully  5  mm.  long).  p.  155.  Calophaca, 

410.  Buds  globose,  thicker  than  twig.     p.  153.  Halimodendron. 
Buds  ellipsoid:  twig  rounded.  p.  117.  Potentilla, 
Without  either  of  these  combinations  of  characters.     411. 

411.  Twigs  essentially  terete.     413. 

Twigs  evanescently  angled  at  the  nodes.     412. 

Twigs  conspicuously  corrugated  or  angled  or  ribbed.    417. 

412.  With  peristent  stipules.  p.  100.  Cotoneaster. 
Without  persistent  stipules.  p.  94.  Spiraea. 

413.  Low,  compact  and  spreading.  p.  293.  Arctous. 
Not  matted  or  spreading  on  the  ground.     414. 

414.  Leaf-cushion  equaling  the  bud.  p.  152.  Colutea. 
Leaf-cushion  much  shorter  than  the  bud.     415. 

415.  Without  persistent  stipules.     416. 

Stipules  persistent.  p.  100.  Cotoneaster. 

416.  Bud-scales  indistinct.  p.  146.  Cytisus. 
Bud-scales  evident.  p.  94  Spiraea. 

417.  Twigs   corrugated:    rush-like.  p.  145.  Spartium. 
Twigs  strongly  angled  or  ribbed:  not  rush-like.     418. 


xxxviii  KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE 

418.  Twigs  with  narrow  low  ribs.     419. 
Twigs  deeply  corrugated  or  grooved.     420. 

419.  Twigs  sharply  zig-zag.  p.  152.  Coronilla. 
Twigs  not  conspicuously  zig-zag.                 p,  154.  Caragana. 

420.  Leaf-cushion  without  prominent  ribs.  p.  146.  Cytisus. 
Leaf-cushion  3-ribbed.                                         p.  147.  Genista. 

421.  Freely  resiniferous  when  cut.  p.  184.  Pistacia. 
Without  free-flowing  sap  or  resin.     422. 

422.  Scales  2:   bundle-trace  C-shaped.  p.  303.  Diospyros. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     423. 

423.  Buds  not  scaly:   leaf-scars  round.  p.  138.  Ceratonia. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     424. 

424.  Leaf-scars  usually  deltoid,  as  high  as  broad.     425. 
Leaf-scars  usually  broader  than  high.     432. 

425.  End-bud  not  enlarged  if  present.     426. 

End-bud  distinctly  larger  than  the  lateral  buds.     430. 

426.  Twigs  glabrescent.     427. 

Twigs  sparingly  pubescent.     429. 

427.  Buds  slightly  glaucous:   twigs  red.  p.  269.  Elliottia. 
Buds  not  glaucous.     428. 

428.  Twigs  reddish,  becoming  buff.  p.  270.  Zenobia. 
Twigs  brown:  buds  very  glossy.            p.  288.  Oxydendrum. 
Twigs  gray.  p.  286.  Pieris. 

429.  Twigs  moderate:   evergreen  or  deciduous,     p.  286.  Pieris. 
Twigs  very  slender:  evergreen.  p.  291.  Pernettya. 

430.  Outer  scales  of  end-bud  shorter  than  the  bud.     431. 
Outer  scales  as  long  as  the  bud.  p.  268.  Clethra. 

431.  Bark  shredding:  capsules  bristly.  p.  275.  Menziesia. 
Without  this  combination.                   p.  272.  Rhododendron. 

432.  Soft-wooded  or  aromatic,  deciduous,  quickly 

branching.     433. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     435. 

433.  Buds  solitary.     434. 

Buds  often  superposed:  with  stipules.      p.  176.  Securinega. 


KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE  xxxix 

434.  Not  aromatic:   with  stipule-vestiges.       p.  219.  Ceanothus. 
Aromatic:   without  stipule-scars.  p.  71.  Sassafras. 

435.  Leaf-scars  often  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  three.     436. 
Leaf-scars  at  most  crowded  toward  the  end.     437. 

436.  Deciduous:  fruit  of  long  slender  capsules,    p.  340.  Chilopsis. 
Evergreen:    capsules  short.  p.   278.     Kalmia. 

437.  Evergreen:  leaves  white  or  scurfy  or  wooly  beneath.  438. 
Leaves  neither  whitened  nor  scurfy  nor  woolly.     441. 

438.  Leaves  whitened  beneath  but  not  dotted  or  scurfy.     439. 
Leaves  scurfy  beneath.     440. 

439.  Capsules  often  present.  p.  284.     Andromeda. 
Fruit   (berry-like)   not  present.  p.  295.  Vaccinium. 

440.  Leaves  lanceolate:  capsule  2  bracted.  p.  285.  Chamaedaphne. 
Leaves  oblanceolate:   capsule  bractless.        p.  287.  Lyonia. 

441.  Evergreen.     442. 
Deciduous.     448. 

442.  Leaves  peltate-scurfy.  p.  247.  Elaeagnus. 
Leaves  without  peltate  scales.     443. 

443.  With  minute  stipules  or  stipule-scars.  p.  191.  Ilex. 
Without  any  trace  of  stipules.     444. 

444.  Leaf-scars  large,  acute  at  sides.  p.  234.  Gordonia. 
Leaf-sdars  small,  not  laterally  produced.     445. 

445.  Fruit  of  small  capsules.  p.  283.  Leucothoe. 
Fruit  (berry-like)   not  present  in  winter.     446. 

446.  Leaves  broadest  above  the  middle.  p.  295.  Vaccinium. 
Leaves  broadest  at  or  below  the  middle.     447. 

447.  Glabrous:   leaves  blunt.  p.  294.  Gaylussacia. 
Pubescent:  leaves  acute.  p.  291.  Pernettya. 

448.  Twigs  rather  stout:  leaf-scars  large.          p.  234.  Gordonia. 
Twigs  slender:   leaf-scars  usually  small.     449. 

449.  With  stipules  or  stipule-scars.     450. 
Without  stipules  or  stipule-scars.     455. 

450.  Stipule-scars  narrow  but  elongated,    p.  1£8.  Erythroxylon. 
Stipule-scars  or  stipules  minute.     451. 


xl  KEYS — LEAVES  ALTERNATE 

451.  Buds  often  superposed.     452. 
Buds  not  superposed.     453. 

452.  Pith  small:   fruit  berry-like.  p.  191.  Ilex. 
Pith    large,    twigs    slender.         •              p.    176.   Securinega. 

453.  Buds  globose,  with  several  scales:  twigs  very  slender.  455. 
Buds  ovoid,  with  2  scales.  p.  261.   Helwingia. 

454.  Leaf-scars  slightly  raised.  p.  94.  Spiraea. 
Leaf-scars  not  at  all  raised.                       p.  175.  Andrachne. 

455.  Bud-scales    2:    twigs    glaucous.          p.    194.  Nemopanthus. 
Without  this  combination  of  characters.     456. 

456.  Leaf-scars  2-ranked:   end-bud  naked,     p.  305.  Pterostyrax. 
Leaf-scars  in  more  than  2  ranks.     457. 

457.  Buds  ovoid  or  oblong.     458. 
Buds  subglobose.     461. 

458.  Fruit  of  small  round  capsules.  p.  287.   Lyonia. 
Fruit   (berry-like)   absent  in  winter.     459. 

459.  Scurfy  with  peltate  scales.  p.  247.  Elaeagnus. 
Not  peltate-scurfy.     460. 

460.  Twigs  green  or  warty,  or  buds  round,  p.  295.  Vaccinium. 
Twigs  not  green  or  warty:  buds  ovoid,  p.  294.  Gaylussacia. 

461.  Tree:   buds  glossy  red.  p.  288.  Oxydendrum. 
Shrubs.     462. 

462.  Branches  almost  in  whorls  at  tip.         p.  281.  Enkianthus. 
Branches  not  clustered  at  end  of  the  season's  growth.  463. 

463.  Lear-scars  crescent-shaped.  p.  283.  Leucothoe. 
Leaf-scars  rather  3-sided.  p.  270.  Zenobia. 


WINTER  CHARACTERS   OF  WOODY  PLANTS 

SYSTEMATICALLY  ARRANGED 
WITH  KEY  TO  SPECIES  UNDER  EACH  GENUS. 


GINKGO.     Maidenhair  Tree. 


(Family  Ginkgoaceae). 

Gray-barked  trees  of  rather  coni- 
cal habit  but  usually  with  irregul- 
arly placed  exceptionally  large 
branches:  deciduous.  Twigs  mode- 
rate, rounded,  with  quickly  shred- 
ding outer  bark:  pith  rather  small, 
somewhat  3-sided,  brownish, 
spongy.  Buds  solitary,  moderate, 
sessile,  round-ovoid  or  hemispher- 
ical, with  about  3  exposed  scales, 
usually  developing  into  blunt 
spurs.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  crowd- 
ed on  the  spurs  but  separated  else- 
where, crescent-shaped  or  trans- 
versely elliptical,  low,  moderately 
small:  bundle-traces  2:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  (Salisburia.) 

The  maidenhair  tree  possesses 
peculiar  interest  as  the  sole  rep- 
resentative of  its  family,  and  in 
being  essentially  a  species  which 

has  been  preserved  only  through  cultivation.  Except  for  the 
even  more  primitive  cycads,  of  which  several  genera  are  to 
be  found  in  greenhouses  and  are  used  for  formal  effects  in 
the  warmer  parts  of  the  world,  it  is  the  only  Spermatophyte 
which  possesses  ciliated  male  gametes, — a  character  common 
to  all  fernworts  and  mossworts. 

Winter-character  references: — Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  333, 
382,  pi.;  Bosemann,  68;  Otis,  2;  Schneider,  f.  57,  64;  Shirasawa, 
265,  pi.  9.  The  contrast  between  long  shoots  and  spurs  is 
discussed  by  Collins  in  the  sixth  volume  of  The  Plant  World. 
Twigs  buff  or  gray:  buds  light  brown.  G.  biloba. 

3 


PlNACEAE. 


LARIX.     Larch.     Tamarack. 
( Family   Pinaceae ) . 

Percurrent  scaly-barked  trees 
with  often  drooping  branchlets: 
deciduous.  Twigs  slender:  pith 
minute,  brown,  roundish,  inter- 
rupted at  the  junctures.  Buds 
solitary,  sessile,  small,  globose  or 
short-ovoid,  with  numerous  brown 
sometimes  slender  pointed  scales. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  raised  on  de- 
current  sterigmata,  half-round  or 
3-sided,  minute,  mostly  clustered 
on  spurs  that  lengthen  very 
slowly:  bundle-trace  1:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Fruit  persistent,  as 
ellipsoid  cones  with  thin  persistent 
scales,  in  this  respect  resembling 
the  spruces  and  hemlock. 

1.  Twigs   pubescent:    bark  becom- 
ing red.  L.  occidentalis. 
Twigs  glabrous.     2. 

2.  Bark    dark    gray:    twigs    straw-colored:    cones    puberulent, 

large    (2-4   cm.    long).     (European).  (1).  L.    decidua. 

Bark  red-brown:   twigs  rather  orange:    cones  glabrous  and 

often  glaucous,  small  (under  2  cm.  long).    (2).  L.  laricina. 

PSEUDOLARIX.     Golden  Larch. 

The  golden  larch  (Pseudolarix  Kaempferi,  sometimes 
called  Laricopsis  Kaempferi),  sometimes  seen  in  cultivation, 
differs  from  the  true  larches  in  that  the  scales  of  its  cones 
fall  off  at  maturity,  as,  for  example,  in  the  firs  (Abies}. 

Winter-character  references: — Larix  decidua,  Blakeslee  & 
Jarvis,  335,  365;  Bosemann,  70;  Schneider,  f.  141;  Ward,  1, 
frontispiece  and  f.  105.  L.  laricina.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  335, 
356;  Otis,  16.  Pseudolarix  Kaempferi.  Schneider,  f.  141. 


PlNACEAE. 


TAXODIUM.     Bald  Cypress. 
(Family  Pinaceae). 

Percurrent,  somewhat  shredding- 
barked  trees,  when  large  often 
buttressed,  and  in  very  wet  places 
surrounded  by  large  conical 
"knees"  developed  from  the  roots: 
deciduous.  Twigs  slender:  pith 
minute,  brown,  roundish,  rather 
spongy.  Buds  sessile,  minute, 
subglobose,  with  few  scales,  com- 
monly indistinct  and  very  fre- 
quently represented  by  round 
scars  from  which  transient  foliage- 
sprays  of  the  season  have  fallen, 
solitary  unless  developing  into 
flower-clusters.  Leaf  and  stipule- 
scars  lacking,  the  buds  subtended 
by  minute  scales  or  their  vestiges. 
Fruit,  when  persistent,  in  the  form 
of  small  ellipsoid  cones  with 
thickened  scales. 

The    conical    form    of   the   bald 

cypress  is  very  different  in  appearance  from  the  open-topped 
tree  of  cypress  swamps;  but  young  trees  about  the  borders 
of  the  swamps  are  usually  of  this  form.  The  very  high  knees 
of  old  trees  in  some  localities  correspond  to  a  former  high- 
water  level.  An  interesting  account  of  the  tree  in  its 
various  forms,  by  Wilson,  is  to  be  found  in  the  first  volume 
of  Biological  Lectures  of  the  Marine  Biological  Laboratory 
at  Wood's  Hole. 

The  Montezuma  cypress  of  Mexico  is  evergreen  through 
persistence  of  its  foliage-shoots. 

With  flat  open  top.  T.  distichum. 

Conical:  the  usual  cultivated  form.    T.  distichum  pyramidatum. 


GNETACEAE. 


EPHEDRA.     Canatillo. 
(Family  Gnetaceae). 

Scraggly  shrubs.  Twigs  green, 
finely  striate  and  usually  granular, 
elongated,  straight  and  slender: 
pith  round,  red-brown,  resinous, 
continuous  except  for  firm  pale 
diaphragms  at  the  nodes.  Buds 
solitary,  sessile,  ovoid,  small,  with 
about  3  pairs  or  whorls  of  scales 
or  the  flower-buds  collaterally  mul- 
tiple and  developing  into  large 
thin-scaled  "cones"  in  fruit.  Leaf- 
scars  and  atipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  reduced  to  scarious  scales, 
connately  opposite  or  whorled. 

The  heterogeneous  family  Gneta- 
ceae, represented  here  by  Ephedra, 
though  now  considered  to  belong 
to  the  group  of  Gymnosperms  was 
long  held  to  be  angiospermous,  and 
it  combines  the  characters  of  these 
superior  groups  in  so  puzzling  a 

way  that  its  present  taxonomic  location  is  more  tenable  on 
grounds  of  embryogenesis  than  for  other  reasons.  Like  the 
Angiosperms,  its  secondary  wood  produces  true  vessels,-  the 
other  Gymnosperms  containing  tracheids  only. 

1.  Leaf-scales  opposite  in  pairs,  ovate,  brown,  soft.     2. 
Leaf-scales   in  whorls   of  three.     3. 

2.  Scales  very  short  (1-2  mm.).  E.  viridis. 
Scales  moderate  (4-5  mm.),  sheathing.       E.  antisyphilitica. 

3.  Scales  short   (3  mm.),  soft.  E.  Torreyana. 
Scales   elongated    (10   mm.),    subpungent.  E.   trifurca. 


LlLIACEAE. 


Ruscus.     Butcher's  Broom. 
( Family   Liliaceae ) . 

Shrubs,  sometimes  scrambling: 
appearing  to  possess  evergreen 
foliage  because  of  the  peculiar 
leaf-like  branches.  Stems  green: 
pith  lacking, — the  wood  "endoge- 
nous" as  in  a  corn-stalk.  Buds 
scarcely  evident,  developing  im- 
mediately into  often  pungent 
striate  leaf-like  branches.  Leaf- 
scars  lacking,  the  true  leaves  rep- 
resented by  peristent  scales  from 
the  axils  of  which  the  leaf-like 
branches  arise.  On  the  backs  or 
margins  of  some  of  these,  other 
scales  appear,  and  flowers  are 
borne  in  the  axils  of  these. 

Except  in  greenhouses,  Ruscus 
is  grown  only  in  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  world  where  some  of  the 
species  are  sometimes  used  to 
cover  trellis-work.  It  illustrates 

the  leaf-like  branches  called  cladodia  or  cladophylls,  familiar 
in  the  Boston  vine  or  "smilax"  of  florists.  Though  rarely 
seen  growing,  it  will  be  recognized  (dyed  red)  as  an  occa- 
sional component  of  Christmas  decorations. 

Other  examples  of  cladodia  or  phyllocladia  are  afforded  by 
Muhlenbeckia  and  Phyllanthus.  A  superficially  comparable  ap- 
pearance of  Helwingia  results  from  the  adnation  of  an  in- 
florescence-branch to  the  subtending  leaf. 

1.  Stems  round:    flowers  dorsal   on   the  flat  branches.     2. 
Stems  deeply  fluted:  flowers  marginal.  R.  androgynus. 

2.  Stems  smooth:   cladophylls  large.  R.  Hypoglossum. 
Stems  striate:  leaf-like  branches  small.      (1).  R.  aculeatus. 


8 


LlLlACEAE. 


SMILAX.     Greenbrier. 
(Family  Liliaceae). 

Woody  or  sometimes  herbaceous 
plants  climbing  by  tendrils  and 
commonly  armed  with  strong  and 
often  large  prickles:  deciduous  in 
the  North.  Stems  terete  or  sharply 
angled:  pith  lacking, — the  wood 
"endogenous"  as  in  a  corn-stalk. 
Buds  moderate,  often  superposed 
with  the  upper  developing  prompt- 
ly, 3-sided,  pointed,  very  diver- 
gent, with  a  single  exposed  scale. 
Leaves  tearing  away  above  the 
dilated  partly  clasping  base, 
therefore  leaving  no  definite  scar, 
but  with  about  a  dozen  vascular 
bundles:  stipules,  or  their  near- 
equivalent,  persistent  as  tendrils 
on  the  leaf-bases. 

Winter-character  references:    — 
.     8.     hispida.    Brendel,     27,     pi.     4; 
Hitchcock     (3),    20,     (4),    139.    f. 

121-2.     Velenovsky,  in  volume  68  of  the  journal  Flora,  discus- 
ses the  anomalous  position  of  the  bud-scales  in  this  genus. 

The  tender  vine  so  much  grown  by  florists  as   "smilax" 
belongs  to  another  genus   (Asparagus). 

1.  Evergreen:    leaves  elliptical  to  oblong. 
Deciduous.     2. 

2.  Stems  woolly,  not  prickly. 

Stems   glabrous,    usually   with   prickles. 

3.  Stems  glaucous. 

Stems    not    glaucous.     4. 

4.  Prickles  needle-like,  black. 
Prickles  dilated  or  flattened  at  base. 


(1).   S.   laurifolia. 


3. 


(2).    S.  pumila. 
S.  glauca. 


(3).     S.   hispida. 
(4).  S.  rotundifolia.' 


SALICACEAE. 


9 


POPULUS.     Poplar. 
(Family  Salicaceae). 

Trees:  deciduous.  Bark  at  first 
usually  smooth  and  green  or  whit- 
ish or  orange,  gray  and  often 
deeply  fissured  in  age.  Wood  rath- 
er soft,  white  becoming  brownish, 
minutely  diffused-porous  with 
fine  medullary  rays,  satiny  when 
split.  Twigs  moderate,  terete  or 
5-angled:  pith  rather  small,  5-an- 
gled,  subcontinuous,  brown.  Buds 
moderately  small,  ovoid  or 
elongated,  appressed  or  sometimes 
outcurved,  sessile,  solitary,  with 
several  exposed  scales  of  which 
the  lowermost  is  immediately  over 
the  leaf-scar.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, somewhat  raised,  broadly 
crescent  -  shaped  to  triangular, 
somewhat  3-lobed,  large:  bundle- 
traces  3,  often  compound:  stipule- 
scars  narrow. 

The  poplars  possess  many  winter  differences  besides  those 
used  in  the  present  key.  The  bark  is  differently  roughened: 
in  the  native  cottonwood  gray  and  grooved  between  flat-topped 
ridges,  while  in  the  commonly  planted  "Carolina  cottonwood" 
(XP.  Eugenei),  as  in  the  Lombardy  poplar  which  is  one  of 
the  parents  of  this,  it  is  dark  v/ith  pale  fissures  between  rather 
sharp  ridges.  On  young  trunks,  and  the  branches  of  older 
trees,  the  smooth  bark  is  colored  in  a  characteristic  fashion: 
olive  in  the  Lombardy  poplar,  orange  in  many  "Carolina" 
poplars,  greenish-white  in  the  large-toothed  aspen,  and  some- 
times almost  chalky  white  in  the  silver  poplar  and  our  native 
aspen. 


10  SALICACEAE. 

1.  Weeping.  P.  Tremula  pendula. 
Fastigiate.     2. 

Neither  weeping  nor  fastigiate.     3. 

2.  Twigs  and  plump  buds  woolly. 

(Bolles'  poplar).     P.  alba  Bolleana. 
Twigs  and  slender  buds  glabrous. 

(Lombardy  poplar).     P.  nigra  italica. 

3.  Lateral  buds  plump,  with  4  or  more  exposed  scales.     4. 
Lateral    buds    often    elongated,    mostly    with    3    exposed 

scales.      (Cottonwoods  and  Balsams).     8. 

4.  Buds  glabrous  or  glabrate.     5. 

Buds  persistently  silky  or  tomentose.     6. 

5.  Buds  glabrous,  somewhat  gummy. 

(American  aspen).     (1).  P.  tremuloides. 
Buds  somewhat  downy.     (European  aspen).      P.  Tremula. 

6.  Twigs  glabrous.     (Large-toothed  aspen).     P.grandidentata. 
Twigs  tomentose.     7. 

7.  Tomentum  gray.      (Gray  poplar).  P.   canescens. 
Tomentum  white.     (Silver  poplar).  P.  alba. 

8.  Buds  short  and  broad,  dark  and  brown. 

(Swamp  cotton  wood).     (2).  P.  heterophylla. 
Buds  elongated,  often  gummy.     9. 

9.  Twigs  green  or  gray  or  buff,  glabrous.    (Cottonwoods).    10. 
Twigs  brown  or  red-brown,  somewhat  villous. 

(Balm-of-Gilead).     (3).  P.   candicans. 

10.  Trees  oblong,  with  ascending  branches. 

("Carolina  cottonwood").     X  P.  Eugenei. 
Tree  ovoid  or  open.     11. 

11.  Of  moderate  growth:  twigs  rather  slender. 

(European  black  poplar).     P.  nigra. 
Large:   twigs  rather  stout:   native.     12. 

12.  Buds  glabrous.     (Common  eastern  cottonwood). 

(4).  P.  deltoides  monilifera. 
Buds  minutely  velvety:  Western. 

(Plains  cottonwood).     P.  Sargentii. 


SALICACEAE. 


11 


SALIX.    Willow. 
(Family  Salicaceae). 

Shrubs  or  trees:  deciduous. 
Bark  at  first  usually  smooth  and 
green,  gray  and  more  or  less  fis- 
sured in  age.  Wood  soft,  white 
becoming  brown,  minutely  dif- 
fused-porous  with  fine  medullary 
rays,  satiny  when  split.  Twigs 
mostly  slender,  terete:  pith  rather 
small,  roundish,  continuous,  white. 
Buds  mostly  small,  oblong,  ap- 
pressed,  sessile,  solitary,  with  a 
single  exposed  scale  standing  im- 
mediately over  the  leaf-scar,  or 
collaterally  multiple,  the  end-bud 
absent.  Leaf-scars  alternate  or 
exceptionally  opposite,  low,  U- 
shaped:  bundle-traces  3:  stipule- 
scars  short,  often  absent. 

Willows  are  particularly  diffi- 
cult to  name  at  any  time  of  the 
year  by  characters  which  may  be 

put  in  words,  but  the  comparatively  few  species  that  enter 
into  landscape  use  to  any  considerable  extent  usually  differ 
in  habit,  color  of  bark,  etc.,  characters  which  one  gardener 
points  out  to  another. 

They  illustrate  particularly  well  a  type  of  elongation  in 
which  each  season's  growth  is  made  by  the  development  of  an 
axillary  bud  of  the  preceding  year,  the  end  of  the  twig  dying 
back  in  winter,  as  it  commonly  does  in  Salix,  or  falling  early 
in  the  season  by  a  clean-cut  abscission-scar,  as  in  Ulmus,  Tilia 
and  many  other  trees,  where  the  scar  is  small  and  often  pushed 
to  one  side  so  as  to  be  likely  to  be  overlooked,  and  in  Ailan- 
ihus,  where  it  is  particularly  large  and  evident. 


12 


SALICACEAE. 


S.  caprea  pendula. 


(1). 


S.  babylonica. 
S.  purpurea. 


What  is  called  the  weeping  willow  here  is  really  a  com- 
plex including  not  only  Salix  babylonica  but  a  series  of  usu- 
ally hardier  hybrids  of  that  species. 

1.  Weeping.     2. 

Not  markedly  weeping.     4. 

2.  Twigs  very  slender,  glabrous.     3. 
Twigs  stout:  villous. 

(Kilmarnock  willow) 

3.  Buds  alternate.    (Weeping  willow). 
Buds  often  opposite.     (Purple  willow). 

4.  Buds  large    (5X10  mm.).     5. 
Buds  moderate  (4-6  mm.  long).     7. 
Buds  small    (scarcely  3  mm.  long).     9. 

5.  Buds  rather  sharply  2-winged.     6. 
Buds  plano-convex.  (2). 

6.  Buds  green-and-red  :   planted. 

(Goat  willow) 
Buds  blackish:    native.     (Pussy  willow). 

7.  Buds  frequently  opposite. 
Buds  always  alternate.     8. 

Twigs  glossy  olive,  glabrous.    (Shining  willow). 

Twigs  dull,  velvety. 

Trees:   Twigs  mostly  glabrescent. 

Shrubs:   twigs  gray-  velvety.     13. 

Twigs  olive-green.     11. 

Twigs  golden.     (Golden  willow). 

Twigs  red.     (Red-twigged  willow). 

S.  vitellina  Britzensis. 

11.  Large  open  trees.     12. 

Slender,  pole-like.      (Sand-bar  willow).  S.  longifolia. 

12.  Trunks  mostly  clustered.     (Black  willow).  S.  nigra. 
Trunk  single:    twigs  sometimes  velvety. 

(White  willow).     S.  alba. 

13.  Buds  3  mm.  long.     (Prairie  willow).  S.  humilis. 
Buds  2  mm.  long.    (Dwarf  gray  willow).          (6).  S.  tristis. 


8. 


9. 


10 


10. 


S.  missouriensis. 

(3).  S.  caprea. 

S.  discolor. 

S.  purpurea. 


S.  lucida. 
S.  incana. 


S.  vitellina. 


MYKICACEAE. 


13 


MYRICA.     Bayberry.     Wax  Myrtle. 
(Family  Myricaceae). 

Shrubs  or  very  small  trees,  aro- 
matic:   deciduous   in    the    North. 
a       Twigs   rounded   or   angular,    slen- 
n?  fc;|         der,  resinous-dotted  when  young: 

V*t  tV'la  pith  small,  somewhat  angled,  con- 
tinuous, green.  Buds  small,  soli- 
tary, sessile,  subglobose  or  ovoid, 
with  2  or  about  4  exposed  scales, 
the  end-bud  absent.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, half-elliptical  or  some- 
what 3-sided,  more  or  less  raised: 
bundle-traces  3:  stipule-scars  small 
if  present. 

The  sweetfern  is  considered 
sometimes  to  represent  a  distinct 
genus  (Comptonia),  of  which  it 
is  the  only  representative.  A 
readable  account  of  its  ancestry 
is  given  by  Berry  in  volume  40  of 
The  American  Naturalist.  The 
sweet-gale  also  has  been  held 
apart  under  the  generic  name  Gale. 

1.  With  stipule-scars.  (Sweetfern).     M.  asplenifolia. 
Without  stipule-scars.     2. 

2.  Buds  conical-ovoid  or  oblong,  no  end  bud.         (2).  M.  Gale. 
Buds  subglobose,  obtuse:  fruit  encrusted  with  wax.     3. 

3.  Buds  hairy:   fruit  moderate   (4  mm.).  M.  calif ornica. 
Buds  glabrate.     4. 

4.  Buds  small  (about  1  mm.),  glandular-dotted:   lenticels  very 

conspicuous:   fruit  small   (3  mm.).  (3).  M.  cerifera. 

Buds  larger  (1.5  mm.),  soon  glandless:  fruit  larger.     5. 

5.  Fruit  moderate  (4  mm.) :  leaves  veiny.    (4).  M.  carolinensis. 
Fruit  larger  (6X8  mm.):  leaves  smooth.  M.  inodora. 


14  LEITNERIACEAE. 

LEITNERIA.     Corkwood. 
( Family  Leitneriaceae ) . 

Little-branched  tree-like  shrubs 
with  very  soft  and  light  wood: 
deciduous.  Twigs  round,  rather 
stout:  pith  moderate,  rounded, 
continuous,  white.  Buds  solitary, 
sessile,  rather  small,  ovoid,  with 
about  3  exposed  scales,  or  the  up- 
per (floriferous)  enlarged,  oblong, 
or  ellipsoid,  and  with  a  dozen  or 
more  exposed  scales.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  half-elliptical  or  some- 
what 3-lobed,  slightly  raised:  bun- 
dle-traces 3:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
The  North  American  corkwood, 
apart  from  the  fact  that  its  wood 
is  very  much  lighter  than  that 
of  any  other  native  shrub  or  tree, 
is  interesting  in  that  it  is  the  only 
representative  of  its  family,  not 
very  closely  related  to  any  other 
group,  and  that  it  occurs  locally 

in  swamps  from  western  Florida,  where  it  was  first  found,  to 
southern  Missouri,  apparently  surviving  from  a  time  when 
the  Mississippi  carried  much  more  water  and  spread  over  a 
greater  delta  than  at  present.  Like  the  bald  cypress,  though 
occurring  naturally  in  swamps,  it  is  capable  of  successful  cul- 
tivation in  soil  of  ordinary  dryness. 

On  anatomical  grounds,  Van  Tieghem  and  Lecomte,  in 
the  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  botanique  de  France,  33:181,  ally 
Leitneria  with  Dipterocarpaceae.  Dr.  Pfeiffer,  in  the  Botani- 
cal Gazette,  53:119,  finds  in  it  a  suggestion  of  derivation  of 
catkin-bearing  angiosperms  from  gymnosperms. 
Loosely  gray-hairy:  twigs  purplish.  L.  floridana. 


JUGLANDACEAE. 


15 


PLATYCARYA. 
(Family  Juglandaceae). 

Trees:'  deciduous.  Twigs  mod- 
erate or  rather  slender,  terete, 
with  fine  lenticels:  pith  rounded, 
moderate,  pale,  continuous.  Buds 
rather  small-,  superposed,  sessile, 
ovoid,  with  some  4  or  5  exposed 
scales.  Leaf -scars  alternate, 
shield-shaped:  bundle-traces  5  or 
7:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Twigs  glabrous:  buds  puberulent 
or  glandular.  P.  strobilacea. 
Though  not  much  used  in  dec- 
orative planting,  the  Juglandaceae 
are  effective  occasionally  as  speci- 
mens or  massed  in  the  distance, 
and  some  of  them  are  of  rapid 
growth.  The  native  hickories  and 
walnuts  furnish  especially  valu- 
able wood,  the  former  almost  in- 
dispensable in  the  manufacture  of 
farm  implements,  and  the  latter — 

at  one  time  the  most  used  cabinet  wood — the  main  reliance 
for  gunstocks.  An  interesting  popular  account  of  the  geo- 
logical history  of  the  family,  by  Berry,  is  to  be  found  in 
volume  fifteen  of  The  Plant  World. 

Winter-character  references:  —  Platycarya  stroMlacea. 
Schneider,  f.  135;  Shirasawa,  257,  pi.  6. 

Winter-characters  to  the  principal  Juglandaceae — Juglans 
and  Carya — are  collected  between  the  discussion  of  those  two 
genera.  The  family  is  interesting  anatomically  because  of  the 
marked  and  characteristic  differences  between  the  solid  pith 
of  this  genus  and  Carya  in  contrast  with  the  chambered  pith 
of  Juglans  and  Pterocarya. 


16  JUGLANDACEAE. 

JUGLANS.     Walnut. 
(Family  Juglandaceae). 

Usually  trees,  sometimes  of 
large  size:  deciduous.  Twigs 
rather  stout,  more  or  less  fluted: 
pith  moderate,  brown,  angular, 
chambered  with  rather  close  thin 
plates.  Buds  moderate,  with  sev- 
eral scales,  superposed  and  often 
developing  into  catkin  rudiments, 
the  terminal  much  larger  and 
with  more  or  less  lobed  scales. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  shield-shaped 
or  3-lobed,  large,  raised:  bundle- 
traces  in  3  compound  groups: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Of    recent    years    black    walnut 
has  been  planted  in  some  quantity 
for   its   wood;    and   the   European 
walnut   furnishes   one   of  the   im- 
portant Californian  crops,  and  in 
more    hardy    forms   it   is   recom- 
mended   for    other    regions.     Hy- 
brids are  known  between  the  European  walnut  and  the  black 
walnut,  and  Juglans  rupestris  has  been  thought   (undoubtedly 
wrongly)   to  hybridize  with  the  Californian  live-oak. 

1.  Terminal  bud  elongated:   leaf-scar  downy  at  top.     2. 
Terminal  bud  short:   leaf-scar  without  a  downy  line.     3. 

2.  Leaf-scars  not  notched  at  top.   (Butternut).     (1).  J.  cinerea. 
Leaf-scars  notched:   twig  very  stout.  J.  Sieboldiana. 

3.  Twigs  gray-pubescent:     buds   canescent:     pith    diaphragms 

close  together  (18  to  1  cm.).     (Black  w.).     (2).  J.  nigra. 

Twigs    and    lateral   buds   glabrescent:    bark    smooth:    pith 

diaphragms  8  to  1  cm.     (European  walnut).         J.  regia. 


JUGLANDACEAE.  17 

Winter-character  references  to  Juglans: — /.  calif ornica. 
1st,  1881,  p.  36,  f.;  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  324,  f.  6,  331,  398,  pi.; 
Trelease  (1),  43,  pi.  24.  J.  cinerea.  Beal,  American  Natural- 
Bosemann,  60;  Brendel,  pi.  2;  Otis,  62;  Schneider,  f.  114; 
Trelease  (1),  42,  pi.  24.  J.  cordiformis.  Shirasawa,  232,  pi. 
1;  Trelease  (1),  43,  pi.  25.  J.  mandshurica.  Trelease  (1), 
43,  pi.  25.  J.  nigra.  Beal,  Amer.  Nat.,  1881,  p.  36,  f.;  Blakes- 
lee &  Jarvis,  331,  400,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  2;  Hitchcock  (1),  f.  13, 
(3),  17,  (4),  138,  pi.  99,  101;  Otis,  64;  Schneider,  f.  49,  114; 
Trelease  (1),  44,  pi.  24.  J.  regia.  Bosemann,  60;  Malpighi, 
Opera  Omnia,  22,  pi.  9;  Schneider,  f.  114;  Trelease  (1),  44; 
Ward,  1:69,  f.  48,  70,  f.  49,  118,  f.  59,  212,  f.  108;  Willkomm, 
6;  27,  f.  30;  Zuccarini,  7,  pi.  4.  J.  regia  sinensis.  Shirasawa, 
232,  pi.  1.  J.  rupestris.  Trelease  (1),  43,  pi.  24.  J.  Sieboldi- 
ana.  Shirasawa,  231,  pi.  1;  Trelease  (1),  42,  pi.  25. 

Winter-character  references  to  Gary  a: — C.  al~ba  (C.  to- 
mentosa).  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  337,  404,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  2; 
Hitchcock  (1),  6;  Otis,  72;  Schneider,  f.  168;  Trelease  (1), 
38,  pi.  14,  15,  C.  cordiformis  (C.  amara;  C.  minima\.  Blakes- 
lee &  Jarvis,  332,  337,  408,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  2;  Hitchcock  (1), 
6,  f.  16,  17,  (3),  18,  (4),  138,  f.  102-103;  Otis,  78;  Schneider, 
f.  88;  Trelease  (1),  35,  pi.  13.  C.  aquatica.  Trelease  (1), 
34,  pi.  13,  C.  glabra  (C.  porcina).  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  337, 
406,  pi.;  Hitchcock  (1),  6;  Otis,  76;  Schneider,  f.  39,  88; 
Trelease  (1),  36,  pi.  14.  C.  laciniosa  (C.  sulcata}.  Hitch- 
cock (1),  6;  Otis,  70;  Schneider,  f.  168;  Trelease  (1),  40, 
pi.  15.  C.  mexicana.  Trelease  (1),  39.  C.  mytristicaeformis. 
Trelease  (1),  34,  pi.  13.  C.  ovalis  (under  various  names). 
Bailev,  American  Garden,  11:381,  385-8;  Otis,  74;  Trelease 
(1),  36-37,  pi.  14.  C.  ovata  (formerly  called  C.  alba).  Blakes- 
lee &  Jarvis,  402,  pi.;  Brendel,  29,  30,  pi,  2;  Hitchcock  (1), 
6,  f.  18,  (3),  18;  Otis,  68;  Schneider,  f.  168;  Trelease  (1), 
41,  pi.  If).  C.  Pecan.  Brendel,  31,  pi.  2;  Hitchcock  (1),  6; 
Trelease  (1),  32,  pi.  13.  C.  villosa.  Trelease  (1),  37,  pi.  14. 


18 


JUGLANDACEAE. 


CABYA.     Hickory. 
(Family  Juglandaceae). 


Trees:  deciduous.  Twigs  mod- 
erate, terete:  pith  moderate,  an- 
gled, often  brown,  continuous  or 
broken  at  the  nodes.  Buds  rather 
large,  sometimes  stalked  or  super- 
posed, the  terminal  larger,  ovoid 
or  oblong,  apparently  naked  or 
with  1  or  several  exposed  scales. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  shield-shaped 
or  3-lobed,  large,  low:  bundle- 
traces  numerous  in  3  or  4  more 
or  less  definite  groups:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

1.  Bud-scales  in  pairs.     2. 
Bud-scales  not  opposite.     3. 

2.  Yellow-glandular:    fruit    bitter. 

(1).  C.  cordiformis. 

Scarcely  glandular :  fruit  sweet. 

(Pecan).     (2).  C.  Pecan. 


3.  Terminal  bud  large  (usually  over  10  mm.).    (Hickories).    4. 
Terminal  bud  small  (scarcely  10  mm.).     (Pignuts).     7. 

4.  Outer  bud-scales  falling  early.     (Mockernut).  C.  alba. 
Outer  scales  persistent,  pointed.     (Shagbarks).     5. 

5.  Twigs  buff  or  orange:  fruit  very  large.  C.  laciniosa. 
Twigs  gray  or  red-brown:  fruit  smaller.     6. 

6.  Twigs  glabrate.      (Shagbark).  (3).   C.   ovata. 
Twigs  hairy.     (Hairy  Shagbark).                  C.  ovata  hirsuta. 

7.  Bark  very  rough,  broken  into  squares.  C.  villosa. 
Bark  rather  smooth  or  flaking.     8. 

8.  Husk  of  fruit  not  splitting  far.     (Eastern).  C.  glabra. 
Husk  splitting  nearly  to  base.     (Western  pignut).    C.  ovalis. 


JUGLANDAOEAE. 


19 


PTEROOAEYA. 
(Family  Juglandaceae). 

Trees:  deciduous.  Twigs  moder- 
ate or  rather  stout,  rounded:  pith 
moderate,  angular,  chambered 
with  rather  close  thin  light  brown 
plates.  Buds  rather  large,  super- 
posed, the  upper  distinctly  stalked 
or  elongating  the  first  year,  naked, 
with  folded  leaves.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  elliptical  or  3-lobed, 
large,  rather  low:  bundle-traces  3, 
crescent-  pr  horseshoe-shaped,  cre- 
nated  or  fragmented:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Winter-characters  of  Juglanda- 
ceae are  discussed  by  de  Candolle 
in  his  classic  memoir  on  the  fam- 
ily published  in  volume  18  of  the 
fourth  series  of  the  botanical  sec- 
tion of  the  Annales  des  Sciences 
Naturelles,  in  1862;  and  are  shown 
in  Michaux'  Sylva. 

References  to  Pterocarya: — P.  fraxinifolia.  Leavitt,  Out- 
lines of  Botany,  31,  f.  22;  Schneider,  f.  5,  86.  P.  rhoifolia. 
Leavitt,  Outlines  of  Botany,  29,  f.  18;  Shirasawa,  232,  pi.  1. 
P.  stenoptera.  Schneider,  f.  86. 

Like  the  other  Juglandaceae,  and  particularly  Juglans, 
Pterocarya  well  illustrates  distinct  superposed  buds,  of  which 
the  uppermost  is  largest.  This  is  the  usual  condition  in  such 
cases. 

1.  Twigs  distinctly  pubescent  and  glandular.        P.  stenoptera. 
Twigs  essentially  glabrous  and  glandless.     2. 

2.  Twigs  and  buds  red-brown.  (1).    P.  fraxinifolia. 
Twigs  and  buds  gray-brown.  P.  rhoifolia. 


20 


BETULACEAE. 


CORYLUS.     Hazel.     Filbert. 
(Family  Betulaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs  mod- 
erate or  rather  slender,  zig-zag, 
round:  pith  somewhat  3-sided, 
continuous,  pale.  Buds  solitary, 
obliquely  sessile,  round  or  ovoid 
and  obtuse  with  some  4-6  exposed 
scales,  or  early  developing  into 
ashen  catkins,  the  end-bud  lack- 
ing. Leaf-scars  alternate,  2- 
ranked,  half-round  or  triangular, 
somewhat  raised,  rather  small: 
bundle-traces  3,  or  multiplied  and 
finally  obscure:  stipule-scars  elon- 
gated. 

Winter-character  references:  - 
C.  americana.  Brendel,  pi.  2;  Hitch- 
cock, (3),  18;  Foerste,  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Cl.  20:  164,  f.;  Schneider,  f. 
165. — C.  Avellana.  Bosemann,  68; 
Fant,  12,  f.  3;  Schneider,  f.  164; 
Ward,  1:185.  f.  92;  Willkomm,  4, 

25,  f.  26;  Zuccarini,  5,  pi.  3.— (7.  Colurna.     Schneider,  f.  164; 
Willkomm,  8,  9,  26,  f.  28.— C.  heterophylla.    Shirasawa,  263,  pi. 
8. — C.  maxima.    Bosemann,  68;    Schneider,  f.  164;   Willkomm, 

26,  f.  27. — C.  rostrata.    Schneider,  f.  165;  Shirasawa,  264,  pi.  8. 

1.  Buds  glabrescent  but  with  ciliate  scales.     2. 
Buds  gray-pubescent.     3. 

2.  Buds  small  (scarcely  4  mm.). 

Buds  large  (6  mm.  long):  twigs  olive. 

3.  Outer  scales  elongated,  quickly  falling. 
Scales  persistent,  the  lower  short.     4. 

4.  Buds  rather  small   (4  mm.):   native. 
Buds  larger  (often  5  mm.  long). 


(1).  C.  Avellana. 

(2).    C.  pontica. 

(3).    C.  rostrata. 

(4).    C.  americana. 
(5).  C.  maxima. 


BETTJLACEAE. 


21 


CARPINUS.     Hornbeam. 
(Family  Betulaceae). 

Rather  round-topped  and  openly 
branched  trees  with  sinewy-fluted 
trunks  and  smooth  gray  bark: 
deciduous.  Twigs  slender,  zig-zag, 
terete:  pith  small,  roundish  or  5- 
sided,  continuous,  pale.  Buds  sol- 
itary or  very  rarely  superposed, 
ovoid,  sessile,  oblique,  with  a 
dozen  4-ranked  scarcely  striated 
scales,  or  developing  into  cone- 
like  catkin-initials,  the  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  2- 
ranked,  raised,  crescent-shaped, 
somewhat  small:  bundle-traces  3: 
stipule-scars  subequal,  elongated. 
Winter-character  references:  — 
C.  Betulus.  Bosemann,  70;  Fant, 
16,  f.  9;  Schneider,  f.  10,  162; 
Ward,  1:118,  f.  59,  178,  f.  88-89; 
Willkomm,  26,  f.  29;  Zuccarini,  3, 
pi.  2. — C.  caroliniana.  Blakeslee  & 

Jarvis,  332,  412,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  2;  Otis,  82.  An  early  paper 
on  abscission,  in  which  Carpinus  figures,  is  by  Ohlert  in  the 
journal  Linnaea  for  1837. 

1.  Buds  large  (fully  10  mm.  long),  straw-colored.     C.  cordata. 
Buds  moderate  (6-8  mm.):  European.  C.  Betulus. 
Buds  small   (scarcely  5  mm.).     2. 

2.  Buds  straw-colored.  C.  japonica. 
Buds  brownish.     3. 

3.  Buds  glabrous.  C.   Turczaninowii. 
Buds  somewhat  silky.     4. 

4.  Twigs  villous. 


Twigs  glabrescent.     (Blue  beech). 


C.  duinensis. 
(1).  C.  caroliniana. 


22 


BETULACEAE. 


OSTRYA.    .Hop  Hornbeam. 
(Family  Betulaceae). 

Rather  deliquescent  trees  with 
scaly  bark:  deciduous.  Twigs  slen- 
der, zig-zag,  terete:  pith  small, 
roundish,  continuous,  pale.  Buds 
solitary,  or  exceptionally  super- 
posed, sessile,  ovoid,  oblique,  with 
half-a-dozen  spirally  placed  striate 
scales,  the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  2-ranked,  some- 
what raised,  crescent-shaped  or 
half-elliptical,  small:  bundle- 
traces  3:  stipule-scars  unequal, 
elongated.  Catkins  often  present. 
Winter-character  references:  — 
0.  carpinifolia.  Bosemann,  70; 
Schneider,  f.  163;  Willkomm,  27, 
f.  30. — 0.  virginiana.  Blakeslee 
&  Jarvis,  332,  410,  pi.;  Brendel, 
pi.  2;  Hitchcock  (1),  3,  (2),  18; 
Otis,  80;  Shirasawa,  265,  pi.  9. 

A    suggestive    illustrated    study 

of  the  structure  of  buds  as  revealed  in  their  unfolding  in  the 
spring,  in  which  Ostrya  figures,  is  published  by  Hitchcock 
in  volume  6  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Academy  of  Science 
of  St.  Louis.  One  of  many  publications  on  buds  superposed 
above  the  leaves  or  leaf-scars  is  by  Damaskinos  and  Bourgeois 
in  volume  5  of  the  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Botanique  de  France: 
in  it,  reference  is  made  to  Ostrya  virginiana. 
Scales  of  staminate  catkins  long-mucronate :  nutlets  glabrate, 
fusiform.  (1).  O.  virginiana. 

Scales    blunt    or    abruptly    short-pointed:     nutlets    pubescent 
above,  ovoid.     (European  hornbeam).       (2).  O.  carpinifolia. 


BETULACEAE. 


23 


BETULA.     Birch. 
(Family  Betulaceae). 

Trees  or  less  commonly  shrubs: 
deciduous.  Twigs  slender,  usu- 
ally zig-zag,  terete,  frequently  de- 
veloping as  dwarf-shoots  so  as 
to  make  the  lateral  buds  appear 
stalked:  pith  minute,  compressed 
3-sided,  continuous,  green.  Buds 
moderate,  solitary,  fusiform -ovoid, 
sessile,  with  2  or  3  exposed  scales, 
the  end-bud  usually  deciduous  ex- 
cept on  the  numerous  short  spurs. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  more  or  less 
2-ranked,  half-elliptical,  small: 
bundle-traces  3,  sometimes  indis- 
tinct: stipule-scars  narrow. 

Though  they  have  been  much 
confused  in  botanical  publications, 
the  birches  are  not  very  difficult 
as  a  rule.  In  accordance  with  the 
policy  of  adhering  to  the  nomen- 
clature of  the  Standard  Cyclope- 
dia of  Horticulture,  the  names  here  used  are  somewhat  differ- 
ent from  those  employed  in  the  last  edition  of  Gray's  Manual, 
though  the  latter  rest  on  an  extended  critical  study  of  the 
group  by  Fernald,  published  in  full  in  The  American  Journal 
of  Science  for  September,  1902. 

An  excellent  character  is  derived  from  the  bracts  of  the 
fruiting  cones,  which  are  sometimes  available  in  winter;  and 
this  character  has  been  applied  successfully  to  the  recognition 
of  certain  hybrid  birches  by  Rosendahl  in  volume  four  of 
Minnesota  Botanical  Studies. 


24  BETULACEAE. 

1.  Lateral  buds  ellipsoid  or  oblong,  very  blunt,  small.     2. 
Buds  ovoid  or  fusiform-oblong,  acute,  at  most  ciliate.     8. 

2.  Buds  very  small   (3  or  exceptionally  4  mm.).     3. 
Buds  moderate  for  the  group  (4  mm.):  bark  papery.     5. 
Buds  large  for  the  group   (5  mm.):   bark  papery.     7. 

3.  Twigs  not  resinous  warty,  softly  hairy.  B.  pumila. 
Twigs  with  resinous  warts.     4. 

4.  Twigs  and  buds  with  soft  hairs.       B.  pumila  glandulifera. 
Twigs  and  buds  only  velvety.  (1).  B.  glandulosa. 

5.  Buds  hairy:  twigs  warty:  bark  orange.  (2).  B.  nigra. 
Bud-scales  at  most  ciliate:  bark  creamy  or  white.     6. 

6.  Twigs  very  resinous-warty:  glabrous.       (3).  B.  populifolia. 
Twigs  sometimes  with  long  hairs.  (4).  B.  papyrifera. 

7.  Buds  glabrous:  bark  creamy  or  white.  B.  papyrifera. 
Buds  hairy:  lower  scales  long:  bark  orange.           B.  nigra. 

8.  Buds  acutely  ovoid.     9. 

Buds  subfusiform,  acute,  with  short  lower  scale.     12. 

9.  Twigs  puberulent,  somewhat  warty.  B.  kenaica. 
Twigs  glabrate.     10. 

10.  Twigs  resinous-warty:  buds  small  (3X5  mm.).      B.  utilis. 
Twigs  little  warty:   buds  larger   (4-5X6-8  mm.).     11. 

11.  Twigs  and  buds  red-brown.  (5).  B.  Maximowiczii. 
Twigs  and  buds  brown.  B.  grossa. 

12.  Buds  short  for  the  group   (5-6  mm.).     13. 

Buds  long   (7-8  mm.):   twigs  scarcely  warty.     17. 

13.  Twigs  softly  hairy.     14. 
Twigs  glabrous.     15. 

14.  Pubescence  persistent.  (6).  B.  pubescens. 
Pubescent  only  in  sheltered  places.  B.  papyrifera. 

15.  Twigs  very  warty  and  varnished.  B.  occidentalis. 
Twigs  sparingly  if  at  all  resinous-warty.     16. 

16.  Bark  white:  trees  usually  weeping.  (7).  B.  pendula. 
Bark  yellowish  or  silvery-gray.     (Yellow  birch).      B.  lutea. 

17.  Buds  light  brown:  branches  red-brown,  spicy.  (8).  B.  lenta. 
Buds  glossy  red-brown.  B.  japonica. 


BETULACEAE. 


25 


ALNUS.     Alder. 
(Family  Betulaceae). 

Typically  shrubs:  deciduous. 
Bark  smoky  or  gray,  smooth  or 
fissured  in  rather  large  or  scaly 
areas.  Twigs  often  3-sided:  pith 
small,  3-sided,  continuous.  Buds 
rather  large,  solitary,  usually 
stalked,  with  3  subvalvate  scales. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  half-round, 
somewhat  raised:  bundle-traces 
3,  or  the  lowest  compound:  sti- 
pule-scars narrow. 

Alders  are  particularly  interest- 
ing in  winter  through  having 
their  buds  distinctly  stalked. 
Though  this  character  is  by  no 
means  limited  to  them,  nor  do 
they  all  show  it,  there  are  few 
genera  in  which  it  is  so  readily 
observable.  Their  fruit  is  also 
persistent  in  the  form  of  small 
cone-like  bodies,  which  differ  in 

shape    and    position    in    different   species,    and   as   a   rule    the 
staminate  catkins  for  the  next  season  are  conspicuous. 

1.  Buds  stalked.     2. 

Buds  sessile:  bushes.     5. 

2.  Very  tree-like.     (European  alder).  A.  glutinosa. 
Bushy,  even  when  large.     3. 

3.  Bud-scales  narrow  and  separated.  (1).  A.  maritima. 
Bud-scales  valvate.     4. 

4.  Fruiting  cones  erect.      (Smooth  alder).  (2).  A.  rugosa. 
Fruiting  cones  pendent.     (Speckled  alder).      (3).  A.  incana. 

5.  Twigs  glabrescent.     (Mountain  alder).  A.  crispa. 
Twigs  hairy.     (Downy  alder).                                     A.  mollis. 


26  BETULACEAE. 

Winter-character  references  to  Betulaceae. 

'Alnus  Alnobetula.  Schneider,  f.  160.  A.  firma.  Shira- 
sawa,  231,  pi.  1.  A.  glutinosa  (A.  vulgaris).  Blakeslee  & 
Jarvis,  426;  Bosemann,  56;  Fant,  30,  f.  30;  Schneider,  f.  17, 
58,  113;  Ward,  1:206,  f.  106;  Willkomm,  4,  21,  f.  17.  A.  in- 
cana.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  426,  pi.;  Bosemann,  56;  Fant,  30; 
Schneider,  f.  112;  Willkomm,  6,  21,  f.  18.  A.  incana  glauca. 
Shirasawa,  230,  pi.  1.  A.  japonica.  Shirasawa,  230,  pi.  1.  A. 
rugosa  (A.  serrulata).  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  426.  A.  viridis. 
Willkomm,  911,  22,  f.  19.  A.  viridis  siUrica.  Shirasawa, 
231,  pi. 

Betula  alpestris.  Fant,  15.  B.  Bhojpattra.  Shirasawa, 
246,  pi.  4.  B.  fruticosa.  Fant,  16;  Zuccarini,  18,  pi.  10.  B. 
globispica.  Shirasawa,  246,  pi.  4.  B.  grossa.  Shirasawa,  251, 
pi.  5.  B.  Jiumilis.  Bosemann,  74;  Fant,  15;  Schneider,  f.  161; 
Willkomm,  20,  f.  16.  B.  lenta.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  337,  414, 
pi.;  Otis,  86.  B.  lutea.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  337,  416,  pi.;  Otis, 
88.  B.  Maximowicziana.  Shirasawa,  252,  pi.  5.  B.  nana. 
Bosemann,  74;  Fant,  16;  Schneider,  f.  161.  B.  nigra.  Blakes- 
lee &  Jarvis,  337,  418,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  3;  Hitchcock  (1),  3. 
B.  papyrifera  (B.  alba  papyrifera) .  Blakeslee,  &  Jarvis,  337, 
422,  pi.;  Otis,  90;  Shirasawa,  246,  pi.  4.  B.  pendula  (formerly 
called  B.  alba;  B.  odorata).  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  337,  424,  pi.; 
Bosemann,  73;  Fant,  15,  f.  6;  Ward,  1:232,  f.  119,  233,  f.  120; 
Willkomm,  4,  20,  f.  14,  15;  Zuccarini,  17,  pi.  10.  B.  pendula 
verrucosa.  Schneider,  f.  36,  160;  Shirasawa,  246,  pi.  4.  B. 
populifolia.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  337,  420,  pi.;  Schneider,  f.  161. 
B.  pubescens  (B.  alba).  Schneider,  f.  160;  Willkomm,  20,  f. 
15.  B.  ulmifolia.  Shirasawa,  252,  pi.  5. 

Areschoug's  Beitrage  zur  Biologie  der  Holzgewachse,  a 
unique  analysis  of  bud-  and  branch-specialization  in  which 
Betula  figures,  was  published  in  volume  12  of  Lunds  Univer- 
sitets  Aarsskrift,  in  1877,  after  many  years  of  critical  obser- 
vation. A  decade  later  its  author  made  his  principal  con- 
clusions more  accessible  in  volume  9  of  the  Botanische 
Jahrbucher. 


FAGAGEAE. 


27 


PAGUS.     Beech. 
(Family  Fagaceae). 

Rather  ovoid  or  round-topped 
trees  with  cylindrical  smooth  gray 
trunk,  the  bark  frequently  with 
included  woody  nodules:  decidu- 
ous or  with  the  dead  leaves  per- 
sisting far  into  the  winter.  Twigs 
slender,  zig-zag,  terete:  pith 
rather  small,  roundish,  continu- 
ous. Buds  solitary  or  rarely  su- 
pernumerary, sessile  or  becoming 
slightly  stalked,  divergent  and 
very  oblique  over  the  leaf-scars, 
elongated  fusiform  and  subpun- 
gent,  with  some  10  or  more  spi- 
rally arranged  scales.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  sometimes  2-ranked,  lit- 
tle-raised, half-round,  r  a  t  h  er 
small:  bundle-traces  3,  the  lower 
usually  compound  or  broken  into 
an  irregular  series:  stipule-scars 
linear,  nearly  meeting  around  the 
twig.  Children  know  the  "lucky-nuts"  of  the  bark. 

The  beech  affords  an  excellent  illustration  of  buds  ob- 
liquely placed  over  the  leaf-scars, — a  common  occurrence  when 
they  are  2-ranked;  and  of  buds  elongated  without  being 
stalked,  for  the  scales  here  begin  at  the  very  base  of  the  bud. 
The  species  are  distinguishable  with  difficulty  except  by 
aid  of  the  foliage  when  it  is  present. 

1.  Twigs  often  villous:  buds  puberulent.  F.  sylvatica. 
Twigs  and  lower  bud-scales  glabrous.     2. 

2.  Buds  light  brown:  leaves  undulate. 


Buds  red-brown:   leaves  serrate. 


F.  japonica. 
(1).  F.  grandifolia. 


28 


FAGAOEAE. 


CASTANEA.     Chestnut. 
(Family  Fagaceae). 

Shrubs  or  mostly  large  trees 
with  fissured  but  otherwise  smooth 
gray  bark:  deciduous.  Twigs 
moderate,  more  or  less  fluted: 
pith  moderate,  star-shaped,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  solitary,  ovoid, 
sessile,  oblique,  with  2  or  3  ex- 
posed scales,  the  end-bud  frequent- 
ly lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
little  raised,  half-round,  rather 
small:  bundle-traces  3,  often  com- 
pound: stipule-scars  elongated, 
unequal. 

The  deeply  grooved  pith  of  the 
chestnut,  affording  one  of  the  most 
obvious  means  of  identifying  its 
winter  twigs,  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  Malpighi  who  pictured  it 
more  than  two  centuries  and  a 
half  ago  among  the  interesting 
things  that  could  be  seen  by  the 

aid  of  a  magnifying  glass.  In  common  with  many  other  gen- 
era, Castanea  shows  a  varying  phyllotaxy  or  leaf-arrange- 
ment,— 5-ranked  on  erect  shoots,  2-ranked  on  those  that  spread 
horizontally, — and  a  correlated  upward  displacement  of  the 
buds  on  the  latter.  This  has  been  attributed  to  a  response  to 
gravitation  similar  to  that  which  directs  the  upward  growth 
of  stems  in  general;  but  Kny,  in  a  short  communication  to 
the  Gesellschaft  naturforschender  Freunde  of  Berlin  in  1876 
shows  that  it  is  rather  the  manifestation  of  an  inherent  ten- 
dency to  bilateral  symmetry. 

1.  Buds  downy:   shrub  or  small  tree.    (Chinquapin).    C.  pumila. 
Buds  glabrous.     (American  chestnut).  (1).  C.  dentata. 


FAGACEAE. 


29 


QUEKCUS.     Oak. 
(Family  Fagaceae). 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs:  mostly 
deciduous,  though  the  dried  leaves 
often  persist.  Twigs  moderate  or 
slender,  fluted:  pith  moderate, 
star-shaped  in  section,  continuous. 
Buds  solitary  or  sometimes  col- 
laterally multiple,  sessile,  globose 
or  ovoid  to  conical,  sometimes  an- 
gled, clustered  toward  the  tip, 
with  numerous  5-ranked  scales. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  moderate  or 
rather  small,  half-round,  some- 
what elevated:  bundle-traces  near- 
ly a  dozen,  scattered  or  partly  in 
a  more  or  less  evident  ellipse: 
stipule-scars  small. 

The  Danish  botanist  Oersted 
was  very  keen  in  discerning  the 
differences  that  oak  buds  show, 
and  Willkomm's  differentiation  of 
the  two  oaks  of  northern  Europe 

that  have  been  confused  under  the  name  Quercus  Robur  is  as 
clean-cut  when  this  character  only  is  used  as  it  is  when  their 
fruits  show  the  distinction  because  of  which  one  has  been 
called  variety  pedunculata  and  the  other  variety  sessiliflora. 
No  differences  between  the  common  red  oak  (Q.  rubra)  and 
Schneck's  oak  (Q.  Schneckii),  or  between  this  and  the  Texan 
oak  (Q.  texana),  are  more  obvious  to  a  close  observer  than 
those  between  their  winter  buds,  but  comparisons  need  to  be 
made  between  developed  buds  on  mature  branches. 

1.  Black    oaks:    fruit    maturing    the    second   year.     2. 
White    oaks:    fruit    maturing   the    first    year.     16. 


30 


FAGAOEAE. 


2.  Buds  conical-fusiform,  large  (8-10  mm.  long).     3. 
Buds  ovoid  or  conical-ovoid  or  else  very  thick.     4. 

3.  Twigs  glabrous.     ( 1 ) .  Q.  laevis. 
Twigs  puberulent. 

(Blackjack).  Q.  marilandica. 

4.  Evergreen.  Q.  laurifolia. 
Deciduous.     5. 

5.  Buds    dull    clay-colored,    glab- 

rous. (2).  Q.  Schneckii. 

Buds  red  or  brown  or  silky.  6. 

6.  Buds  large   (7-10  mm.),  hairy, 

angular.        (3).  Q.  velutina. 
Buds  moderate  or  small.     7. 

7.  Twigs    tomentulose.     8. 
Twigs  glabrous.     9. 

8.  Buds  short  (4  mm.) :  glabrous. 

(Bear  oak).          Q.  ilicifolia. 
Buds  long    (3X7  mm.),   silky. 
(5).  Q.  cinerea. 

9.  Buds    small     (3     mm.     long), 

glabrate.  Q.  georgiana. 

Buds  larger  or  hairy.     10. 


10.  Buds 
Buds 
Buds 

11.  Buds 
Buds 

12.  Buds 
Buds 

13.  Buds 
Buds 
Buds 

14.  Buds 
Buds 


entirely  glabrous.     11. 

more  or  less  silky,  or  tardily  glabrescent. 


13. 


almost  woolly,  dull  gray-brown.  (6).  Q.  nigra. 

red,  relatively  large   (3X5  mm.).  (7).  Q.  rubra. 
brown,  smaller   (2X3-4  mm.).     12. 

rather  obtuse.     (Pin  oak).  Q.  palustris. 

very  acute.     (Willow  oak).  Q.  Phellos. 

almost  blood-red.     (Spanish  oak).  Q.  falcata. 

brown.     (Shingle  oak).  Q.  imbricaria. 
brownish-red,  or  at  first  silvery-pubescent.     14. 

large    (4X5-6   mm.).  (8).   Q.   coccinea. 
smaller   (scarcely  3x4  mm.).     15. 


FAGACEAE.  31 

15.  Buds  and  twigs  rather  dark.  (9).  Q.  ellipsoidalis. 
Buds  and  twigs  bright  brown:  Texas.  Q.  texana. 

16.  Buds  subglobose  or  ellipsoid,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous.     17. 
Buds  ovoid  or  conical-ovoid.     22. 

Buds  distinctly  conical.     27. 

17.  Evergreen:   buds  small.    (Live  oak).     (10).  Q.  virginiana. 
Deciduous.     18. 

18.  Buds  invested  by  long  narrow  stipules.       (11).  Q.  Cerris. 
Stipules  lacking  or  inconspicuous.     19. 

19.  Bark  exfoliating  from  the  branches.  (12).  Q.  bicolor. 
Bark  not  exfoliating.     20. 

20.  Buds  small   (scarcely  3  mm.),  pale.         (13).  Q.  Durandii. 
Buds  medium-sized.     21. 

21.  Twigs  buff:  buds  pale  brown.     (Overcup  oak).        Q.  lyrata. 
Twigs  gray  or  purple,  often  glaucous:   buds  deep  brown. 

(White  oak).     (14).  Q.  alba. 

22.  Twigs  and  buds  gray-pubescent.  (15).  Q.  macrocarpa. 
Twigs  yellow-scurfy:   buds  dull,  silky.       (16).  Q.  stellata. 
Twigs  glabrous:    buds  brown-puberulent  or  glabrous.     23. 

23.  Buds  rather  glossy  blood-red,  glabrate.  Q.  Margaretta. 
Buds  very  large,  gray-pubescent.                 (17).  Q.  dentata. 
Buds  light  brown  or  the  scales  pale-margined.     24. 

Buds  deep  "brown  or  red-brown.     25. 

24.  Shrub.     (Chinquapin  oak).  Q.  prinoides. 
Tree.     (Yellow  oak  ).                          (18).  Q.  Muehlenbergii. 

25.  Buds  terete:  twigs  gray  or  purple.  Q.  alba. 
Buds  somewhat  grooved,  often  brown-silky.     26. 

26.  Twigs  reddish.     (English  oak).  (19).  Q.  Robur. 
Twigs  olive  or  brown.     (Cow  oak).  Q.  Prinus. 

27.  Buds  light  brown.     28. 
Buds  deep  brown.     29. 

28.  Bud-scales  brown-  or  rosy-margined.  Q.  grosseserrata. 
Bud-scales  not  darker  at  margin.  Q.  crispula. 

29.  Buds  dull:  outer  scales  pale-margined.  Q.  montana. 
Buds  glossy:  scales  not  pale-margined.  (20).  Q.  sessiliflora. 


32  PAG  ACE  AE. 

Winter-character  references  to  Fagaceae: — Castanea  den- 
tata  (C.  americana).  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  331-333,  430,  pi.; 
Otis,  94.  C.  sativa  (C.  vesca;  C.  vulgaris).  Bosemann,  67; 
Schneider,  f.  25,  26,  162;  Shirasawa,  264,  pli.  8;  Ward,  1:188, 
f.  94;  Willkomm,  24,  f.  24. 

Fagus  grandifolia  (F.  ferruginea).  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis, 
428,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  2;  Otis,  92;  Schneider,  f.  163.  F.  japon- 
ica.  Shirasawa,  264,  pi.  8.  F.  sylvatica.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis, 
428;  Bosemann,  70;  Pant,  12,  f.  2;  Schneider,  f.  163;  Ward, 
1:176,  f.  87;  Willkomm,  3,  4,  25,  f.  25;  Zuccarini,  4,  pi.  2.  F. 
sylvatica  Sieboldi.  Shirasawa,  264,  pi.  8. 

Quercus  agrifolia.  Trelease  (3),  pi.  13.  Q.  alba.  Blakes- 
lee &  Jarvis,  338-9,  432,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  2;  Cobb,  Proceedings 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  54:174,  pi.  4;  Hitch- 
cock (1),  5;  Otis,  100;  Schneider,  f.  52,  154.  Q.  Ucolor  (Q. 
platanoides) .  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  338-9,  438,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi. 
2;  Cobb,  1.  c.  pi.  5;  Otis,  104.  Q.  calif  arnica.  Trelease  (3), 
pi.  13.  Q.  Cerris.  Bosemann,  71;  Schneider,  f.  38,  156;  Ward, 
1:118,  f.  59;  Willkomm,  6,  24,  f.  23.  Q.  cinerea  (Q.  brevifo- 
lia).  Trelease  (3),  1,  pi.  12.  Q.  coccinea.  Blakeslee  &  Jar- 
vis,  450,  pi.;  Otis,  112;  Schneider,  f.  154;  Trelease  (3),  1,  pk 
11.  Q.  dentata.  Shirasawa,  258,  pi.  7.  Q.  ellipsoidalis.  Otis, 
114;  Trelease  (3),  pi.  11.  Q.  Emoryi.  Trelease  (3),  pi.  13. 
Q.  falcata  (Q.  digitata).  Trelease  (3).  Q.  georgiana.  Tre- 
lease (3),  pi.  12.  Q.  glandulifera.  Shirasawa,  257,  pi.  7.  Q. 
grosseserrata.  Shirasawa,  258,  pi.  7.  Q.  hypoleuca.  Tretease 
(3),  pi.  13.  Q.  ilicifolia  (Q.  nana) .  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  338-9, 
454,  pi.;  Trelease  (3),  pi.  11.  Q.  imbricaria.  Brendel,  pi.  2; 
Hitchcock  (1),  5;  Otis,  120;  Trelease  (3),  pi.  12.  Q.  laurifo- 
lia.  Trelease  (3),  pi.  12.  Q.  macrocarpa.  Blakeslee  &  Jar- 
vis  338-9,  436,  pi. ;  Brendel,  pi.  2;  Cobb,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil. 
Soc.,  54:174,  pi.  5;  Hitchcock  (1),  5,  (3),  19,  (4),  138,  f.  106- 
110;  Otis,  102;  Schneider,  f.  155.  Q.  marilandica  (formerly 
called  Q.  nigra) .  Brendel,  pi.  2;  Hitchcock  (1),  5,  (3),  19; 
Otis,  118;  Trelease  (3),  pi.  10.  Q.  montana  (Q.  Prinus}. 


FAGACEAE.  33 

Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  338-9,  444,  pi.;  Cobb,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil. 
Soc.,  54:174,  pi.  6;  Schneider,  f.  155.  Q.  Muehlenbergii. 
Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  338-9,  440,  pl.;|  Brendel,  pi.  2;  Hitchcock 
(3),  139,  f.  111-112;  Otis,  106.  Q.  myrtifolia.  Trelease  (3), 
pi.  12.  Q.  nigra  (Q.  aquatlca) .  Trelease  (3),  pi.  12.  Q.  palus- 
trls.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  338-9,  448,  pi.;  Hitchcock  (1),  5; 
Otis,  110;  Trelease  (3),  pi.  12.  Q.  Phellos.  Schneider,  f.  157; 
Trelease  (3),  pi.  12.  Q.  prinoides.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  338-9, 
442,  pi.;  Hitchcock  (1),  5,  (3),  19.  Q.  prinoides  rufescens. 
Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  442.  Q.  pubescens.  Bosemann,  71;  Will- 
komm,  4,  23,  f.  22.  Q.  pumila.  Trelease  (3),  pi.  12.  Q.  Ro- 
~bur  (Q.  pedunculata) .  Bosemann,  71;  Pant,  11,  f.  1;  Schnei- 
der, f.  16,  157;  Ward,  1:47,  f.  30,  418,  f.  59,  217,  f.  Ill:  The 
Oak,  72,  f.  19;  Willkomm,  7,  22,  f.  20;  Zuccarini,  6,  pi.  3.  Q. 
ru~bra.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  338-9,  446,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  2; 
Hitchcock  (1),  5,  (3),  19;  Otis,  108;  Schneider,  f.  55,  154; 
Trelease  (3),  pi.  11.  Q.  Schneckii.  Trelease  (3),  pi.  11.  Q. 
serrata  and  var.  variabilis.  Shirasawa,  258,  pi.  7.  Q.  sessili- 
flora  (held  by  many  as  true  Q.  Robur).  Bosemann,  71;  Fant, 
11;  Schneider,  f.  157;  Willkomm,  23,  f.  21:  Q.  stellata.  Blakes- 
lee &  Jarvis,  338-9,  434,  pi.;  Cobb,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  54: 
174,  pi.  4;  Hitchcock  (1),  6.  Q.  texana.  Trelease  (3),  pi.  11. 
Q.  velutina  (often  referred  to  as  Q.  coccinea;  Q.  tinctoria). 
Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  338-9,  452,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  2;  Hitchcock 
(1),  5,  (3),  19,  (4),  138,  f.  113-115;  Otis,  116;  Trelease  (3),  pi. 
10.  Q.  Wislizeni.  Trelease  (3),  pi.  13. 

Oaks,  like  poplars,  willows  and  some  other  trees,  cast  off 
many  of  their  twigs  by  imperfect  abscission  in  the  autumn, — 
a  normal  and  regular  process  each  year  on  old  trees,  as 
Areschoug  has  pointed  out  in  his  Biologie  der  Holzgewachse. 
This  self-pruning  forms  the  subject  of  a  communication  in 
1865  to  the  Botanische  Zeitung  by  Rose.  Engelmann  (Botani- 
cal Works,  391)  has  indicated  the  differences  in  vernation 
shown  by  species  of  Quercus,  and  Diez  published  a  compara- 
tive study  of  the  subject  in  Flora  for  1887. 


34 


MORACEAE. 


MORTIS.     Mulberry. 
(Family  Moraceae). 

Trees  with  rather  scanty  milky 
sap:  deciduous.  Twigs  moderate 
or  rather  slender,  rounded:  pith 
moderate,  round,  continuous.  Buds 
sessile,  solitary  or  collaterally 
multiplied,  ovoid,  oblique,  with  3 
or  mostly  a  half-dozen  2-ranked 
thin  scales,  -the  end-bud  lacking. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  round  or  half- 
round  or  obtusely  triangular, 
somewhat  raised:  bundle-traces 
numerous  and  scattered  or  in  an 
ellipse  or  more  or  less  definitely 
aggregated  into  3:  stipule-scars 
narrow,  the  one  below  the  bud 
larger. 

Mulberry  twigs  are  frequently 
mistaken  for  those  of  linden  when 
carelessly  observed.  Apart  from 
their  browner  color  they  differ  in 
their  milky  sap  and  in  their  more 
numerous  dry  and  thin  bud-scales. 

1.  Buds  triangular-ovoid,  short  and  closely  appressed.     2. 
Buds  more  elongated  (6-8  mm.)  and  somewhat  spreading.   4. 

2.  Bud-scales  uniformly  colored.     (White  m.)        (1).  M.  alba. 
Bud-scales  brown-margined.     3. 

3.  Not  weeping.     (Tartarian  m.).  (2).  M.  alba  tatarica. 
Weeping,  usually  grafted  as  a  standard.         M.  alba  pendula. 

4.  Bud-scales  white-margined.  M.  acidosa. 
Bud-scales  dark-margined.     5. 

5.  Twigs  often  downy  above.    (Red  mulberry).     (3).  M.  rubra. 
Twigs  glabrous.     (Black  mulberry).  M.  nigra. 


MOBACEAE. 


35 


MACLTJRA.     Osage  Orange. 
(Family  Moraceae). 

Trees  with  axillary  spines,  fi- 
brous-flaking bark  and  milky  sap: 
deciduous.  Twigs  moderate, 
rounded,  glabrous,  frequently 
dwarf,  the  longer  commonly  zig- 
zag. Pith  moderate,  round,  pale, 
continuous.  Buds  rather  small, 
depressed  globose,  sessile,  often 
collaterally  branching  or  produc- 
ing stout  lateral  spines,  with  4 
or  5  scales,  the  end-bud  lacking. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  half-round  or 
broadly  kidney-shaped  or  triangu- 
lar, somewhat  raised:  bundle- 
traces  several  in  a  transverse  el- 
lipse or  variously  consolidated 
into  3  groups  or  a  composite 
transverse  aggregate:  stipule- 
scars  small  or  the  small  deltoid 
stipules  persistent  at  top  of  the 
leaf-scar. 

The  Osage  orange,  closely  related  to  the  tropical  tree 
(Madura  or  Chlorophora  tinctoria)  from  which  fustic  is  ob- 
tained, contains  a  similar  dye-stuff,  which  has  been  made  the 
subject  of  industrial  exploitation  during  the  scarcity  of  aniline 
dyes.  One  of  its  most  marked  characteristics  is  the  orange 
bark  that  peels  from  its  roots  in  papery  layers.  The  tradition 
that  it  was  a  favorite  bow  wood  with  the  Osage  Indians  gave 
it  the  name  bois  d'arc,  which  has  been  transformed  into  the 
redundant  bow  d'arc. 


Twigs  buff  or  olive,  with  spines. 
Unarmed. 


M.  pomifera. 
M.  pomifera  inermis. 


36 


MOBACEAE. 


BROUSSONETIA.     Paper  Mulberry. 
(Family  Moraceae). 

Rather  small  trees  with  soft 
ring-porous  pale  wood  with  tan- 
gential wood-parenchyma  pattern 
and  milky  sap:  deciduous.  Twigs 
moderate,  rounded,  zig-zag,  his- 
pid when  young:  pith  rather 
large,  round,  white,  with  a  very 
thin  green  diaphragm  at  each 
node.  Buds  moderate,  conical, 
solitary,  sessile,  with  an  outer 
striate  scale.  Leaf-scars  typically 
alternate  and  2-ranked,  rather 
large,  rounded,  elevated:  bundle- 
traces  about  5,  compound,  aggre- 
gated in  an  ellipse:  stipule-scars 
long  and  narrow. 

Winter-character  references  to 
Moraceae: — Broussonetia  Kasino- 

_  ki.     Shirasawa,   .243-4,    pi.    4. — B. 

pai^yrifera.     Schneider,    f.     112, — 
the    contraria    form;     Shirasawa, 

244,  pi.  4. — Ficus  Carica.  Schneider,  f.  112;  Shirasawa,  240, 
pi.  3;  Ward,  1:51,  f.  33,  118,  f.  59;  Zuccarini,  25,  pi.  14.— Ma- 
dura pomifera.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  330,  494;  Hitchcock  (3), 
17;  Otis,  132;  Schneider,  f.  144-145.— Morus  alba.  Blakeslee 
&  Jarvis,  340,  468,  pi.;  Bosemann,  75;  Schneider,  f.  144;  Will- 
komm,  28,  f.  32.— M.  nigra.  Bosemann,  75;  Schneider,  f.  143. 
—M.  rubra.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  340,  466,  pi.;  Brendel,  27,  29, 
pi.  4;  Hitchcock  (1),  3,  f.  14,  (3),  17,  (4),  138,  f.  90-94;  Otis,  134. 
1.  Twigs  slender  (2-3  mm.),  brown.  B.  Kasinoki. 

Twigs  relatively  stout   (4  mm.),  greenish  gray.     2. 
3.  Leaves  alternate  and  2-ranked.  (1).  B.  papyrifera. 

Leaves  often  opposite.  (2).  B.  papyrifera  contraria. 


MORACEAE. 


37 


Fious.     Fig. 
(Family  Moraceae). 

Rather  small  trees  (for  our 
purpose)  and  deciduous:  sap 
milky.  Twigs  rather  stout,  round- 
ed: pith  large,  more  or  less  angu- 
lar, very  white,  with  a  thick  firm 
diaphragm  at  each  node.  Buds 
moderate,  globose,  often  collater- 
ally multiple,  with  several  ex- 
posed scales,  the  end-bud  large, 
conical,  with  a  single  infolding 
striate  scale.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
2-ranked,  rather  large,  round, 
somewhat  elevated:  bundle-traces 
several,  unequal,  compound  or  ag- 
gregated in  a  broken  ring:  stipule- 
scars  encircling  the  stem. 

Though  there  is  nothing  very 
interesting  about  the  edible  fig  as 
ordinarily  grown,  it  is  well  known 
that  the  oriental  varieties  of  this 
species  require  fertilization  for 

the  development  of  their  fruit  through  the  activities  of  a 
minute  gall-fly  which  breeds  in  a  specialized  type  of  gall  flow- 
ers that  accompany  functionally  active  staminate  and  pistil- 
late flowers  in  the  large  fleshy  receptacle  that  we  call  the 
fruit.  Similar  interrelations  exist  between  other  figs  and 
gall  insects.  In  tropical  regions  many  species  send  roots 
down  from  the  branches,  these  enlarging  into  supplementary 
trunks  which  sometimes  transform  a  single  tree  into  an  in- 
tricate grove.  Others,  which  start  as  epiphytes  on  other  trees, 
send  down  similar  but  interlacing  roots,  of  which  enormous 
trunks  are  formed  at  length. 
Glabrous:  end-bud  green:  lateral  buds  brown.  F.  Carica. 


38 


ULMACEAE. 


ULMUS.     Elm. 
(Family  Ulmaceae). 

Trees,  usually  of  large  size:  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  rather  slender, 
zig-zag,  terete:  pith  small,  round- 
ed, continuous!  Buds  solitary  or 
collaterally  branching,  variously 
ovoid,  obliquely  sessile,  the  termi- 
nal lacking:  scales  about  half-a- 
dozen,  2-ranked.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, 2-ranked,  broadly  crescent- 
shaped  or  half  round,  scarcely 
raised:  bundle-traces  3  or  com- 
pounded in  3  usually  distinct 
groups:  stipule-scars  unequal. 
References  under  Aphananthe. 

1.  Buds  small  (1.5  mm.),  globose: 

scales  4.  (1).  U.  pumila. 

Buds  distinctly  larger  or  with 
more  visible  scales.     2 

2.  Twigs    gray-buff,    rough:     buds 

red-hairy.  (2).  U.  fulva. 

Twigs  red-brown,  or  gray.     3. 
Buds  blackish-red.     4. 
Buds  brown.     7. 

Buds  and  twigs  glabrous.  U.  laevis. 

Buds  more  or  less  hairy.     5. 
Twigs  glabrescent:  bark  rough.     6. 

Twigs  hispid:  bark  of  branches  smooth.  (3).  U.  glabra. 

Twigs  not  corky."  U.  campestris. 


Twigs  often  with  corky  ridges. 
Twigs  moderately  slender.     8. 
Twigs  very  slender,  often  corky-winged. 
Twigs  not  corky.     (White  elm). 
Twigs  often  with  corky  outgrowths. 


U.  campestris  suberosa. 


(4).  U.  alata. 

U.  americana. 

(5).  U,  racemosa. 


ULMACEAE. 


39 


CELTIS.     Hackberry. 

(Family  Ulmaceae). 

Trees,  or  a  few  shrubs:  decidu- 
ous. Twigs  rounded,  slender,  zig- 
zag. Pith  rather  small,  white, 
rounded,  closely  chambered,  or  ex- 
ceptionally continuous  except  at 
some  or  all  of  the  nodes.  Buds 
sessile,  solitary,  ovoid  or  deltoid, 
closely  appressed,  with  about  4 
2-ranked  scales,  the  end-bud  lack- 
ing. Leaf-scars  alternate,  crescent 
shaped  or  half  elliptical,  somewhat 
raised:  bundle-traces  3,  or  the  mid- 
dle one  divided,  or  confluent  in  a 
C-shaped  group:  stipule-scars  nar- 
row. References  under  Zelkova. 

1.  Buds    long     (3-4    mm.) :     bark 

ridged.       (1).  C.  occidentalis. 
Buds  short  (1-2  mm.).  2. 

2.  Shrub.  C.  pumila. 
Tree,   smooth  except  for  corky 

warts.   (2).C.mississippiensis. 

PLANERA. 
(Family  Ulmaceae). 

Winter  characters  of  Ulmus,  from  which  the  warty  ovary 
and  unwinged  fruit  distinguish  it  in  early  spring.  Our  na- 
tive species,  P.  aquatica,  in  bud  and  twig  somewhat  resem- 
bles U.  pumila,  but  its  red-brown  puberulent  buds  are  some- 
times somewhat  elongated  so  as  to  resemble  those  of  U.  alata, 
from  which  it  differs  in  the  absence  of  corky  wings  on  the 
second  year's  growth. 

References  to  Planera  in  winter  are  given  under  the  next 
genus,  Zelkova. 


40 


ULMACEAE. 


ZELKOVA. 
(Family  Ulmaceae). 

Moderate-sized  trees  with  some- 
what exfoliating  bark:  deciduous. 
Twigs  slender,  zig-zag,  terete: 
pith  small,  roundish,  spongy  ex- 
cept at  the  nodes,  pale.  Buds 
solitary  or  collaterally  branching, 
ovoid,  sessile,  somewhat  oblique, 
with  4  or  5  pairs  of  4-ranked 
scales,  the  end  bud  lacking.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  2-ranked,  little 
raised,  crescent-shaped  or  ellipti- 
cal, small:  bundle  traces  3,  more 
or  less  confluent:  stipule-scars 
unequal,  one  elongated.  (Abe- 
licea). 

Buds  relatively  large  (2X3  mm.) : 
glabrate.  (1).  Z.  serrata. 

Buds  small  (scarcely  1X1.5  mm.) : 
pubescent.  Z.  crenata. 

Winter-character  references  to 
Ulmaceae  (except  Ulmus) : — Aph- 

ananthe  aspera.  Shirasawa,  265,  pi.  8. — Celtis  australis. 
Schneider,  f.  166.— C.  occidentalis.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  331, 
464,  pi.;  Brendel,  27,  29,  pi.  4;  Hitchcock  (1),  3;  (3),  17; 
(4),  137,  f.  88-9;  Otis,  130;  Schaffner,  Ohio  Naturalist,  2:173; 
3:328;  Schneider,  f.  136,  166.— (7.  sinensis.  Shirasawa,  263,  pi. 
8. — Planer  a  aquatica.  Schneider,  f.  135.— Zelkova  serrata  (un- 
der various  names). — Schneider,  f.  2,  53,  166;  Shirasawa,  267, 
pi.  9. 

Zelkova  has  been  much  confused  with  other  genera.  For 
our  purposes  it  differs  in  its  2-  and  not  4-ranked  bud-scales 
from  other  Ulmaceae, — a  family  merged  in  the  Urticaceae, 
with  the  Moraceae,  by  many  botanists. 


ULMACEAE. 


41 


APHANANTHE. 
(Family  Ulmaceae). 

Trees:  deciduous.  Twigs  slen- 
der, somewhat  zig-zag,  terete;  pith 
small,  rounded,  continuous.  Buds 
solitary  or  collaterally  branch- 
ing, ovoid-conical,  sessile,  the 
terminal  lacking;  their  scales 
about  half-a-dozen,  2-ranked.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  2-ranked,  crescent- 
shaped,  small,  low:  bundle-traces 
3,  indistinct:  stipule-scars  minute. 
References  under  Zelkova. 
Twigs  and  buds  somewhat  rough 
hairy.  A.  aspera. 

Winter-character  references  to 
Ulmus:  Ulmus  alata.  Blakeslee 
&  Jarvis,  462;  Brendel,  pi.  4.  U. 
americana.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis, 
340,  460,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  4;  Otis, 
126;  Hitchcock  (1),  3;  (3),  17; 
(4),  137,  f.  86-7;  Smith,  Ohio 
Naturalist,  5:  315.  U.  campestris. 

Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  340,  458,  pi.;  Bosemann,  69;  Fant,  14,  f. 
5;  Shirasawa,  265,  pi.  9;  Smith,  Ohio  Naturalist,  5:315;  Ward, 
1:181,  f.  90;  Willkomm,  4,  28,  f.  33;  Zuccarini,  19,  pi.  II.— U. 
•fulva.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  340,  456,  pi.; Brendel,  pi.  4;  Hitch- 
cock (1),  3;  (3),  17;  (4),  137,  f.  83-5;  Otis,  124;  Smith,  Ohio 
Naturalist,  5:315. — U.  glabra.  Bosemann,  69;  Schneider,  f. 
153;  Ward,  1:182,  f.  91.— U.  laciniata.  Shirasawa,  266,  pi.  9.— 
U.  laevis.  Bosemann,  69;  Fant,  14;  Schneider,  f.  120,  153; 
Shirasawa,  266,  pi.  9;  Willkomm,  29,  f.  35;  Zuccarini,  20,  pi. 
11. — U.  parvifolia.  Shirasawa,  266. — U.  racemosa.  Blakeslee 
&  Jarvis,  340,  462,  pi.;  Otis,  128;  Smith,  Ohio  Nat.,  5:315.— 
U.  sulerosa.  Bosemann,  69;  Fant,  14;  Willkomm,  4,  29,  f.  34. 


42 


PEOTEACEAE. 


GKEVILLEA.     Silk  Oak. 
(Family  Proteaceae). 

Tender  rapid-growing  trees. 
Twigs  moderately  stout,  for  a 
time  rather  irregulartly  fluted 
from  the  nodes:  pith  rather  large, 
angled,  continuous.  Buds  mode- 
rate, solitary,  sessile  or  develop- 
ing promptly  at  least  into  dwarf- 
branches,  oblong,  naked,  very 
hairy.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  round 
to  transversely  elliptical,  deeply 
3-lobed,  somewhat  raised  at  the 
lower  margin:  bundle-traces  3 
compound  groups :  stipule-scars 
lacking. 

Grevillea  robusta,  which  is  now 
one  of  the  most  commonly  grown 
potted  plants  of  the  florist  because 
of  its  ready  cultivation  and  at- 
tractive fern-like  foliage,  has  been 
much  planted  in  dry  tropical 
countries  where  it  makes  a  mod- 
erately large  open-topped  shade-  or  avenue-tree.  During  the 
flowering  season  its  large  clusters  of  orange  flowers  are  much 
frequented  by  certain  birds  which  feed  on  the  abundant 
nectar  and  the  insects  attracted  by  this.  Its  most  .obvious 
disqualification  as  a  shade  tree  lies  in  the  tenacity  with  which 
its  foliage  holds  dust,  so  that  except  in  the  rainy  season  it 
is  dingily  gray  rather  than  attractively  green.  In  parts  of 
Guatemala  the  silk  oak  has  found  favor  as  a  cover-tree  for 
coffee  plantations  which  it  shades  adequately  without  de- 
priving the  crop  of  properly  distributed  direct  sunshine. 
Twigs  and  buds  at  first  very  red-hairy.  G.  robusta. 


SANTALACEAE. 


BUCKLEYA. 

(Family  Santalaceae). 

Shrubs,  parasitic  on  Tsuga: 
deciduous.  Twigs  slender,  fork- 
ing, terete  or  obscurely  6-sided: 
pith  rather  small,  somewhat  angu- 
lar, continuous,  white.  Buds  soli- 
tary, moderate,  sessile,  oblong,  ap- 
pressed,  with  some  3  pairs  of 
acute  loose  scales,  the  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf-scars  opposite  but 
by  torsion  standing  nearly  in  2- 
ranks  instead  of  decussately  in  4 
ranks,  small,  half-round  or  broadly 
crescent-shaped,  slightly  raised: 
bundle-trace  1:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. 

Buckleya  affords  one  of  the  com- 
paratively few  illustrations  of 
successful  garden  cultivation  of  a 
parasitic  plant  of  large  size.  Like 
its  close  relative  Comandra, 
though  possessing  foliage  abund- 
antly supplied  with  the  mechanism  for  manufacturing  carbo- 
hydrates through  photosynthesis,  as  green  plants  ordinarily 
do,  Buckleya  appears  to  be  incapable  of  existing  without  de- 
riving mineral  nutrients  and  perhaps  some  proteins  from 
other  plants.  In  this  respect  it  is  partially  comparable  with 
the  mistletoes — belonging  to  the  closely  related  family  Loran- 
thaceae,  and  other  green  parasites.  It  has  long  been  grown 
successfully  in  the  botanical  garden  of  Harvard  University 
under  an  old  hemlock,  to  the  roots  of  which  it  had  attached 
itself. 
Puberulent:  buds  straw-colored,  glabrous.  B.  distichophylla. 


44 


ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 


ARISTOLOCHIA.     Dutchman's  Pipe. 
(Family  Aristolochiaceae). 

Soft-wooded  twiners:  deciduous. 
Stems  terete,  green,  swollen  at 
the  nodes:  wood  with  large  dif- 
fused ducts  and  broad  medullary 
rays:  pith  large,  rounded,  con- 
tinuous, pale.  Buds  small,  ses- 
sile, rounded,  superposed  on  a 
silky  area  in  arch  of  the  leaf-scar, 
with  1  silky  scale,  the  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  U- 
shaped,  somewhat  raised:  bundle- 
traces  3:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

The  Dutchman's  pipe  is  one  of 
many  plants  in  which  axillary 
buds  are  not  to  be  seen  until  after 
the  leaves  have  fallen.  This  is 
not  because  they  are  absent  or 
sunken  in  or  covered  by  the  bark, 
but  because,  like  those  of  Plata- 
nus,  Cladrastis  and  other  genera, 
they  are  enclosed  in  a  cup-like 

enlargement  of  the  petiole  base.  When  the  leaf  is  removed, 
or  after  it  has  fallen,  this  is  quite  evident,  though  the  Aristo- 
lochia  buds  are  small  and  less  easily  seen  than  those  of  Pla- 
tanus  or  Cladrastis.  Like  those  of  the  latter,  they  are  not 
solitary  in  the  axil,  but  in  a  series  of  several  superposed  one 
above  the  other.  In  a  paper  on  such  serial  buds  published 
in  1884,  Velenovsky  showed  that  this  multiplicity  of  buds 
produced  above  ground  is  not  shared  by  subterranean  buds, 
which  are  solitary,  in  Aristolochia. 

Stem  glabrous.  (1).  A.  macrophylla. 

Stem  puberulent.  A.  tomentosa. 


POLYGONACEAE. 


45 


COCCOLOBA.     Sea  Grape. 
(Family  Polygonaceae). 

Tender  trees:  evergreen.  Twigs 
moderate,  more  or  less  grooved  or 
nearly  terete:  pith  round,  in  some 
species  continuous,  in  others 
spongily  excavated  between  the 
nodes.  Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
concealed  by  the  leaf-base,  naked. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  large  and 
nearly  round,  with  3  or  5  bundle- 
traces:  not  on  the  stem,  but  on 
a  persistent  sheath  (ochrea)  that 
encircles  the  stem  and  finally  falls 
from  an  annular  scar,  correspond- 
ing to  the  usual  stipular  scars. 
Leaves  simple,  entire.  (Cocco- 
loMs). 

Like  Ficus,  Magnolia  and  Pla- 
tanus,  Coccoloba  shows  on  the 
older  twigs  a  series  of  scars  which 
run  entirely  around  or  encircle 
the  stem,  but  it  differs  from 

these  and  all  other  genera  considered  in  this  book  in  that 
these  do  not  appear  immediately  after  the  leaves  have  fallen, 
but  later.  The  thick  base  of  the  petiole  here  disarticulates 
from  the  sheathing  stipules — or  ochreae  as  they  have  been 
called  in  this  family — by  a  clean-cut  abscission,  and  it  is  only 
much  later  that  the  ochrea  itself  separates  with  an  equally 
clean-cut  scar,  remaining  for  a  time  loosely  about  the  twig 
before  finally  disappearing. 
Twigs  rather  stout:  pith  excavated.  (Seaside  grape). 

(1).  C.  uvifera. 
Twigs  rather  slender:  pith  continuous.      (Pigeon  plum). 

(2).  C.  floridana. 


46 


N  YOTAGIN  ACE  AE. 


BOUGAINVILLEA. 

(Family  Nyctaginaceae). 

Scrambling  shrubs,  often  climb- 
ing to  considerable  heights  where 
hardy:  deciduous.  Shoots  moder- 
ate, terete  becoming  irregularly 
angular  or  ridged  when  dry:  pith 
minute,  indistinct.  Buds  super- 
posed, the  upper  developing  into 
a  curved  spine,  the  lower  rather 
small,  ovoid  or  oblong,  hairy,  with 
2  exposed  scales.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, broadly*  crescent-shaped, 
to  nearly  round,  much  raised: 
bundle-traces  about  5,  very  indis- 
tinct: stipule-scars  lacking. 

Bougainvilleas,  which  produce 
thick  almost  tree-like  short  basal 
trunks  in  tropical  countries,  form 
brilliant  covers  for  pergolas,  walls 
or  even  houses  where  they  can  be 
used  in  the  open,  the  showy  bracts 
that  surround  their  rather  in- 
conspicuous flowers  ranging  from  magenta  to  terra-cotta. 

In  common  with  other  woody  members  of  their  family, 
they  produce  several  zones  of  woody  bundles  between  the  pith 
and  cortex  of  the  stem,  these  occurring  in  a  mass  of  conjunc- 
tive tissue  as  it  has  been  called.  The  result  is  an  appearance 
somewhat  like  that  of  a  monocotyledonous  or  "endogenous" 
stem,  in  cross  section.  The  literature  of  this,  and  of  com- 
parable anatomical  facts  for  other  families,  has  been  assem- 
bled in  Solereder's  compendious  Systematic  Anatomy  of  the 
Dicotyledons. 

Very  hairy,  scrambling.  B.  spectabilis. 

Glabrate,  more  bushy.  (1).  B.  glabra. 


TROCHODENDRACEAE. 


47 


L 


EUPTELEA. 

( Family  Trochodendraceae ) . 

Shrubs  or  small  trees:  decidu- 
ous. Twigs  moderate  or  rather 
slender,  terete,  somewhat  zig-zag: 
pith  rather  small,  firm,  continu- 
ous, greenish.  Buds  solitary,  ses- 
sile, ovoid,  moderate,  with  half- 
a-dozen  blunt  glossy  scales,  spar- 
ingly hairy  at  base:  end-bud  lack- 
ing. Leaf-scars  alternate,  2- 
ranked,  moderate,  broadly  cres- 
cent-shaped, little  raised:  bundle- 
traces  7,  relatively  small:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Euptelea,  like  Gercidiphyllum, 
and  Eucommia  is  an  anomalous 
genus,  evidently  related  to  the 
Magnoliaceae  but  not  fitting  into 
that  family  without  doing  vio- 
lence to  its  usual  association  of 
characters.  Unlike  the  genera 
usually  taken  to  represent  the 

Magnoliaceae,  this  does  not  produce  stipules,  so  that  its  twigs 
lack  the  narrow  scars  that  characterize  the  nodes  of  Magnolia, 
Michelia  and  Liriodendron,  and  the  horizontal  series  of  bun- 
dle-traces in  its  leaf-scar  suggests  rather  a  broken  composite 
group  than  either  of  the  usual  magnoliaceous  types.  The  win- 
ter-characters of  E.  polyandra  are  described  and  figured  by 
Shirasawa,  p.  257,  pi.  7. 

Though  of  rather  recent  introduction    and    rarely    seen, 
Euptelea  is  proving  fairly  hardy    and    is    likely    to    find    ex- 
tended use  where  open  round-topped  trees  are  desired. 
Glabrate:   buds  glossy  chestnut.  E.  polyandra. 


48 


EtJCOMMIACEAE. 


EUCOMMIA. 

(Family  Eucommiaceae). 

Tree:  deciduous.  Twigs  moder- 
ate, terete,  somewhat  zig-zag:  pith 
pale,  rounded,  chambered.  Buds 
solitary,  sessile,  ovoid,  moderate, 
with  some  half-dozen  exposed 
scales,  the  end-bud  absent.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  often  2-ranked, 
rather  small,  half-elliptical,  little 
raised:  bundle-trace  1,  C-shaped: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Eucommia  has  attracted  atten- 
tion because  of  the  occurrence  in 
its  organs  of  a  peculiar  type  of 
rubber-producing  cells,  which  ap- 
pear as  delicate  elastic  cords 
when  leaf  or  twig  is  broken.  Ac- 
cording to  Weiss,  who  published 
an  account  of  them  in  1892  in  the 
botanical  series  of  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Linnean  Society, 
these  cells  differ  morphologically 

from  the  latex  tissue  of  other  plants  in  that  they  originate 
here  from  new  initials  in  the  developing  organs,  while  in 
other  cases  their  development  is  progressive  and  continuous 
from  a  few  initial  cells  formed  in  the  embryo. 

The  name  ulmoides  is  given  because  of  the  elm-like  habit 
of  growth  of  the  tree,  which  is  of  recent  introduction  but  is 
proving  hardy  and  so  is  likely  to  find  an  extended  use. 
Though  no  industrial  application  may  be  made  of  it,  the  fact 
that  Eucommia  contains  rubber  is  not  to  be  overlooked  at  a 
time  when  every  possible  source  of  that  essential  substance  is 
being  investigated. 
Glabrous:  twigs  red-brown,  with  pale  lenticels.  E.  ulmoides. 


CEBCIDIPHYLLACEAE. 


49 


CERCIDIPHYLLTJM. 
(Family  Cercidiphyllaceae). 

Rather  small  finely  branched 
trees:  deciduous.  Twigs  terete, 
slender,  swollen  at  the  nodes:  pith 
small,  creamy,  somewhat  angular, 
continuous.  Buds  moderate,  soli- 
tary, often  developing  into  short 
spurs,  oblong,  pointed,  appressed, 
with  1  exposed  scale  standing 
next  the  stem,  the  end-bud  lack- 
ing. Leaf-scars  opposite,  or  4r 
ranked  if  separate,  crescent- 
shaped,  raised,  deciduous  at  end 
of  the  first  winter:  bundle-traces 
3 :  stipule-scars  lacking. — Some- 
times placed  in  the  family  Tro- 
chodendraceae. 

One  of  the  most  dainty  fine- 
twigged  trees  of  relatively  recent 
introduction,  this  shares  with  the 
two  preceding  genera  a  combina- 
tion of  characters  which  have 

subjected  its  systematic  position  to  great  and  fluctuating  un- 
certainty. Unlike  the  others,  which  remain  in  the  Trocho- 
dendraceae,  this  genus  possesses  a  suggestion  of  affinity  to  the 
Hamamelidaceae;  the  prevailing  disposition  has  been  to  erect 
for  it  a  distinct  family,  and  to  leave  it  in  juxtaposition  to  the 
Trochodendraceae.  As  in  the  two  genera  here  considered, 
and  unlike  the  other  genera  referred  to  that  family,  its,  wood 
consists  in  part  of  true  ducts.  Its  winter-characters  are  de- 
scribed and  figured  by  Schneider,  f.  92,  135;  and  Shirasawa, 
275,  pi.  11. 
Glabrous:  buds  red.  C.  japonicum. 


50 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


PAEONIA.     Paeony. 
(Family  Ranunculaceae). 

Small  unsymmetrically 
branched  shrubs  (most  species 
herbaceous).  Twigs  terete,  stout: 
pith  large,  round,  continuous. 
Buds  moderate,  the  upper  much 
larger,  solitary,  sessile,  ovoid  or 
rather  oblong,  with  about  half-a- 
dozen  pointed  scales,  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
somewhat  raised,  large,  triangu- 
lar or  half-round:  bundle-traces 
about  7  in  a  U-shaped  series  and 
small  with  a  larger  one  central  in 
the  scar:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

The  tree  paeony  has  shared  in 
the  popular  approval  that  paeonies 
have  received  of  late  years,  and 
like  the  herbaceous  species  it  is 
now  grown  in  a  large  variety  of 
forms  which  differ  greatly  in  their 
flowers. 

Paeonia  differs  from  other  Ranunculaceae  in  having  the 
septa  between  the  ends  of  the  cells  that  forms  its  ducts  per- 
forated by  a  series  of  transverse  slits  (scalariform  perfora- 
tions), the  cross-wall  disappearing  entirely  in  other  genera. 
Its  winter-characters  are  figured  by  Schneider,  p.  119,  f.  121. 
Buds  more  or  less  rosy:  glabrous.  (Tree  paeony). 

P.  suffruticosa. 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


51 


ZANTHOKHIZA.    Yellowroot. 
( Family  Ranunculaceae ) . 

Small  little-branched  shrubs, 
lemon-yellow  when  cut.  Wood 
tangentially  diff used-porous :  me- 
dullary rays  coarse.  Twigs  terete, 
moderate,  very  smooth:  pith  re- 
latively large,  rounded,  continu- 
ous. Buds  very  unequal:  the 
lateral  solitary,  sessile,  ovoid- 
oblong,  much  compressed  and 
flattened  against  the  stem,  with 
about  3  exposed  blunt  scales;  the 
terminal  much  larger,  fusiform, 
terete,  with  about  5  retuse  mucro- 
nate  scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
low,  shallowly  U-shaped,  more 
then  half-encircling  the  twig: 
bundle-traces  about  11:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

The  enlargement  of  the  leaf- 
base  so  as  to  embrace  a  large  part 
of  the  circumference  of  the  stem, 

as  in  Aralia,  Nandina,  etc.,  and  the  yellow  coloration  of  the 
cut  tissues,  form  ready  aids  to  the  determination  of  yellow- 
root.  Though  low  and  lacking  the  graceful  branching  of  many 
plants,  its  foliage  is  pleasing,  and  it  merits  more  general 
planting  than  it  receives.  Its  winter-characters  are  described 
and  figured  by  Schneider,  p.  119,  f.  121. 
Glabrous:  twigs  gray:  buds  red-brown.  Z.  apiifolia. 


52 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


tralblatt,  26:10.— C.  vitalba. 
Willkomm,  7. — G.  viticella. 


CLEMATIS.     Virgin's  Bower. 
(Family  Ranunculaceae). 

Soft-wooded  climbers.  Shoots 
6-  or  12-angled  over  the  vascular 
bundles,  with  cavities  in  the  cor- 
tex under  the  ridges,  straw-colored 
or  brown:  pith  angled  or  star- 
shaped,  white,  continuous  with 
thin  firmer  diaphragms  at  the 
nodes,  or  said  to  be  excavated  be- 
tween them  in  C.  Vitalba.  Buds 
rather  small,  ovoid  or  flattened, 
sessile,  solitary,  or  superposed  in 
C.  recta,  with  1-3  pairs  of  exposed 
somewhat  hairy  scales.  Leaves 
not  disarticulating,  though  dying, 
with  prehensile  petioles  or  petiol- 
ules:  no  stipules  or  stipule-scars. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
C.  japonica.  Shirasawa,  281,  pi.  12. 
C.  recta.  Velenovsky  (paper  on 
superposed  buds  published  at 
Prag  in  1884)  Botanisches  Cen- 

Bosemann,  40;  Schneider,  f.  121; 

Bosemann,  40. 
2. 


1.  Stem  glaucous  and  glabrous. 
Stem  not  glaucous.     3. 

2.  Stem  6-sided,  brown. 
Stem  6-ridged,  gray. 

3.  Stem  straw-colored,  12-  or  18-ridged. 

Stem  brown,  the  6  primary  ridges  stronger. 

4.  Stem  glabrate.  (3).  X 
Stem  more  or  less  hairy.     5. 

5.  Finely  pubescent.  (4).  C.  virginiana. 
Rather  woolly  at  the  nodes.  C.  Pitcheri. 


(1).  C.  verticillaris. 
C.  texensis. 
(2).  C.  paniculata. 
4. 
C.  Jackmanni. 


LARDIZABALACEAE. 


53 


DECAISNEA. 
(Family  Lardizabalaceae). 

Loosely  branched  large  gla- 
brous shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
coarse,  terete:  pith  large,  homo- 
geneous, roundish,  pale.  Buds 
solitary,  sessile,  large,  ovoid-acu- 
minate, suberect  or  appressed,  ob- 
tusely somewhat  2-edged,  with  2 
scales,  the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  low,  shield-shaped, 
very  large,  with  7-9  bundle-traces: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Decaisnea  and  the  two  follow- 
ing genera,  with  four  others,  are 
now  admitted  to  constitute  a  nat- 
ural family,  named  after  the  ge- 
nus Lardizabala.  The  affinities  of 
the  plants  are  such,  however,  that 
those  now  placed  in  the  Lardiza- 
balaceae have  found  earlier  clas- 
sification in  the  related  families 
Berberidaceae  and  Menisperma- 


Twigs  buff:  buds  glaucous,  coarsely  wrinkled.         D.  Pargesii. 


LABDIZABALACEAE. 


STATJNTONIA. 
(Family  Lardizabalaceae). 

Strong  woody  twiners,  some- 
times cut  back  and  grown  in  bush 
form:  evergreen.  Stems  terete, 
moderate:  pith  moderate,  contin- 
uous, at  first  white.  Buds  mod- 
erate, sessile,  ovoid,  with  some  8 
ovate  mucronate  rather  fleshy 
scales,  the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  deeply  crescent- 
shaped  or  half-round,  somewhat 
raised:  bundle-traces  numerous, 
scattered:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  long-petioled,  digitate,  with 
about  6  long-stalked  elliptical  en- 
tire leaflets  with  channeled  ab- 
ruptly short-acuminate  tip. 

Stauntonia  becomes  a  high- 
climbing  vine  in  the  South.  It  is 
grown  as  far  north  as  Washing- 
ton, where,  in  the  Botanical  Gar- 
den, its  branches  are  cut  back 

though  the  trunk  is  not  killed.     In  foliage  it  is  quite  unlike 

any  other  shrub  hardy  in  the  same  latitude. 

Stems  green,  glabrous:  leaves  paler  beneath.       S.  hexaphylla. 


LABDIZABALACEAE. 


55 


AKEBIA. 
(Family  Lardizabalaceae). 

Woody  twiners:  deciduous. 
Stems  terete,  slender:  pith  small, 
continuous  and  homogeneous,  pale, 
Buds  rather  small,  sometimes 
branching  from  the  axils  of  their 
lower  scales,  sessile,  ovoid,  sub- 
acute,  with  a  dozen  or  more  ovate 
mucronate  scales.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, half  elliptic,  much-raised: 
bundle-traces  half-a-dozen  in  a 
broken  ellipse  (reduced  to  3  at 
level  of  the  stem) :  stipule-scars 
lacking. 

Winter-character  references  to 
AkeMa  are  to  be  found  in  Schnei- 
der, f.  148  (A.  quinata) ;  and  Shi- 
rasawa,  p.  261,  pi.  7  (A.  quinata 
and  A.  lobata). 
Stems  green  becoming  brown, 
glabrous.  A.  quinata. 

Winter-character  references  to  Menispermaceae: — Coccu- 
lus  carolinus  (C.  virginica).  Schneider,  f.  65.  C.  Tliun- 
bcrgii.  Shirasawa,  259,  pi.  '(.  Menispermum  canadense.  Bose- 
mann,  43;  Hitchcock  (3),  8,  (4),  134,  f.  4-9;  Schaffner,  Ohio 
Naturalist,  6:506;  Schneider,  f.  65.  M.  davuricum.  Shira- 
sawa, 259,  pi.  7. 


56 


BERBERIDACEAE. 


\ 


NANDINA. 
(Family  Berberidaceae). 

Shrubs,  rather  simple  except  at 
base:  evergreen.  Twigs  moder- 
ate, rounded,  the  bark  yellow 
when  cut:  pith  rather  large, 
round,  white,  continuous.  Buds 
solitary,  sessile,  the  lateral  small, 
triangular,  with  2  valvate  scales, 
and  to  be  seen  only  after  remov- 
ing the  leaf -bases;  the  terminal 
larger,  ovoid,  with  3  or  4  scales. 
Leaf-scars  lacking,  the  alternate 
dilated  imbricated  nerved  am- 
plexicaul  leaf-bases  not  disartic- 
ulating, the  persistent  petioles 
enlarged  at  top  with  3  depres- 
sions, each  corresponding  to  a 
fallen  leaflet  and  with  a  central 
bundle-trace:  stipules  lacking. 
Leaves  ternate,  each  primary  di- 
vision odd-pinnate  with  several 
lanceolate  acute  entire  leaflets,  or 

again  ternately  parted. 

Glabrous:   leaflets  acute  at  both  ends,  arcuately  3-nerved. 

N.  domestica. 


BERBERIDACEAE. 


57 


BERBERIS.     Barberry. 
(Family  Berberidaceae). 

Shrubs,  mostly  with  branched 
leaf-spines  subtending  short  spurs 
on  which  the  foliage-leaves  are 
fascicled.  Wood  and  pith  often 
greenish  or  bright  yellow.  Twigs 
mostly  sulcate,  rather  slender: 
pith  relatively  large,  round,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  rather  small,  soli- 
tary, sessile,  ovoid,  with  about 
half-a-dozen  pointed  scales  and, 
on  spurs,  the  dilated  bases  of  sev- 
eral leaves  of  the  season;  alter- 
nate, like  the  spines.  Leaf-scars 
small,  at  top  of  the  broad  persist- 
ent leaf-bases,  half-round:  bundle- 
traces  3,  minute,  often  indistinct: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

The  barberries,  long  represent- 
ed in  gardens  by  the  single  Euro- 
pean species  Berberis  vulgaris, 
have  come  into  popularity  of  re- 
cent years  through  the  introduction  of  numerous  Asiatic  spe- 
cies of  which  the  compact-growing  B.  Thunbergii  is  now  al- 
most universally  planted  for  low  hedges  and  masses.  Fortu- 
nately, this  species  does  not  serve  as  an  alternate  host  for 
the  black-  or  stem-rust  of  wheat,  as  B.  vulgaris  does,  so  that 
in  the  prevalent  crusade  against  the  latter  it  may  be  spared 
safely;  and  it  may  be  added  that  the  common  barberry  pos- 
sesses no  properties  which  particularly  justify  its  retention  as 
a  cultivated  plant. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  evergreen  Mahonias,  sometimes 
referred  to  the  genus  Berberis,  share  with  the  common  bar- 
berry susceptibility  to  the  black-rust  (Puccinia  graminis). 


58  BEEBERIDACEAE. 

Winter-characters  of  Berberis  Thunbergii  or  B.  vulgaris 
are  given  by  Bosemann,  48;  Fant,  26,  f.  24;  Schneider,  f.  80; 
Shirasawa,  49,  pi.  5;  Ward,  1:200,  f.  101;  and  Willkomm,  45, 
f.  76. 

1.  More  or  less  evergreen:  twigs  brownish  or  purplish.     2. 
Promptly  deciduous.     6. 

2.  Twigs  pubescent.     3. 
Twigs  glabrous.     4. 

3.  Leaves  broad   (10-20  mm.),  toothed:  twigs  puberulent. 

(1).  B.  concinna. 
Leaves  narrow  (2-4  mm.),  entire:  twigs  velvety. 

(2).  B.  stenophylla. 

4.  Leaves  very  narrow  (2  mm.),  entire,  revolute. 

B.  empetrifolia. 
Leaves  broader.     5. 

5.  Twigs  angled,  not  roughened.  B.  buxifolia. 
Twigs  not  angled,  granular.                              B.  verruculosa. 

6.  Twigs  glabrous.     7. 
Twigs  pubescent.     13. 

7.  Twigs  finely  very  warty,  slightly  angled.       B.  canadensis. 
Twigs  not  or  scarcely  roughened.     8. 

8.  Spine-branches  mostly  5-7,  often  dichotomous. 

(3).  B.  Fendleri. 
Spine-branches  1  or  mostly  3,  simple.     9. 

9.  Spines  long  (20-40  mm.),  terete.  (4).  B.  Julianae. 
Spines  shorter  (15  mm.),  grooved  or  dilated.     10. 

10.  Twigs  gray  or  buff.     (Barberry).  (5).  B.  vulgaris. 
Twigs  red  or  orange,  or  brown  or  purple.     11. 

11.  Twigs  somewhat  glaucous.  B.  koreana. 
Twigs  not  glaucous.     12. 

12.  Compact  and  low-spreading.  (6).  B.  Thunbergii. 
Bushy  and  rather  tall.  B.  Sieboldii. 

13.  Twigs  reddish,  very  minutely  puberlent.         B.  aggregata. 
Twigs  buff  or  gray,  dingy-velvety.  B.  brachypoda. 


BERBERID  ACE  AE  . 


59 


MAHONIA.     Evergreen  Barberry. 
( Family  Berberidaceae ) . 

Mostly  low  and  sparingly 
branched  shrubs :  evergreen. 
Twigs  roundish,  relatively  stout: 
pith  comparatively  large,  pale, 
continuous.  Buds  alternate,  rath- 
er small  except  for  the  terminal 
one  which  is  ovoid  with  half-a- 
dozen  exposed  scales.  Leaf-scars 
narrow,  low,  half-encircling  the 
stem:  bundle-traces  about  9. 
Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  com- 
pound, pungently  toothed:  sti- 
pules and  stipule-scars  lacking. 
(Odostemon;  Berberis). 

Though  less  hardy  than  the  true 
barberries,  the  Mahonias  are  cul- 
tivated to  a  considerable  extent. 
Sometimes  their  leaves  are  af- 
fected by  cluster-cup  fungi,  and 
when  this  is  the  case  they  are 
serving  as  alternate  Lost  for  the 
black-rust  of  wheat  (Puccinia  graminis'). 

1.  Leaves  hard  and  coriaceous.     2. 
Leaves  rather  thin  and  membranaceous. 

2.  Leaflets  3-  or  5-nerved  at  base.     4. 
Leaflets  1-nerved.     3. 

3.  Leaflets  small. 

Leaflets  large,  netted-veined  beneath. 

4.  With  long  persistent  bud-scales  at  base. 
Without  conspicuous  scales  at  base. 


5. 


(1).  M.  Fendleri. 
M.  dictyota. 
M.  nervosa. 
M.  japonica. 


5.  Leaflets  large:  habit  erect. 
Leaflets  moderate:  low. 


(2). 

(3).  M.  Aquifolium. 
(4).  M.  repens. 


60 


BERBERIDACEAE, 


X  MAHOBERBERIS.     Hybrid  Barberry. 
(Family  Berberidaceae). 

Rather  low  and  sparingly 
branched  shrubs:  subevergreen. 
Twigs  roundish,  relatively  stout: 
pith  relatively  large,  pale,  contin- 
uous. Buds  alternate,  moderate, 
solitary,  sessile,  with  half-a-dozen 
or  so  loose  gray  scales,  usually 
developing  into  short  spurs  cov- 
ered by  the  long-persistent  ba- 
sally  dilated  petioles.  Leaf-scars 
terminating  the  persistent  peti- 
oles, half-round,  sometimes  paired, 
with  indistinct  bundle-traces. 
Leaves  papery,  pungently  serrate, 
mostly  of  1  leaflet:  stipules  and 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

This  hybrid  between  a  true 
barberry  (Berberis  vulgaris)  and 
a  Mahonia  (M.  Aquifolium)  indi- 
cates clearly  the  close  relation- 
ship between  the  two  groups, 

which  on  technical  characters  are  combined  in  the  genus 
Berberis  by  many  conservative  botanists.  Such  botanists 
write  its  name  X  Berberis  Neuberti.  When  species  belonging 
to  different  genera  hybridize,  as  here,  it  will  be  found  that 
the  genera  commonly  differ  by  relatively  small  or  instable 
technical  characters.  If,  however,  they  are  maintained  as  dis- 
tinct, their  hybrid  progeny  pertains  to  neither  in  fact.  For 
this  reason,  as  in  the  present  case,  a  bigeneric  hybrid  is  given 
a  generic  name  different  from  that  of  either  parent,  by  those 
who  believe  in  the  generic  separability  of  the  parents. 
Glabrous:  leaves  exceeding  the  petioles.  X  M.  Neuberti. 


MENISPEKMACEAE. 


61 


MENISPEBMUM.     Moonseed. 
(Family  Menispermaceae). 

Woody  twiners:  deciduous. 
Twigs  terete,  fluted,  rather  slen- 
der: pith  relatively  large,  contin- 
uous and  homogeneous,  white. 
Buds  small,  hairy,  superposed 
with  the  uppermost  quickly  de- 
veloping into  an  inflorescence  and 
the  others  covered  by  the  leaf- 
scar,  with  about  3  scarcely  distin- 
guishable scales.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, elliptical,  raised  and  con- 
cave: bundle-traces  3  or  divided 
into  about  7:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. Fruit,  when  present,  with  a 
ring-like  or  crescent-shaped  stone 
keeled  on  the  back. 

Winter-characters  to  the  family 
are  given  under  Akebia. 
Twigs    green   becoming   buff,    gla- 

brescent.  M.  canadense. 


COCCULUS.     Carolina  Moonseed. 

(Family  Menispermaceae). 

Winter-characters  of  Menispermum,  but  the  fruit,  when 
present,  with  the  crescent-shaped  stone  with  cross-ridges. 
Twigs,  like  the  buds,  loosely  hairy.  C.  carolinus. 

CALYCOCAKPUM.     Cupseed. 
(Family  Menispermaceae). 

Winter-characters  of  Menispermum,  but  the  fruits,  when 
present,  with  deep  cup-like  stone. 
Twigs  somewhat  hairy  or  glabrescent.  C.  Lyoni. 


62 


MAGNOLIACEAE. 


LIRIODENDRON.     Tulip  Tree. 
(Family  Magnoliaceae). 

Large  trees:  deciduous.  Twigs 
aromatic,  moderate,  terete:  wood 
green:  pith  rounded,  pale,  con- 
tinuous, with  firmer  diaphragms 
at  short  intervals.  Buds  solitary 
or  superposed,  the  lateral  or  lower 
small,  rounded  and  sessile  or  in- 
distinct, the  terminal  larger,  ob- 
long and  somewhat  stalked,  com- 
pressed or  2-edged,  with  2  valvate 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  rather 
large,  round,  low:  bundle-traces  a 
dozen  or  more  in  an  irregular 
ellipse  or  scattered:  stipule-scars 
linear,  encircling  the  twig.  Fruit, 
in  the  form  of  cone-like  aggre- 
gates, is  often  present  in  winter. 
The  bark  of  Liriodendron  is 
strikingly  different  from  that  of 
any  other  common  tree  in  being 
longitudinally  fissured  with  con- 
necting cross-  strands,  so  as  to  suggest  a  series  of  parallel 
mountain  ridges  with  deep  gullies  in  their  sides.  The  flat- 
tened winter  buds  are  favorite  objects  for  easy  dissection. 
Each  is  enclosed  by  a  pair  of  scales  representing  the  stipules 
of  the  lowermost  leaf  of  the  next  year:  these  separate  easily 
at  their  edges  and  when  removed  reveal  the  leaf.  The  process 
may  be  continued  several  times.  At  the  center,  if  the  bud 
be  a  flower-bud,  rudiments  of  this  organ  are  to  be  seen  in  a 
fair  stage  of  development. — References  under  Schizandra. 
Glabrous:  twigs  and  buds  glossy  red-  or  purplish-brown. 

L.  Tulipifera. 


MAGNOLIACEAE. 


63 


MAGNOLIA. 
(Family  Magnoliaceae). 

Trees  or  shrubs:  deciduous  or 
evergreen.  Twigs  somewhat  aro- 
matic, moderate  or  stout,  or  less 
commonly  slender,  subterete : 
pith  rather  large,  continuous, 
round,  sometimes  with  firmer 
diaphragms.  Buds  solitary,  ovoid 
or  fusiform,  sessile,  the  terminal 
sometimes  enlarged  or  the  lateral 
greatly  reduced,  with  a  single 
scale  keeled  and  with  a  scar  on 
its  back.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
commonly  2-ranked,  moderate  or 
small,  round  to'  U-shaped,  low: 
bundle-traces  numerous  and  scat- 
tered: stipule-scars  linear,  en- 
circling the  twig.  Leaves,  when 
persistent,  simple  and  entire. 

Winter-character  references  to 
Liriodendron  and  Magnolia  under 
Schizandra. 

firm  plates  of  pith  evident.     2. 
Deciduous:  pith  diaphragms  often  sparse.     3. 

2.  Leaves  thick:  twigs  rusty-pubescent.        (1)  M.  grandiflora. 
Leaves  thin  or  falling:  twigs  silvery.  (2).  M.  glauca. 

3.  Leaf-scars  clustered  on  annual  swellings.     4. 
Leaf-scars  not  clustered:   lateral  buds  evident.     6. 

4.  Glabrous  and  glaucous:   twigs  slender.         (3).  M.  Fraseri. 
Puberulent,  or  twigs  stout.     5. 

5.  Glabrous  except  near  the  end-bud. 

(Umbrella  magnolia).     M.  tripetala. 
Downy:  twigs  very  stout. 

(Great-leaved  magnolia).     M.  macrophylla. 


1.  Essentially  evergreen: 


64 


MAGNOLIACEAE. 


6.  Leaf -scars  U-shaped.  (4).  M.  acuminata. 
Leaf-scars  broadly  crescent-shaped.     7. 

7.  End-bud  slender:   glabrous.  M.  salicifolia. 
End-bud  mostly  enlarged:   hairy.     8. 

8.  Low  shrub:  twigs  slender,  brown.  M.  stellata. 
Large  shrubs  or  small  trees.     9. 

9.  Twigs  green,  slender.      (Purple  magnolia).         M.  liliflora. 
Twigs  brown,  dotted  with  white  lenticels. .  10. 

10.  Pubescence  of  buds  rather  short.  X  M.  Soulangeana. 

Flower-buds  with  long  coarse  hairs.  (5).  M.   Kobus. 

MICHELIA.     Banana  Shrub. 
(Family  Magnoliaceae). 

Shrubs:  evergreen.  T  w  i  g  s 
rather  slender,  subterete:  pith 
rather  small,  round,  white,  con- 
tinuous, with  firmer  sometimes 
brownish  diaphragms  at  intervals. 
Buds  solitary,  ovoid-oblong,  ses- 
sile, with  a  single  scale.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  2-ranked,  small:, 
half-round,  slightly  raised : 
bundle-traces  about  5  in  a  single 
series,  or  less  definitely  fixed  if 
more  numerous:  stipule-scars  lin- 
ear, encircling  the  twig,  but 
usually  concealed  by  pubescence. 
Leaves  oblanceolate-obovate,  blunt- 
ly mucronate,  entire,  veiny  be- 
neath. 

Though  now  considered  to  be 
a  distinct  genus,  Michelia  has  been 
placed  in  Magnolia  by  many 
writers,  and  the  banana  shrub  is 

still  commonly  spoken  of  as  a  species  of  Magnolia. 

Twigs  and  buds  very  golden-rusty.  M.  fuscata. 


MAGNOLIACEAE. 


65 


SCHIZANDRA. 

(Family  Magnoliaceae). 

Woody  twiners:  deciduous.  Stems 
moderate,  terete,  aromatic:  pith 
moderate,  browning  and  becom- 
ing spongily  excavated.  Buds 
moderate,  collaterally  multiple  in 
the  axils  of  their  lower  scales, 
sessile,  elongated-ovoid,  acute, 
with  some  6  or  8  ciliolate  scales. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  half-round, 
scarcely  raised:  bundle-traces  3, 
clustered:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

Scliizandra  differs  from  the 
preceding  Magnoliaceae  in  the 
conspicuous  characters  of  being  a 
climbing  shrub  and  of  lacking  the 
annular  stipule-scars  that  so 
distinctly  mark  Magnolia,  Miche- 
lia  and  Liriodendron ;  and  on 
technical  characters  it  is  placed 
in  a  different  section  of  the  family. 
The  winter-characters  of  8.  chi- 

nensis  have  been  studied  by  Schneider,  f.  92;  and  Shirasawa, 
261,  pi.  7.  Other  winter-character  references: — Liriodendron 
Tulipifera.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  330,  474,  pi.;  Bosemann,  61; 
Brendel,  30,  pi.  3;  Otis,  136;  Schneider,  f.  108.  Magnolia  acu- 
minata.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  340,  470,  pi.;  Schneider,  f.  42,  108. 
M.  denudata  (M.  conspicua;  M.  Yulan).  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis, 
470.  M.  glauca  (M.  virginica) .  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  340,  470. 
M.  hypoleuca.  Shirasawa,  242,  pi.  3.  M.  Kobus.  Shirasawa, 
241,  pi.  3.  M.  macrophylla.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  340,  470; 
Schneider,  f  3,  54.  M.  liliflora  (M.  obovata;  M.  purpurea). 
Schneider,  f.  108;  Shirasawa,  241,  pi.  3.  M.  tripetala  (M. 
Umbrella).  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  340,  472,  pi. 
Stems  brown,  glabrous.  S.  chinensis. 


66 


CALYCANTHACEAE. 


CALYCANTHUS.     Strawberry  Shrub. 
( Family  Calycanthaceae ) . 

Sparingly  branched  aromatic 
shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs  moder- 
ately slender,  compressed  at  the 
nodes:  pith  relatively  large, 
somewhat  6-sided,  white,  continu- 
ous. Buds  superposed  in  a  single 
bud-like  aggregate,  sessile,  round 
or  oblong,  brown-hairy,  without 
evident  scales,  the  end-bud  lack- 
ing. Leaf-scars  opposite,  excep- 
tionally twisted  into  2  ranks  or 
the  pairs  separated,  horseshoe- 
shaped,  raised:  bundle-traces  3: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  (Butneria). 
Winter-characters  of  Calycan- 
thus  fertilis,  C.  floridus  and  C.  oc- 
cidentalis  are  contrasted  b  y 
Schneider,  f.  222. 

Calycanthus,  with  many  bracts, 
sepals,  petals  and  stamens  inter- 
grading  so  as  to  confirm  the  im- 
pression that  all  are  modified  leaves,  and  lacking  the  definite 
arrangement  in  whorls  that  marks  many  flowers,  in  these 
respects  presents  a  primitive  floral  type.  On  the  other  hand, 
as  in  a  rose,  the  receptacle  or  end  of  the  stem  is  produced 
into  a  deep  cup  on  which  these  parts  originate.  Such  cases 
furnish  an  argument  against  an  opinion  that  the  Dicotyle- 
dones  are  primarily  divisible  into  axifloral  and  <5alycifloral 
groups. 

1.  Buds  rounded.     2. 

Buds  conical-oblong.  (1).  C.  occidentalis. 

2.  Twigs  more  or  less  persistently  villous.         (2).  C.  floridus. 
Twigs  glabrescent  or  puberulous.  C.  fertilis. 


CALYCANTHACEAE. 


67 


MEBATIA. 
( Family  Calycanthaceae ) . 

Aromatic  shrubs:  deciduous  or 
partly  evergreen.  Twigs  rather 
slender,  somewhat  4-sided  or  4- 
angled  or  roundish:  pith  moder- 
ate, somewhat  4-  or  6-sided,  white, 
continuous.  Buds  solitary  or  2 
superposed,  sessile,  subglobose, 
with  about  2  pairs  of  evident 
scales,  the  end-bud  lacking  or 
loosely  scaly.  Leaf-scars  oppo- 
site, half-round  or  broadly  cres- 
cent-shaped, somewhat  raised: 
bundle-trace  1,  crescent-shaped, 
sometimes  with  a  minute  addi- 
tional trace  at  each  end:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Frequently  united 
with  the  genus  Calycanthus  or 
called  Chimonanthus. 

A  structural  anomaly  in  the 
Calycanthaceae  is  found  in  the 
occurrence  of  a  series  of  four 

vascular  bundles  outside  of  the  normal  zone.  Meratia  differs 
from  Calycanthus  in  its  4-sided  inner  zone,  which  is  cylin- 
drical in  Calycanthus — a  genus  which  has  been  compared  in 
its  cortical  structure  with  the  very  distantly  placed  family 
Myrtaceae.  Winter-characters  of  Meratia  praecox  are  consid- 
ered by  Schneider,  f.  222;  and  Shirasawa,  278,  pi.  12. 
Twigs  and  buds  gray-buff.  (1).  M.  praecox. 

Twigs  and  buds  brpwn.  (2).  M.  retusa. 

Winter-character  references  to  Asimina  triloba: — Bren- 
del,  27,  30,  pi.  4;  Hitchcock  (1),  4,  f.  1,  (3),  8,  (4),  134,  f. 
1-3;  Schneider,  f.  92,  100.  Wiesner  shows  that  some  Annona- 
ceae  afford  illustrations  of  epitrophy. 


68 


ANNONACEAE. 


ASIMINA.    Papaw. 
(Family  Annonaceae). 

Small  trees  or  arborescent 
shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs  round- 
ed, moderate.  Pith  roundish, 
white,  continuous  with  firmer 
greenish  diaphragms,  or  becom- 
ing brownish  and  chambered  in 
age.  Terminal  bud  clearly  naked, 
larger,  the  lateral  obliquely  super- 
posed with  the  uppermost  globose 
and  stalked  when  a  flower-bud  or 
oblong  and  subsessile  when  a  leaf- 
bud.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  2- 
ranked,  half-round  becoming 
broadly  crescent-  or  horseshoe- 
shaped  by  rupture  of  the  mem- 
branous top  which  at  first  covers 
the  smaller  buds:  bundle-traces  5 
or  7,  sometimes  doubled:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

The  "papaw"  of  the  northern 
States  and  the  related  custard 

apples,  sweet-sops,  sour-sops,  cherimoyas,  etc.,  of  the 
tropics,  which  belong  to(  the  related  genus  Annona, 
illustrate  a  type  of  pith  which  recurs  here  and  there 
(e.  g.  in  Magnolia  and  Nyssa),  in  which  cross-bands  of  firmer 
cells  are  found  at  intervals.  In  the  present  treatment  con- 
tinuous pith  of  this  kind  is  spoken  of  as  diaphragmed,  in 
contrast  with  the  chambered  pith  of  Juglans,  etc.,  where  the 
cross-bands  remain  but  the  softer  parts  of  the  pith  have 
disappeared.  Asimina  is  somewhat  puzzling  in  this  respect, 
for  the  firm  diaphragms  are  not  always  readily  seen  when  a 
young  twig  is  split. 
Twigs  and  especially  buds  red-hairy.  A.  triloba. 


LAUBACEAE. 


69 


ClNNAMOMUM. 

(Family  Lauraceae). 

Small  aromatic  trees:  ever- 
green. Twigs  terete,  or  com- 
pressed at  base,  moderately  stout 
or  those  developed  from  buds  of 
the  season  slender:  pith  rather 
large,  continuous,  white.  Buds 
solitary,  ovoid,  sessile  or  prompt- 
ly developing  so  as  to  be  stalked 
for  a  time,  small  and  either 
naked  or  scaly,  the  terminal  en- 
larged and  with  more  numerous 
scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite  or  al- 
ternate in  4  ranks,  half-round, 
somewhat  raised:  bundle-scar  1, 
C-shaped :  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  simple,  entire,  stalked. 

The  camphor  tree  has  become 
frequent  as  a  street  tree  in  south- 
ern cities,  where  it  thrives. 
The  true  Malayan  cinnamon  ap- 
pears to  be  scarcely  hardy  in  the 

United  States,  but  the  Chinese  cassia-bark  tree  (C.  Cassia) 
is  said  to  stand  frost  and  to  be  grown  as  a  shade  tree,  and 
also  for  its  cinnamon-flavored  bark,  etc.,  in  Florida,  where, 
as  in  southern  California,  several  other  species  of  the  genus 
are  planted. 

Like  many  other  genera  which  are  confined  to  the  tropics 
today,  Cinnamomum  was  wide-spread    in    northern    latitudes 
when  circumpolar  cold  was  less  pronounced  than  it  is  now. 
Buds  scaly:   leaves  alternate:   camphor-scented. 

(Camphor).     (1).  C.  Camphora. 
Buds  naked:   leaves  opposite:   cinnamon-scented. 

(Cinnamon).     C.  zeylanicum. 


70 


LAUEACEAE. 


PERSEA. 
(Family  Lauraceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  or  moderate- 
sized  trees  with  aromatic  bark: 
evergreen.  ,Twigs  moderate,  3s 
angled  and  minutely  fluted:  pith 
roundish,  continuous,  pale.  Buds 
solitary  or  superposed,  subsessile 
and  ovoid  or  frequently  develop- 
ing the  first  year  or  replaced  by 
peduncle-scars,  the  end-bud  larger, 
with  3  or  4  exposed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  somewhat  ele- 
vated, the  lower  of  each  season 
nearly  linear  and  the  upper  round 
or  elliptical:  bundle-trace  1,  trans- 
verse, compound:  stipule-scars 
lacking.  Leaves  lanceolate,  en- 
tire. 

Of  recent  years  the  alligator 
pear,  or  aguacate  as  it  is  called 
in  Mexico  and  Central  America, 
has  become  a  standard  fruit  tree 

of  Florida  and  southern  California.  In  our  eastern  markets, 
where  the  fruits  have  been  sold  from  the  West  Indies  for 
many  years,  they  are  familiar  as  large  and  pear-shaped,  with 
smooth  thin  green  skin.  As  offered  at  railroad  stations  in 
Mexico,  they  are  much  smaller  and  rather  purple.  In  Guate- 
mala they  are  very  large,  round  and  with  thick  skin. 

1.  Leaves  golden-satiny  beneath:   small  shrub.  P.  humilis. 
Leaves  glabrate  or  loosely  hairy:  larger.     2. 

2.  Leaves  honeycomb-pitted  beneath.  P.  littoralis. 
Leaves  not  pitted.     3. 

3.  Leaves  whitened  beneath,  not  veiny.         (1).  P.  borbonica. 
Leaves  green,  veiny.     (Alligator  pear).     (2).  P.  gratissima. 


LAURACEAE. 


71 


SASSAFRAS.     Sassafras. 
(Family  Lauraceae). 

Aromatic  tree  or  often  forming 
dense  masses  of  shrubbery:  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  green,  glabres- 
cent,  rounded,  moderate,  often 
branching  the  first  year.  Pith 
moderate,  somewhat  5-sided,  white, 
continuous.  Buds  usually  soli- , 
tary,  ovoid,  sessile,  subglobose; 
scales  about  4  fleshy  rather  keeled, 
the  end-bud  somewhat  larger. 
Leaf-scars  small,  half-round  or 
crescent-shaped,  somewhat  raised: 
bundle-trace  a  transverse  line 
more  or  less  broken  into  3:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

The  sassafras  is  one  of  the  most 
easily  recognized  native  trees  in 
winter.  Its  rough  bark,  once 
known,  is  not  easily  forgotten: 
and  its  green  mucilaginous  spicy 
twigs  are  often  corymbosely 

branched  above  the  situation  of  the  uppermost  juncture  or 
winter-node — marked  by  scars  corresponding  to  the  scales  of 
the  last  winter  bud.  Its  winter-characters  are  discussed  by 
Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  333,  476,  pi.;  Brendel,  30-32,  pi.  3;  Hitch- 
cock (1),  5;  Otis,  138;  Schneider,  f.  143. 

Though  only  one  Sassafras  is  known  at  present,  25  North 
American  fossil  species  of  the  genus  are  included  in  Knowl- 
ton's  catalogue  of  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  fossils  published 
as  Bulletin  152  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  Les- 
quereux,  however,  in  his  Tertiary  Flora  questions  all  but  two. 
Twigs  not  glaucous.  S.  variifolium. 

Twigs  glaucous.  S.  variifolium  albidum. 


72 


LAUKACEAE. 


BENZOIN.     Spice  Bush. 
(Family  Lauraceae). 

Spicily  aromatic  shrubs:  decidu- 
ous. Twigs  rounded,  slender, 
green  or  olive  with  pale  lenticels: 
pith  relatively  large,  round,  white, 
continuous.  Buds  rather  small, 
superposed,  the  upper  collaterally 
producing  green  ovoid  again 
stalked  flower-buds,  the  foliage 
buds  with  about  3  scales:  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  cres- 
cent-shaped or  half-round,  slightly 
raised,  small:  bundle-traces  3, 
sometimes  confluent:  stipule-scars 
lacking. 

The  spice  bush  is  a  native  shrub 
deserving  of  much  more  exten- 
sive cultivation  than  it  has  been 
accorded.  It  opens  the  season 
with  its  interesting  little  flowers 
and  closes  it  with  its  bright  red 
berry-like  fruits.  vNo  better  ex- 
amples of  "dehiscence  by  uplifted  valves"  can  be  found  than 
are  afforded  by  its  anthers,  which  offer  themselves  to  obser- 
vation when  few  other  hand-lens  attractions,  except  opening 
buds,  are  in  evidence.  The  winter-characters  of  B.  aestivale 
(or  Lindera  Benzoin  as  it  is  still  sometimes  called)  are  fig- 
ured by  Brendel,  pi.  3;  and  Schneider,  f.  117. 
Twigs  and  buds  glabrous:  flower-buds  globose.  B.  aestivale. 
Loosely  hairy:  flower-buds  pointed.  (1).  B.  melissaefolium. 
Winter-characters  of  the  related  Lindera  are  given  by 
Shirasawa.  L.  glauca,  253,  pi.  6;  L.  hypoleuca,  243,  pi.  6;  L. 
obtusiloba,  255,  pi.  6;  L.  praecox,  255,  pi.  6;  L.  trilo'ba,  254, 
pi.  6;  and  L.  umbellata,  253,  pi.  6. 


LATJRACEAE. 


73 


LAURUS.     Laurel. 
(Family  Lauraceae). 

Small  aromatic  tender  trees: 
evergreen.  Twigs  moderate, 
round:  pith  rather  small,  pale, 
continuous.  Buds  solitary  or  fre- 
quently superposed  with  the  upper 
developing  promptly  and  the  lower 
minute,  with  2  nearly  or  quite  val- 
vate  outer  scales.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, roundish  or  cordate, 
raised:  bundle-trace  1:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Leaves  simple. 

Though  true  laurel  is  often  re- 
placed by  Ficus  nitida  and  other 
trees  having  more  or  less  similar 
foliage,  it  is  not  infrequent  even 
in  the  northern  States  in  tubbed 
specimens  of  globose  or  conical 
outline  that  are  placed  out-of-doors 
for  formal  effects  through  the  open 
season,  as  they  are  planted  out 
where  they  endure  the  winter. 

Its  buds  were  described  (p.  202)  in  a  treatise  by  Loefling  on 
"Gemmae  Arborum"  printed  in  1749, — the  earliest  compre- 
hensive publication  of  its  kind. 

The  Roman  use  of  wreaths  of  laurel  has  given  origin  to 
the  word  laureate,  and,  when  berries  or  baccae  were  attached, 
to  the  academic  expression  baccalaureate  and  the  more  famil- 
iar word  bachelor. 
Glabrous:   twigs  brown:   leaves  crisped.     (Sweet  Bay). 

L.  nobilis. 

Winter-characters  of  Vella  spinosa,  one  of  the  Cruciferae, 
are  given  by  Schneider,  f.  102;  as  well  as  of  Capparis  spinosa, 
of  the  Capparidaceae,  f.  84. 


74 


SAXIFEAGACEAE. 


PHILADELPHUS.     "Syringa".     Mock  Orange. 
(Family  Saxifragaceae). 

Shrubs,  mostly  with  exfoliating 
outer  cortex:  deciduous.  Twigs 
more  or  less  lined  or  obscurely 
hexagonal:  pith  moderate,  round- 
ed, pale,  continuous.  Buds  soli- 
tary, sessile  with  2  nearly  valvate 
mostly  hairy  scales,  the  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf-scars  opposite  or 
exceptionally  in  whorls  of  3,  half- 
round  with  a  thin  membrane  more 
or  less  covering  the  bud,  or  cres- 
cent-shaped when  this  is  burst, 
connected  transversely:  bundle- 
traces  3:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
References  under  Decumaria. 

1.  Outer  cortex  persistent,  becom- 

ing gray.   2. 

Outer    cortex    straw-colored    or 
red,   quickly  exfoliating.   3. 

2.  Membrane  tough. 

(1).  P.  pubescens. 
Membrane  thin.    (2) .  P.  Lewisii. 

3.  Leaf-scar  scarcely  reaching  the  end  of  bud.     4. 
Leaf-scar  broad,  covering  the  bud  until  burst.     7. 

4.  Leaf-scar  narrow:   twigs  slender.     5. 

Leaf-scar  broad:  twigs  moderate.  P.  californicus. 

5.  Twigs  glabrous.  (3).  P.  microphyllus. 
Twigs  more  or  less  villous  or  canescent.     6. 

6.  Pubescence  scanty:   buds  half-covered.  X  P.  Lemoinei. 
Pubescence  abundant:   buds  fully  exposed. 

(4).  P.  hirsutus. 

7.  Twigs  more  or  less  villous:  fruit  racemed.       P.  coronarius. 
Twigs  glabrous:  fruit  nearly  solitary.          (5).  P.  inodorus. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE. 


75 


JAMESIA. 
(Family  Saxifragaceae). 

Shrubs :  deciduous.  Twigs 
rounded  or  slightly  4-sided,  with 
quickly  exfoliating  bark:  pith 
moderate,  rounded,  pale  brown, 
continuous.  Buds  solitary,  ses- 
sile, with  1  pair  of  white-hairy 
scales,  the  terminal  rather  large, 
the  lateral  small  or  suppressed. 
Leaf-scars  opposite,  narrowly  U- 
shaped,  white-ciliate,  low,  meeting: 
bundle-traces  3,  small:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  (Edwinia). 

Winter  -studies  of  Jamesia 
americana  are  given  by  Schneider, 
f.  190. 

The  woody  genera  which  are  as- 
sembled here  as  representing  the 
family  Saxifragaceae  in  accord- 
ance with  the  views  of  excellent 
botanists,  are  considered  by  others 
to  differ  too  greatly  for  this  union 

with  the  herbs,  to  which  they  would  restrict  the  name  Saxi- 
fragaceae. These  authors  employ  the  family  name  Iteaceae 
for  the  genus  Itea,  Grossulariaceae  for  Ribes,  and  Hydran- 
geaceae  for  the  remainder. 

Both  Jamesia  and  Edwinia  commemorate  Edwin  P.  James, 
the  discoverer  of  the  plant.  The  first  had  been'  used  earlier 
for  what  is  not  considered  a  tenable  genus:  the  second  was 
given  under  the  principle  that  a  name  once  used  pertains 
always  and  exclusively  in  its  first  meaning. 
Twigs  at  first  light  brown  and  hairy.  J.  americana. 


76 


SAXIFRAGACEAE. 


FENDLEKA. 
(Family  Saxifragaceae). 

Shrubs,  intricately  branched: 
deciduous.  Twigs  squarish  or 
round,  soon  fluted  or  ribbed,  some- 
times almost  spine-tipped,  rather 
slender,  at  first  gray-puberulent: 
pith  small,  rounded,  white,  contin- 
uous. Buds  rather  small,  solitary, 
sessile,  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  white- 
hairy  scales,  nearly  or  quite  con- 
cealed by  the  much-raised  leaf- 
scar.  Leaf-scars  opposite,  trun- 
cately  linear:  bundle-traces  3, 
minute:  stipule-scars  lacking,  but 
the  leaf-scars  connected  by  a 
transverse  line. 

The  winter-characters  of  Fend- 
lera  rupicola  are  pictured  by 
Schneider,  f.  190. 

The  persistent  base  of  the  peti- 
ole with  the  narrow  leaf-scar 
running  across  its  top,  in  Fend- 

lerd,  finds  an  extended  parallel  in  Philadelphus,  where  the 
leaf-scar  is  broad.  In  these  cases  it  is  to  be  seen  that  the 
leaf-scar  really  has  been  formed  by  a  similar  but  more  ex- 
tended oblique  abscission  through  the  enlarged  base  of  the 
petiole.  Among  many  comparative  publications  on  such  ar- 
ticular membranes  or  articular  tegments  is  an  excellent  pa- 
per by  Hildebrand,  in  volume  13  of  the  Botanisches  Central- 
blatt.  Other  good  examples  of  articular  membranes  are  af- 
forded by  such  Leguminosae  as  Robinia  and  Sophora. 
Twigs  gray  or  buff,  stiff.  (1).  F.  rupicola. 

Twigs  red-brown,  flexible.  F.  tomentella. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE. 


77 


DEUTZIA. 
(Family  Saxifragaceae). 

Usually  small  and  slender- 
branched  shrubs  with  exfoliating 
bark:  deciduous  as  to  our  species. 
Twigs  round,  often  stellate-pubes- 
cent, usually  floriferous  or  dying 
back  at  the  end:  pith  moderate, 
round,  pale  and  spongy  or  brown 
and  excavated  between  the  nodes. 
Buds  solitary  or  collaterally 
branching,  nearly  sessile,  com- 
pressed-ovoid or  triangular-oblong, 
with  2-6  pairs  of  exposed  scales. 
Leaf-scars  opposite  or  exceptional- 
ly whorled,  triangular  or  trans- 
versely elongated,  slightly  raised, 
connected  by  transverse  ridges: 
bundle-traces  3:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. 

Though  the  deutzias  are  some- 
what difficult  to  name  by  ordi- 
nary characters  except  when  in 

flower,  the  species  most  commonly  seen  differ  rather  markedly 
in  pith  and  bud,  so  that  they  are  quite  as  readily  known  in 
winter  as  at  other  seasons. — References  under  Schizophragma. 

1.  Pith  brown,  excavated.  (1).  D.  scabra. 
Pith  white,  spongy.     2. 

2.  Buds  canescent,  ovoid:   scales  acute.  (2).  D.  parviflora. 
Buds  glabrate,  brown  or  straw-colored:  scales  attenuate.    3. 

3.  Buds  ovoid,  longer  than  their  lowest  scales. 

(3).  X  D-  Lemoinei. 
Buds  triangular-oblong,  with  long  scales.     4. 

4.  Leaf-scars  triangular.  D.  rosea. 
Leaf-scars  linear.                                                 (4.)  D.  gracilis. 


78 


SAXIFRAGACEAE. 


SCHIZOPHRAGMA. 

(Family  Saxifragaceae). 

Shrubs,  climbing  by  aerial  roots: 
deciduous.  Stems  terete,  rather 
slender,  finally  with  exfoliating 
cortex:  pith  rounded,  greenish, 
spongy.  Buds  rather  small,  the 
terminal  somewhat  larger,  the 
lateral  mostly  developing  into* 
short  spurs,  solitary,  with  a  couple 
of  exposed  scales.  Leaf-scars  op- 
posite, U-shaped,  somewhat  raised, 
nearly  meeting:  bundle-traces  5: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-characters  of  8.  hydran- 
geoides   are    given    by    Schneider, 
f.  223;  and  Shirasawa,  282,  pi.  12. 
This  and   the    following    genus 
are  often  called  climbing  hydran- 
geas,   but   the   climbing    habit    is 
found  also  in  Hydrangea. 
Twigs  red-brown,  sometimes  loose- 
ly hairy.  S.  hydrangeoides. 

Winter-character  references: — Deutzia  crenata.  Bosemann, 
64;  Schneider,  f.  208;  Shirasawa,  279,  pi.  12. — D.  gracilis. 
Schneider,  f.  208;  Shirasawa,  279,  pi.  12. — D.  parviflora. 
Schneider,  f.  208. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE. 


79 


DECUMABIA. 
(Family  Saxifragaceae). 

Shrubs,  climbing  by  aerial  roots: 
deciduous.  Stems  terete,  rather 
slender,  the  cortex  finally  ex- 
foliating: pith  rounded,  greenish, 
spongy.  Buds  small,  solitary,  ses- 
sile, with  indistinct  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  opposite,  horseshoe-shaped, 
raised,  with  concave  surface, 
transversely  connected :  bundle- 
traces  3:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter  -  character  references: 
Schneider,  f.  190. 
Twigs  puberulent:  buds  very  red- 
hairy.  D.  barbara. 
In  addition  to  those  given  under 
the  genera  to  which  they  pertain, 
the  following  winter-character 
references  may  be  noted: — Phila- 
delphus  coronarius,  Bosemann,  54; 
Schneider,  f.  189;  Willkomm,  2, 
3,  9,  51,  f.  93;  Zuccarini,  13,  pi.  7. 

P.  coronafius  Satsumi.  Shirasawa,  268,  pi.  10. — P.  hirsutus. 
Schneider,  f.  189. — P.  pubescens.  Bosemann,  54;  Schneider, 
f.  189. 


80 


SAXIFBAGACEAE. 


ITEA. 
(Family  Saxifragaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
rounded,  moderate,  glabrous:  pith 
moderate,  roundish,  chambered, 
white.  Buds  small,  sessile,  super- 
posed, round,  with  about  3  scales, 
the  slightly  larger  end-bud  conical. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  half-round  or 
half-elliptical,  not  raised,  rather 
small:  bundle-traces  3:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Itea,  which  is  made  the  type  of 
a    distinct    family,     Iteaceae,     by 
some  botanists,  differs  from  all  of 
the  other  woody  genera   of   Saxi- 
fragaceae in  the  chambering  of  its 
pith,    though    this    is    spongy    in 
Ribes  and  entirely  disappears  from 
the    internodes  of   some    deutzias. 
Reference  has  been  made  to  simi- 
lar   chambered    or  "discoid"    pith 
under   Asimina,    where    it    is    in- 
constant.    In  Itea,  as  in  Juglans  and  numerous  other  genera, 
it  is  to  be  seen  readily  and  constantly.     Celtis,  in  which  it  is 
found   sometimes  with   great  uniformity,   presents  a   case   in 
which  at  other  times  the  chambering  is  confined  to  the  nodes, 
from  some  of  which,  even,  it  may  be  absent. 

Winter-studies  of  Itea  japonica  have  been   published  by 
Shirasawa,  242,  246,  pi.  3;   and  of  J.  virginica  by  Schneider, 
f.  223. 
Twigs  green,  buds  more  or  less  puberulent.  I.  virginica. 


SAXIFBAGACEAE. 


81 


HYDRANGEA. 
(Family  Saxifragaceae). 

Small  or  moderate-sized  spar- 
ingly branched  soft-wooded  shrubs, 
or  exceptionally  root-climbers : 
deciduous.  Twigs  round,  moder- 
ate or  relatively  coarse;  pith 
rather  large,  roundish,  con- 
tinuous, pale.  Buds  moderate, 
solitary,  sessile  or  very  short- 
stalked,  globose-conical  to  oblong, 
with  some  «4  to  6  exposed  scales. 
Leaf-scars  opposite,  cresent-shaped 
or  3-  or  5-angled,  rather  large, 
little  raised,  frequently  in  whorls 
of  3,  or  with  connecting  cross-line: 
bundle-traces  3  or  exceptionally  5 
or  7:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

In  the  main,  the  winter  distinc- 
tions between  different  hydran- 
geas are  fairly  clean-cut. 

The  following  references  may  be 
given:  H.  involucrata.  Schnei- 
der, f.  206. — H.  opuloides.  Shirasawa,  276,  pi.  11. — H.  panicu- 
lata.  Schneider,  f.  207;  Shirasawa,  280,  pi  11. — H.  petiolaris. 
Schneider,  f.  206. — H.  petiolaris  cordifolia.  Shirasawa,  282, 
pi.  12. — H.  querci-folia.  Schneider,  f.  206. — H.  TUunbergii. 
Shirasawa,  276. 

1.  Climbing.  (1).  H.  petiolaris. 
Bushy.     2. 

2.  Red-tomentose:   bark  extremely  flaking.          H.  quercifolia. 
Glabrate.     3. 

3.  Buds  round-conical,  horizontal.  (2).  H.  paniculata. 
Buds  oblong.     4. 

4.  Buds  spreading:  hardy.  (3).  H.  arborescens. 
Buds  appressed:   tender.     (Hortensia).  H.  opuloides. 


82 


SAXIFRAGACEAE. 


RIBES.     Currant.     Gooseberry. 
( Family  Saxif ragaceae ) . 

Loosely  branching  shrubs  with 
rather  quickly  shredding  epider- 
mis: chiefly  deciduous.  Twigs 
terete  but  decurrently  ridged  from 
the  nodes,  moderately  slender, 
sometimes  prickly,  the  prickles  be- 
neath the  leaf-scars  often  triple 
and  enlarged:  pith  relatively 
large,  pale,  round,  becoming 
spongy.  Buds  rather  small,  soli- 
tary, sessile  or  mostly  becoming 
short-stalked,  ovoid  or  subfusi- 
form,  with  about  half-a-dozen 
rather  loose  scales.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, U-shaped  or  broadly  and 
often  angularly  crescent-shaped, 
slightly  raised:  bundle-traces  3: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Ribes,  as  accepted  here,  is  often 
divided     into     two     genera,     the 
gooseberries   being   separated    un- 
der the  name   Grossularia.     Apart  from   their   frequent   pro- 
duction  of  prickles,   gooseberries    are    usually    distinguished 
from  currants  in  winter  by  their  narrower  leaf-scars. 

Ribes  alpinum,  which  is  planted  frequently  in  shrubbery 
masses  and  resembles  a  dwarf  ninebark,  may  be  distinguished 
from  Physocarpus  very  readily  by  its  narrow  leaf-scars,  dis- 
tinctly stalked  buds,  and  spongy  pith. 

Winter-character  references: — Ribes  alpinum.  Bosemann, 
48;  Fant,  f.  13;  Schneider,  f.  180;  Willkomm,  30,  f.  38.— R. 
americanum.  Brendel,  pi.  3. — R,  aureum.  Schneider,  f.  180. — 
R.  fasciculatum.  Shirasawa,  231,  pi.  1. — R.  Gordonianum. 
Schneider,  f.  181.— R.  gracile.  Hitchcock  (3),  15,  (4),  137,  f. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE.  83 

74. — R.  Grossularia.  Bosemann,  47;  Fant,  20;  Schneider,  f. 
180;  Shirasawa,  249;  Ward,  1:198,  f.  100.— .R.  nigrum.  Bose- 
mann, 48;  Fant,  19,  f.  14;  Schneider,  f.  181;  Ward,  1:206,  f. 
107;  Willkomm,  31,  f.  40.— R.  petraeum.  Schneider,  f.  182; 
Willkomm,  9,  31,  f.  39. — "R.  rotundi folium"  [oxycanthoidesf]. 
Brendel,  pi.  3. — R.  rubrum.  Bosemann,  48;  Fant,  19;  Schnei- 
der, f.  181. — R.  sanguineum.  Bosemann,  48;  Schneider,  f.  182. 

1.  Evergreen:    stems  prickly.  R.  speciosum. 
Deciduous.     2. 

2.  Buds   ovoid,   glandular   or    puberulent:     leaf-scars    rather 

broad.     3. 
Buds  elongated  subfusiform:   leaf-scars  very  narrow.     7. 

3.  Bud-scales  and  twigs  with  some  sessile  resin-glands,  gla- 

brate.     4. 
Without  sessile  resin-glands:  buds  gray-puberulent.     5. 

4.  Resin-glands  minute:  wood  fetid.  R.  nigrum. 
Glands  large  and  conspicuous.                         R.  americanum. 

5.  Twigs  quickly  glabrate.     6. 

Twigs  rather  persistently  gray-puberulent.      R.  odoratum. 

6.  Spreading  and  stoloniferous.  R.  triste. 
Bushy:    commonly  planted.      (Red  currant). 

(1).  R.  vulgare. 

7.  With  very  frequent  prickles.     8. 
Unarmed.     14. 

8.  Infra-axillary  prickles  often  large   (2X10  mm.  or  more): 

buds  glossy  straw-colored.  (2).  R.  missouriense. 

Prickles  smaller:   buds  dull  brown.     9. 

9.  Buds  short   (3  mm.),  downy.  R.  rotundifolium. 
Buds  rather  long   (5  cr  6  mm.).     10. 

10.  Infra-axillary  prickles  scarcely  larger  than  the  abundant 

others:  twigs  and  buds  glossy  straw-colored. 

R.  lacustre. 

11.  Infra-axillary  prickles  longer,  if  accompanied  by  others.  11. 
Twigs  quickly  nearly  white,  with  exfoliating  epidermis.  12. 
Epidermis  more  persistent.     13. 


84 


PlTTO  SPORACEAE. 


12.  Low,  spreading,  often  with  prickles.       R.  oxyacanthoides. 
Larger,  usually  unarmed.  R.  hirtellum. 

13.  Bud-scales  keeled,  more  or  less  silky.  R.  Cynosbati. 
Scales  not  keeled,  glabrescent.      (European  gooseberry). 

R.  Grossularia. 

14.  Stems  with  nearly  white  exfoliating  epidermis. 

R.  oxyacanthoides. 
Twigs  buff.  (3).  R.  alpinum. 

PITTOSPORUM.     Incense. 
(Family  Pittosporaceae). 

Large  shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs 
moderate,  at  first  hairy,  terete, 
short,  often  enlarged  at  the  end 
of  the  season's  growth:  pith 
small,  white,  round,  continuous. 
Buds  solitary,  sessile,  the  lateral 
minute  and  subglobose  with  about 
3  exposed  scales,  the  terminal 
larger,  ovoid,  with  some  half- 
dozen  ciliate  scales.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  clustered  toward  the  end 
of  the  season's  growth,  broadly 
crescent-shaped,  somewhat  raised: 
bundle-traces  3:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. Leaves  simple,  entire,  spatu- 
late-obovate  in  the  following. 

An  odoriferous  resin,  produced 
in  passages  that  are  characteristi- 
cally distributed  in  the  tissues  and 
which  is  especially  abundant  in 
the  fruit,  renders  this  a  favorite 

source  of  incense  for  church  purposes  in  the  Azores. 

Leaves  unvariegated.  P.  Tobira. 

Leaves  variegated.  P.  Tobira  variegatum. 


HAMAMELIDAGEAE. 


85 


LIQUIDAMBAR.     Sweet  Gum. 
(Family  Hamamelidaceae). 

More  or  less  percurrent  and  coni- 
cial  trees:  deciduous.  Twigs 
moderate,  roundish  and  smooth 
or  with  variously  developed  corky 
ridges  or  thick  wings:  pith  angled 
or  somewhat  star-shaped,  subcon- 
tinuous,  brownish.  Buds  solitary, 
sessile  or  sometimes  developing 
into  spurs  the  first  season,  ovoid, 
the  lateral  often  reduced  and 
flattened  against  the  twig;  when 
well  developed,  with  half-a-dozen 
exposed  scales.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, half-elliptical  or  triangular, 
somewhat  raised:  bundle-traces  3, 
large:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references: — 
L.  Maximowiczii.  Shirasawa,  254, 
pi.  6.  L.  orientale.  Schneider,  f. 
107.  L.  Styraciflua.  Blakeslee  & 
Jarvis,  332,  334,  480,  pi.;  Brendel, 
pi.  2;  Schneider,  f.  11,  23. 

Twigs  glabrescent:  bud-scales  ciliate.  L.  Styraciflua. 

Like  Betula  and  some  other  trees,  Liquidambar  is  very 
apt  to  show  a  short  basal  elongation  of  many  buds  before  the 
first  winter. 

The  sweet  gum,  like  bur  oak,  rock  elm  and  some  other 
trees,  is  sometimes  found  with  round  thin-barked  twigs,  and 
sometimes  has  its  twigs  furnished  with  thick  .corky  ridges, 
especially  on  the  upper  side.  Cases  of  this  kind  have  been 
made  the  subject  of  an  extensive  paper  published  by  Miss 
Gregory  in  the  Botanical  Gazette  for  1888  and  1889. 


86 


HAMAMELIDACEAE. 


PARROTIA. 
( Family  Hamamelidaceae ) . 

Small  tree,  with  the  bark  flak- 
ing as  in  Platanus:  deciduous. 
Twigs  rounded,  somewhat  zig-zag, 
from  somewhat  dingy  stellate-to- 
mentose  becoming  glabrate:  pith 
rather  small,  3-sided,  continuous, 
greenish.  Buds  moderate,  soli- 
tary, stalked,  oblique,  ovoid-ob- 
long, with  2  scales,  the  end-bud 
somewhat  larger.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, 2-ranked,  half-round  or 
triangular,  slightly  raised,  small: 
bundle-traces  3,  sometimes  com- 
pound: stipule-scars  very  unequal. 
Parrotia  persica  is  markedly 
different  from  other  trees  re- 
ferred to  the  Hamamelidaceae  in 
its  conspicuously  exfoliating  bark 
and  nearly  black  buds.  Its  winter- 
characters  are  pictured  by  Schnei- 
der, f.  96. 
Parrotia  agrees  with  Hamamelis  and  differs  from  Fother- 

gilla  in  bearing  its  fruits   in  compact  short  clusters.     It    is 

rather  tenderer  than  either  of  the  others  but  is  entirely  hardy 

farther  north  than  Washington. 

An  interesting  characteristic  of  the  family  is  that  when 

the  woody  capsules  dehisce  the  pressure  of  their  walls  upon 

the  smooth  seeds  forces  these  out  much  as  a  melon-seed  may 

be  snapped  from  between  finger  and  thumb. 

Twigs  brown:   buds  blackish-puberulent.  (1).  P.  persica. 

Twigs  olive:  buds  dingy  puberulent.  P.  Jacquemontiana. 

The   winter-characters   of   Disanthus    cercidifolia,    of   the 

Hamamelidaceae,  are  pictured  by  Shirasawa,  254,  pi.  6. 


HAMAMELIDAGEAE. 


87 


FOTHEEGILLA. 

(Family  Hamamelidaceae). 

Shrubs :  deciduous.  Twigs 
rounded,  zig-zag,  slender,  dingy 
stellate-tomentose  or  more  or  less 
glabrescent:  pith  rather  small, 
somewhat  angular,  continuous,  for 
a  time  greenish.  Buds  moderate 
or  small,  stalked,  oblique,  obovate 
or  oblong,  with  2  caducous  scales, 
often  collaterally  branched,  the 
end-bud  largest.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, 2-ranked,  half-round  or 
deltoid,  slightly  raised,  small: 
bundle-traces  3,  more  or  less  com- 
pound or  confluent:  stipule-scars 
unequal,  one  short  and  the  other 
elongated.  Capsules  often  pres- 
ent. 

Though    the    vegetative    charac- 
ters of  Fothergilla  are  much  like 
those   of  Hamamelis,   the   flowers 
and    capsules    are   borne   in   elon- 
gated   clusters    in    the    former    and    in    short    groups    in    the 
latter.     This  character  is  usually  available  in  winter. 

The  winter-characters  of  Fothergilla  Carolina — or  F.  Garde- 
nil  as  it  is  called  here — are  pictured  by  Schneider,  f.  i07. 

1.  Very  low  and  suckering:   gray-puberulent.         F.  parvifolia. 
Rather  tall:  buds  yellowish  or  tawny.     2. 

2.  Openly  branched.     3. 

Pyramidal.  F.  monticola. 

3.  Capsules  long-beaked,  over  10  mm.  long:  stout. 

(1).  F.  major. 
Capsules  short  (scarcely  10  mm.):  twigs  often  slender. 

(2).  F.  Gardenii. 


88 


HAMAMELIDACEAE. 


HAMAMELIS.    Witch  Hazel. 
(Family  Hamamelidaceae). 

Shrubs  or  exceptionally  small 
trees:  deciduous.  Twigs  rounded, 
zig-zag,  rather  slender,  from  dingy 
stellate-tomentose  becoming  glab- 
rate  and  sometimes  rather  glossy: 
pith  moderately  small,  roundish, 
continuous,  at  first  green.  Buds 
moderate,  stalked,  oblong,  tomen- 
tulose,  with  2  stipular  scales  or 
naked  when  these  have  fallen, 
often  developed  into  short  colla- 
teral recurved  branches  bearing 
about  3  flower-buds  or  flowers  or 
incipient  capsules.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, 2-ranked,  half-round  or 
somewhat  3-lobed,  somewhat 
raised  and  with  their  surface 
again  falling  in  spring:  bundle- 
traces  3,  often  compound:  stipule- 
scars  unequal,  one  round  and  the 
other  somewhat  elongated. 
The  curious  double  abscission  of  the  petiole  forms  the 

subject  of  a  note,  by  Foerste  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey 

Botanical  Club  for  1884. 

Winter-character   references: — Hamamelis   japonica.     Shi- 

rasawa,   267,   pi.   9. — H.  virginiana.     Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,   331, 

478,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  4;  Schneider,  f.  96. 

1.  Buds  long  (fully  10  mm.  including  stalk).          H.  japonica. 
Buds  short  (5-8  mm.  including  stalk).     2. 

2.  Flowering  in  autumn.  (1).  H.  virginiana. 
Flowering  in  late  winter.     3. 

3.  Pubescence  scurfy.  H.  vernalis. 
Pubescence  long.  H.  mollis. 


HAMAMELIDACEAE. 


89 


CORYLOPSIS. 

(Family  Hamamelidaceae). 

Shrubs :  deciduous.  Twigs 
rounded,  zig-zag,  moderate  or 
slender,  mostly  glabrescent: 
pith  rather  small,  somewhat  angu- 
lar, continuous.  Buds  rather 
large,  sessile  and  solitary  or 
finally  short-stalked  and  collater- 
ally branched,  directly  in  the  axil, 
fusiform  or  ovoid,  with  about  3 
glabrous  scales,  the  end-bud  some- 
what larger.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
2-ranked,  half-round  or  3-sided, 
slightly  raised,  small:  bundle- 
traces  3:  stipule-scars  equal,  elon- 
gated. 

Fothergilla,  Hamamelis  and 
Parrotia  possess  a  marked  general 
resemblance  in  bud  and  twig 
characters;  and  their  woody 
fruits,  which  require  a  year  for 
maturing,  are  much  alike.  Neither 
Liquidambar  nor  Corylopsis  bears  the  slightest  resemblance 
to  them  in  these  respects,  so  far  as  general  appearance  is  con- 
cerned. Winter-characters  of  Corylopsis  have  been  studied 
by  Schneider  (C.  spicata, — f.  96) ;  and  Shirasawa  (C.  pauci- 
flora  and  C.  spicata, — 262,  pi.  8). 

1.  Lateral  buds  fusiform.     2. 
Buds  ovoid.     3. 

2.  Second  scale  half  the  length  of  bud.  (1).  C.  spicata. 
Second  scale  longer.                                    (2).  C.Willmottiana. 

3.  Buds  large  (10  mm.  long).  (3).  C.  Veitchiana. 
Buds  moderate  (7  mm.  long),  purplish.  C.  Gotoana. 
Buds  small  (5-7  mm.  long).                                   C.  pauciflora. 


90 


PLATANACEAE. 


PLATANUS.     Sycamore. 
(Family  Platanaceae). 

Trees,  at  length  large  and  open, 
with  exfoliating  bark:  deciduous. 
Twigs  moderate,  rounded,  glab- 
rous, buff,  zig-zag:  pith  moderate, 
pale  or  brownish,  rounded,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  solitary,  rather 
large,  sessile,  conical,  with  a  single 
glossy  closed  scale,  the  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  2- 
ranked,  nearly  annular  and  en- 
circling the  buds,  somewhat  cre- 
nate  and  elevated :  bundle-traces  5, 
compound  or  seemingly  7-  9,  large: 
stipule-scars  narrow,  encircling 
the  twig.  Fruits,  in  fluffy  balls  on 
long  stalks,  are  present  in  winter. 
The  familiar  conical  buds  of 
the  buttonball  or  sycamore  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  Malpighi 
who  figured  them,  and  sycamore 
wood,  on  plate  9  of  his  Opera 

Omnia  as  early  as  1687.  Each  of  the  three  caps  within  which 
a  bud  is  enclosed  represents  a  pair  of  stipules  united  by  their 
edges.  The  gum  that  bathes  these  caps  is  the  product  of  a 
type  of  secretion-glands  known  as  colleters. 

Winter-character  references: — P.  occidentalis.  Blakeslee 
&  Jarvis,  330,  482,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  3;  Hitchcock  (1),  4;  (3), 
17;  (4),  138,  f.  95-8;  Otis,  140;  Ward,  1:35,  f.  19-20;  118, 
f.  59;,  214,  f.  109;  Willkomm,  4,  8,  19,  f.  13.— P.  orientalis. 
Schneider,  f.  107. 

Fruit-ball  mostly  solitary  on  the  stalk.  (1).  P.  occidentalis. 
Fruit-balls  mostly  2  on  the  stalk.  P.  acerifolia. 

Fruit-balls  characteristically  3  on  the  stalk.          P.  orientalis. 


ROSACEAE. 


91 


PHYSOGABPUS.     Ninebark. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Loosely  branching  shrubs  with 
quickly  shredding  brown  bark: 
deciduous.  Twigs  terete  but  5- 
lined  from  the  nodes,  moderately 
slender,  somewhat  zig-zag:  pith 
relatively  large,  brownish,  round, 
homogeneous.  Buds  rather  small, 
solitary,  sessile,  conical-oblong  or 
ovoid,  with  about  5  rather  loose 
brown  scales.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, half-elliptical  or  somewhat 
3-lobed,  raised  on  a  distinct 
cushion  bearing  the  small  stipule- 
scars:  bundle-traces  5,  unequal, 
the  lower  one  distinctly  larger. 
Fruit,  as  clustered  small  follicles, 
may  be  present  in  winter.  Some- 
times united  with  Spiraea  or  re- 
ferred to  Neillia  or  Opulaster. 

Winter  character  references:  — 
P.  amurensis.  Schneider,  f.  152. 

P.  opulifolius.     Bosemann,  76;    Schneider,  f.  152;   Willkomm, 
11. 

Novices  frequently  have  difficulty  in  distinguishing  be- 
tween ninebark  and  the  common  snowball  (Viburnum  Opu- 
lus).  Fundamental  distinctions  lie  in  its  alternate  leaves  or 
short  broad  leaf-scars,  and  in  its  sessile  buds  with  several 
scales;  the  Viburnum  having  narrow  opposite  leaf-scars  and 
stalked  plump  buds  with  a  closed  outer  sac. 

1.  Puberulent:   buds  ovoid,  spreading.  P.  amurensis. 
Twigs  glabrous:  buds  pointed,  appressed.     2. 

2.  Follicles  puberulent.  P.  intermedius. 
Follicles  glabrous.                                           (1).  P.  opulifolius. 


92 


ROSACEAE. 


NEILLIA. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Small  loosely  branched  shrubs: 
deciduous.  Twigs  slender,  zig-zag, 
quickly  terete:  pith  small,  light 
brown,  continuous.  Buds  moder- 
ate, often  superposed,  ovoid,  with 
about  4  rather  loose  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  2-ranked,  rather 
small,  angularly  crescent-shaped, 
slightly  raised:  bundle-traces  3: 
stipule-scars  small,  at  the  upper 
angles  of  the  leaf-scar. 

Neillias  are  slender  spiraea-like 
shrubs  with  no  particular  differen- 
tials except  in  the  technical 
characters  on  which  the  genus  is 
segregated.  Winter-characters  of 
N.  thyrsiflora  are  figured  by 
Schneider,  f.  71. 

As  with  Stephanandra,  the  habit 
of  Neillia  fits  it  for  blending 
down  stiffer  shrubbery. 

Bark  glabrous,  shredding:   buds  large.  N.  sinensis. 

Bark  not  shredding:  buds  small.  (1).  N.  thyrsiflora. 

Winter-character  references  to  Uu'bus: — R.  caesius. 
Bosemann,  39;  Fant,  26. — R.  fruticosus.  Bosemann,  39; 
Fant,  25,  f.  22;  Ward,  1:202,  f.  103. — R.  idaeus.  Bose- 
mann, 39;  Fant,  25,  f.  22;  Schneider,  f.  146;  Willkomm, 
6,  37,  f.  56, — R.  incisus.  Shirasawa,  250. — R.  Koehleri.  Bose- 
mann, 39. — R.  occidentalis.  Foerste,  Botanical  Gazette,  20:78, 
pi.  6;  Hitchcock  (3),  14;  (4),  136,  f.  59-63.— -.R.  odoratus. 
Bosemann,  39;  Schneider,  f.  146. — R.  phoenicolasius.  Schnei- 
der, f.  146. — R.  saxatilis.  Bosemann,  39. — R.  trifidus.  Shira- 
sawa, 257.— R.  villosus.  Hitchcock  (3),  14;  (4),  136,  f.  64-68. 


ROSAOEAE. 


93 


247,  pi.  4,  and  of 
Buds  ovoid. 
Buds  elongated. 


STEPHANANDRA. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Small  shrubs,  loosely  branched: 
deciduous.  Twigs  terete  or  some- 
what 5-lined  from  the  nodes, 
slender,  zig-zag,  red:  pith  small, 
pale  or  light  brown,  continuous. 
Buds  small,  superposed,  the  upper 
of  each  series  often  developing 
the  first  season  or  slightly 
stalked,  ovoid  or  oblong,  with 
about  4  scales.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, 2-ranked,  small,  half-round 
or  triangular,  slightly  raised: 
bundle-traces  3  or  subconfluent: 
stipule-scars  relatively  large. 

Stephanandras  are  slender 
spiraea-  or  kerria-like  shrubs  dif- 
fering from  the  former  in  some 
small  respects  and  from  the  latter 
in  their  red  and  not  bright  green 
twigs.  Winter-characters  of  8. 
flexuosa  are  given  by  Shirasawa, 
8.  incisa  by  Schneider,  f.  137. 

S.  incisa. 
(1).  S.  Tanakae. 


94 


ROSACEAE. 


SPIRAEA. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs,  usually  low  and  little 
branched  or  else  with  wandlike 
branches:  deciduous.  Twigs  ter- 
ete or  angled  from  the  nodes,  often 
very  slender,  more  or  less  zig-zag: 
pith  small,  roundish,  continuous. 
Buds  small,  solitary  or  in  a  few 
cases  collaterally  multiplied,  ses- 
sile, globose  to  subfusiform,  mostly 
with  some  half-dozen  exposed 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  half- 
round  or  crescent-shaped,  minute, 
often  much  raised:  bundle-trace  1: 
stipule-scars  not  evident. 

Spiraea,  like  Pyrus  and  Prunus, 
is  a  genus  which  has  been  very 
differently  defined  by  different 
botanists,  for  some  of  whom  it  in- 
cludes the  plants  here  considered 
under  the  genera  Neillia,  Physo- 
carpus,  Sorbaria  and  Stephanan- 
dra.  The  most  concise  winter-key  to  any  considerable  num- 
ber of  its  species  is  that  of  Bosemann,  which  treats  it  in  this 
broader  and  older  sense.  The  comparatively  few  species  that 
enter  into  ordinary  American  planting}  and  are  considered 
here  differ  for  the  most  part  in  several  distinctive  ways,  and 
their  buds  belong  to  several  unmistakable  types. 

Winter-character  references: — 8.  ariaefolia.  Bosemann, 
76. — 8..  ft  etulae  folia.  Shirasawa,  244,  pi.  4. — 8.  cana.  Schnei- 
der, f.  175. — X  &•  cantoniensis.  Shirasawa,  246,  pi.  4. — 8. 
chamaedry folia.  Bosemann,  75. — 8.  crenata.  Schneider,  f. 
174. — 8.  discolor.  Schneider,  f.  179. — 8.  hypericifolia.  Bose- 
mann, 77;  Schneider,  f.  175. — 8.  japonica.  Shirasawa,  274,  pi. 


ROSACEAE.  95 

4. — 8.  laevigata.     Schneider,  f.  133. — 8.  media.  Schneider,  f. 

176. — 8.  prunifolia.     Bosemann,   76;    Shirasawa,  247. — 8.   sali- 
cifolia.    Bosemann,  76;  Willkomm,  37,  f.  57. 

1.  Buds  with  2  valvate  scales.     2. 

Buds  with  several  exposed  scales  when  mature.     3. 

2.  Buds  short.  S.  canescens. 
Buds  long  and  slender.                                    S.  longigemmis. 

3.  Buds  conical:  twigs  terete,  slender.         (1).  X  S.  Vanhouttei. 
Buds  ovoid,  or  else  shrubs  low.     4. 

4.  Buds  often  collaterally  multiplied.  (2).  S.  prunifolia. 
Buds  solitary.     5. 

5.  Twigs  glabrous.     6. 
Twigs  pubescent.     10. 

6.  Twigs  terete.     7. 

Twigs  more  or  less  distinctly  angled.     8. 

7.  Twigs  dark:   buds  elongated.  (3).  x  S.  cantoniensis. 
Twigs  bright  red-brown.  S.  corymbosa. 

8.  Angles  evanescent:    rather  low  and  simple.     9. 

Angles  pronounced:   tall  and  bushy.         S.  chamaedryfolia. 

9.  Vestiges  of  inflorescence  corymbose.  S.  betulaefolia. 
Vestiges  of  inflorescence  paniculate.             (4).  S.  latifolia. 

10.  Pubescence  gray  or  merely  dingy,  usually  velvety.     11. 
Pubescence  often  rusty  and  woolly.          (5).  S.  tomentosa. 

11.  Twigs  more  or  less  distinctly  angled.     12. 

Twigs  terete:    inflorescence  corymbose.  S.  japonica. 

12.  Twigs  neither  excessively  slender  nor  numerous.     13. 
Twigs  filiform.  (6).  S.  Thunbergii. 

13.  Inflorescence   corymbose.     14. 
Inflorescence  paniculate.     15. 

14.  Stems  slightly  glaucous.  S.  virginiana  pubescens. 
Stems  not  glaucous.  X  s-  Bumalda. 

15.  Pubescence  abundant.  S.  Douglasii. 
Pubescence  scanty.  S.  alba. 


96 


ROSACEAE. 


CHAMAEBATIARIA. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Small  shrubs,  stellate  and  var- 
nished: evergreen.  Twigs  terete, 
rather  slender:  pith  small,  round- 
ish, continuous.  Buds  small, 
promptly  developing  into  short 
leafy  spurs.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
small,  half-round  or  somewhat  3- 
angled,  low,  concave:  bundle-traces 
3,  impressed:  stipule-scars  re- 
latively large,  concave,  confluent 
with  the  leaf-scar,  each  with  a 
distinct  impressed  bundle-trace. 
Leaves  petioled,  elliptical,  twice 
pinnatifid  or  almost  bipinnate, 
with  minute  somewhat  separated 
blunt  segments. 

Though  they  are  not  very 
closely  related  in  the  family  Re- 
s  a  c  e  a  e  ,  Chamaebatiaria  and 
Chamaebatia  are  rather  similar  in 
their  very  finely  divided  fern-like 

foliage.  They  are  readily  distinguished  by  the  leaves  of  the 
former  being  not  quite  twice  pinnate,  while  those  of  the  lat- 
ter are  essentially  thrice  pinnate.  No  other  plant  among 
these  here  considered  has  a  leaf-scar  nearly  divided  into  three 
equal  parts,  as  that  of  Chamaebataria  is. 
Twigs  reddish-brown:  leaf-  and  stipule-scars  white. 

C.  Millefolium. 


ROSACEAE. 


97 


SORBARIA. 

(Family  Rosaceae). 

Low  and  little-branched  shrubs: 
deciduous.  Twigs  terete,  some- 
what zig-zag,  stout  for  the  size  of 
the  plant,  glabrous:  pith  rela- 
tively large,  rounded,  brown,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  ovoid,  moderate 
and  sessile,  with  about  4  exposed 
scales,  or  quickly  developing  so  as 
to  become  large,  open,  stalked  and 
collaterally  multiple,  the  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
rather  large,  half-round  to  round 
or  elliptical,  more  or  less  angled 
or  truncate,  little  raised:  bundle- 
traces  3,  large:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. 

Sorbaria  has  been  considered  a 
part  of  the  genus  Spiraea  by  many 
botanists,  and  on  the  other  hand 
those  who  segregate  it  sometimes 
use  the  generic  name  Basilima  for 

its  species.  The  following  winter-character  references  may 
be  given: — 8.  alpina.  Schneider,  f.  133. — S.  sorbifolia.  Bose- 
mann,  76;  Schneider,  f.  133.  The  reason  why  no  terminal 
bud  is  found  in  Sorbaria,  and  the  structure  of  its  buds,  are 
considered  in  an  extensive  article  on  buds  published  by  Ohlert 
in  the  journal  Linnaea  for  1837. 

1.  Twigs  and  buds  red-brown.  (1).  S.  Lindleyana. 
Twigs  and  buds  gray-brown.     2. 

Twigs  purple:   capsules  glabrous.  S.  Aitchisoni. 

2.  Capsules  glabrous.  (2).  S.  sorbifolia. 
Capsules  loosely  hairy.  S.  stellipila. 


98 


ROSACEAE. 


EXOCHORDA.     Pearl  Bush. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs  with  exfoliating  brown 
bark:  deciduous.  Twigs  round, 
slender,  brown,  glabrous,  rough- 
ened by  lenticels  and  longitudinal 
fissures:  pith  small,  continuous, 
pale.  Buds  moderate,  solitary, 
sessile,  ovoid,  with  about  10  more 
or  less  pointed  and  fringed  scales. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  clustered 
above,  narrowly  and  shallowly  U- 
shaped  or  linear,  somewhat  raised: 
bundle-traces  3:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. 

Winter-characters  of  E.  Alberti 
are  pictured  by  Schneider,  f.  138. 
Noting  that  the  bud-scales  of 
Exochorda  are  3-toothed  at  tip, 
Sir  John  Lubbock,  the  most  emin- 
ent amateur  naturalist  of  our  day, 
took  the  view  that  each  scale  may 
perhaps  represent  a  petiole-base 

with  adnate  stipules,  although  distinguishable  stipules  do  not 
accompany  many  of  the  developed  leaves. 

Lubbock's  many  and  carefully  made  observations  on  the 
buds  of  a  great  variety  of  plants  were  published  first  in  the 
botanical  section  of  the  Journal  of  the  Linnean  Society — 
Exchorda  being  noted  on  p.  494  of  the  thirtieth  volume  of 
this  series.  They  subsequently  formed  the  foundation  for  a 
convenient  and  very  instructive  volume  On  Buds  and 
Stipules. 

Fruit  depressed,  short  (7-8  mm.  long).        (1).  E.  grandiflora. 
Fruit  obovoid,  longer   (12  mm.).  (2).  E.  Alberti. 


ROSAOEAE. 


PYRACANTHA.     Fire  Thorn. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Compactly  branched  shrubs, 
sometimes  grown  against  walls  or 
other  supports,  with  very  sharp 
spiny  twigs:  evergreen.  Twigs 
rather  slender,  subterete:  pith 
small,  continuous.  Buds  solitary 
or  collaterally  branched  in  spine 
formation,  sessile,  round-ovoid, 
with  some  half-dozen  pointed  dry 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  nar- 
rowly crescent-shaped  or  3-lobed, 
somewhat  raised:  bundle-traces  3: 
stipule-scars  minute.  Leaves  ob- 
lanceolate,  glandular  -  crenulate. 
(Crataegus). 

The  fire-thorn  is  one  of  the  many 
Rosaceae  with  apple-like  fruit 
which  are  separated  into  techni- 
cally well-defined  genera  with 
great  difficulty.  Though  it  is 
usually  considered  to  belong  to  a 

different   genus    from    the    red-haws,   many    gardeners    still 

speak  of  it  as  Crataegus  Pyracantha.    Where  it  can  be  grown, 

it  is  an  effective  shrub  for  evergreen  hedges. 

Twigs  red,  somewhat  hairy,  or  glabrate.  P.  coccinea. 


100 


ROSACEAE. 


COTONEASTEB. 

(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous  or  evergreen. 
Twigs  slender,  subterete:  pith 
small,  rounded,  continuous.  Buds 
solitary,  sessile,  ovoid  or  oblong, 
the  2  outer  scales  mostly  parted 
and  exposing  the  hairy  interior. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  minute,  ellip- 
tical, raised:  bundle-trace  1,  in- 
distinct: stipules  rather  persistent 
on  the  leaf-cushion,  leaving  nar- 
row indistinct  scars  when  fallen. 
Leaves  when  present  simple,  en- 
tire. Fruit,  often  present,  small 
drupe-like  pomes  with  often  in- 
curved sepals. 

Cotoneasters  are  among  the 
favorite  shrubs  of  Great  Britain, 
but  the  species  that  prove  so  ef- 
fective in  an  insular  climate  are 
rarely  capable  of  successful  cul- 
tivation under  continental  con- 
ditions even  though  not  subjected  to  excessively  low  winter 
temperatures.  A  considerable  number  of  those  most  success- 
fully grown  in  the  United  States  are  native  to  countries  of 
relatively  dry  climate,  and  some  of  the  best  of  them  are  of 
recent  introduction. 

The  few  winter-character  references  are: — G.  integerri- 
mus  (or  vulgaris).  Bosemann,  78;  Fant,  19;  Ward,  1:231, 
f.  118;  Willkomm,  6,  7,  32,  f.  42.— C.  nigra  and  C.  tomentosa. 
Schneider,  f.  151. 

1.  Evergreen:   low  and  spreading.     2. 
Deciduous:  larger  and  mostly  erect.     3. 


ROSAOEAE. 


101 


2.  Leaves  round:   twigs  strigose.  (1).  C.  horizontalis. 
Leaves  obovate,  pubescent  beneath.        (2).  C.  microphylla. 

3.  Buds  small   (2-3  mm.)    or  glabrate.     4. 

Buds  larger   (4-5  mm.)   or  persistently  hairy.     10. 

4.  Buds  glabrate:   fruit  red.     5. 

Buds  at  first  silky:   fruit  glaucous.        (3).  C.  racemiflora. 
Buds  persistently  hairy.     7. 

5.  Twigs  very  slender   (1  mm.).  C.  hupehensis. 
Twigs  stouter   (2  mm.).     6. 

6.  Buds  short  (3  mm.) :  fruit  glaucous.  C.  rosea. 
Buds  larger   (4-5  mm.):   fruit  not  glaucous. 

C.  acuminata. 

7.  Fruit  black.     8. 
Fruit  red.     9. 

8.  Twigs  red-brown.  C.  nitens. 
Twigs  buff  or  light  brown.                          (4).  C.  acutifolia. 

9.  Twigs  glabrescent:    fruit  oblong:   sepals  erect. 

(5).  C.  divaricata. 
Twigs  dingy-hairy:   fruit  obovoid:   sepals  incurved. 

(6).  C.  obscura. 

10.  Fruit  red.     11. 
Fruit  blackish  red. 
Fruit  black.     14. 

11.  Fruit  small  (6-8  mm.). 
Fruit  large   (10  mm.).     12. 

12.  Outer  bud-scales  glabrescent. 
Buds  very  yellow-hairy.     13. 

13.  Fruit  glabrous. 

Fruit  somewhat  cottony. 

14.  Buds  subglabrescent.     15. 
Buds  persistently  hairy. 

15.  Fruit  very  glaucous,  small   (7-8  mm.) 
Fruit  scarcely  glaucous.     16. 

16.  Fruit  small   (7-8  mm.). 
Fruit  larger  (8-10  mm.). 


(7).  C.  multiflora. 

C.  Dielsiana. 

(8).  C.  integerrima. 

C.  bullata. 
C.  tomentosa. 

C.  lucida. 
C.  melanocarpa. 

C.  moupinensis. 
C.  foveolata. 


102 


ROSAOEAE. 


CYDONIA.    Quince. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  bushy  trees 
finally  with  somewhat  flaking 
bark:  deciduous.  Twigs  rather 
slender,  somewhat  fluted:  pith 
small,  pale,  rounded,  continuous. 
Buds  solitary,  moderate,  sessile, 
conical-oblong,  appressed,  with  1 
or  2  exposed  brown  scales,  the  end- 
bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
small,  shallow  U-shaped,  some- 
what raised:  bundle  traces  3: 
stipule-scars  rather  small,  elon- 
gated. 

Only  a  few  winter-character 
references  are  to  be  noted:  — 
Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  334,  490,  pi.; 
Bosemann,  50;  Schneider,  f.  171; 
Willkomm,  33,  45. 

The  quince  was  placed  formerly 
in  the  genus  Pyrus.  In  a  syste- 
matic study  of  the  anatomy  of  the 

Pomaceae,  as  the  group  of  Rosaceae  to  which  this  genus  be- 
longs is  called,  Burgerstein  in  volume  104  of  the  Sitzungs- 
berichte  of  the  Vienna  Academy  of  Sciences  showed  that  the 
structure  of  its  wood  is  intermediate  between  the  pear  and 
apple  components — Pyrus  and  Mains — of  that  still  complex 
genus. 
Twigs  gray-woolly:  buds  glabrate.  C.  oblonga. 


ROSACEAE. 


103 


CHAENOMELES.     Japanese  Quince. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Rather  closely  branched  and 
small  shrubs  with  slender  termi- 
nal and  axillary  twig  spines:  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  very  slender, 
round  or  somewhat  angled  from 
the  nodes:  pith  small,  pale, 
rounded,  continuous.  Buds  soli- 
tary, small,  sessile,  round-ovoid, 
with  few  exposed  scales,  collater- 
ally branching  in  spine-formation, 
the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  small,  linear  or  cres- 
cent-shaped or  narrowly  triangu- 
lar, strongly  raised:  bundle-traces 
3,  minute:  stipule-scars  somewhat 
elongated.  ( Cydonia) . 

The  Asiatic  or  "flowering" 
quinces,  which  differ  from  the 
true  quince  in  having  a  consider- 
able number  of  seeds  in  each  of 
the  rather  large  core-cavities  of 

their  fruit,  have  been  placed  in  the  genus  Cydonia  very  com- 
monly. Their  winter-characters  are  discussed  by  Bosemann, 
49;  and  Schneider,  f.  128. 

In  an  article  on  the  winter-storage  of  food  in  the  tissues 
of  woody  plants,  published  in  the  second  volume  of  the  Me- 
moirs of  the  Torrey   Botanical   Club,   Halsted   discusses   the 
spines  of  C.  japonica  as  such  food-reservoirs. 
Twigs  glabrous:  leaf-scars  narrow.  (1).  C.  japonica. 

Twigs  somewhat-hairy:   leaf -scars  broader.  C.  chinensis. 


104 


ROSACEAE. 


PYRUS.     Pear.    Apple. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs  or  usually  moderate- 
sized  trees:  deciduous.  .Twigs 
moderate,  rounded  or  somewhat 
angled  from  the  nodes,  occasion- 
ally ending  in  spines:  pith  some- 
what angular,  continuous.  Buds 
moderate,  solitary,  sessile,  with 
about  4  exposed  scales  more  or 
less  keeled  above,  the  end-bud 
sometimes  wanting.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, somewhat  raised  or  the 
nodes  swollen  below  them,  linear 
or  U-shaped:  bundle-traces  3: 
stipule-scars  lacking1.  The  first 
two  species  represent  Pyrus  in  the 
restricted  sense,  the  apples  often 
being  segregated  in  a  genus  Mains. 
Dwarf  fruiting  branches  or 
spurs  are  particularly  familiar  in 
this  genus.  An  extensive  study  of 
the  winter  storage  of  starch,  begun 

on  the  apple,  is  published  by  Halsted  in  the  second  volume 
of  Memoirs  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club. — References  under 
Raphiolepis. 

1.  Glabrous:   bud-scales  submucronate,  not  margined.     2. 
Buds,    at    least,    often    pubescent,    their    scales    sometimes 

margined.     3. 

2.  Twigs  olive:   lenticels  inconspicuous.         (1).  P.  communis. 
.Twigs  red-brown:  lenticels  conspicuous.        (2).  P.  sinensis. 

3.  Buds  blunt-ovoid:   scales  subobtuse.  (3).  P.  Malus. 
Buds  conical-oblong:   scales  acute.     (Wild  Crabs).     4.  - 

4.  Twigs  glabrate.  P.  coronarius. 
Persistently  woolly.                                             (4).  P.  ioensis. 


ROSACEAE. 


105 


ARONIA.    Chokeberry. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs  mod- 
erate, roundish,  glabrous,  brown: 
pith  moderate,  rounded,  pale,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  solitary,  sessile,  ob- 
long, flattened  and  appressed,  with 
about  5  often  abruptly  short- 
pointed  more  or  less  glandular- 
denticulate  scales.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, U-shaped,  low:  bundle- 
traces  3:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
(Pyrus). 

Aronia,  like  Sorbus,  is  segre- 
gated from  Pyrus  by  the  less  con- 
servative botanists  and  retained  in 
that  genus  by  those  who  are  more 
conservative.  In  common  with 
the  firethorn  and  several  other 
diverse  types,  it  has  found  lodg- 
ment at  one  time  or  other  in  the 
genus  Mespilus,  now  by  common 
consent  restricted  to  the  German 

medlar,  M.  germanica.     The  only  winter-character  reference, 
to  A.  arbutifolia,  is  Schneider's  f.  147. 

In  curious  contrast  with  the  absence  of  apple-pear  hy- 
brids, several  crosses  are  known  to  occur  between  mountain- 
ash  (Sorbus)  and  chokeberry  (Aronia)  variously  considered 
to  be  distinct  genera  or  sections  of  Pyrus:  for  these  the 
generic  name  x  Sorbaronia  may  be  used  appropriately. 

1.  Twigs  and  buds  glabrous. 

(Black  chokeberry).     (1).  A.  melanocarpa. 
Twigs  more  or  less  woolly.     2. 

2.  Buds  quickly  glabrous.     (Purple  c.)  A.  atropurpurea. 
Buds  somewhat  woolly.    (Red  chokeberry).      A.  arbutifolia. 


106 


ROSACEAE. 


SORBUS.     Mountain  Ash. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Rather  erect-branched,  small  or 
moderate  trees:  deciduous.  Twigs 
moderate,  with  rather  large  lenti- 
cels,  nearly  terete:  pith  roundish, 
brownish,  continuous.  Buds  sub- 
conical  or  oblong,  the  terminal 
rather  large  and  the  lateral  often 
much  reduced,  solitary,  sessile, 
with  several  scales,  the  inner  of 
which  are  more  or  less  pubescent 
with  long  hairs  often  matted  in 
gum.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  raised, 
crescent-shaped  or  linear:  bundle- 
traces  3  or  5  or  exceptionally  7: 
stipule  -  scars  lacking.  ( Cormus, 
Hahnia,  Micromeles,  Torminarm}. 
Winter-character  references  under 
Photinia. 
1.  Bundle-traces  three.  2. 

Bundle-traces  three  to  five.     7. 
S.  torminalis. 


2.  Buds  subglobose. 
Buds  elongated.     3. 

3.  Scales  dark-margined.     4. 
Scales  not  dark-margined.     6. 

4.  End-bud  enlarged. 

End-bud  scarcely  larger  than  lateral. 

5.  Buds  of  equal  size. 

Buds  markedly  unequal.     (White  Beam). 

6.  Scales  with  scarious-margins. 
Scales  not  scarious-margined. 

7.  Bundle-traces  3  or  4  or  5:  buds  woolly. 
Bundle-traces  five.     8. 

8.  Buds  woolly,  not  gummy.     (Rowan  Tree). 


Buds  gummy.     (Mountain  Ash). 


S.  Chamaemespilus. 
5. 

S.  latifolia. 
(1).  S.  Aria. 
S.   Mougeotii. 
S.  alnifolia. 
(2).  x  S.  hybrida. 

S.  Aucuparia. 


(3).  S.  americana. 


ROSACEAE. 


107 


RAPHIOLEPIS. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Large  tender  shrubs:  evergreen. 
Twigs  moderate,  fluted  above :  pith 
rather  small,  rounded,  continu- 
ous. Buds  solitary,  sessile,  the 
lateral  minute  or  suppressed,  the 
terminal  moderately  large,  ovoid, 
with  about  4  abruptly  pointed 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
clustered  toward  the  tip,  half- 
round  or  the  lower  much  nar- 
rower, scarcely  raised:  bundle- 
traces  3:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  simple,  entire  or  somewhat 
toothed. 

Winter-character  references  to 
P  y  r  u  s :  —  P.  amygdaliformis. 
Schneider,  f.  178.  P.  laccata. 
Bosemann,  52.  P.  cathayensis. 
Shirasawa,  254.  pi.  6.  P.  corn- 
munis.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  330, 
334,  484,  pi.;  Bosemann,  52;  Fant, 

22,  f.  20;  Schneider,  f.  14,  179;  Ward,  1:240,  f.  124;  Will- 
komm,  33,  f.  46.  P.  coronaria.  Otis,  144.  P.  ioensis.  Bren- 
del,  pi.  3;  Hitchcock  (1),  5,  (3),  14.  P.  japonica.  Shira- 
sawa, 252,  pi.  5.  P.  Mains.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  330,  334,  486, 
pi.;  Fant,  22,  f.  19;  Schneider,  148,  f.  151;  Ward,  1:230,  f. 
117.  P.  Mains  austera.  Bosemann,  51.  P.  Mains  silvestris. 
Bosemann,  51;  Willkomm,  34,  f.  48.  P.  mitis.  Bosemann, 
51.  P.  nivalis.  Bosemann,  52;  Schneider,  f.  178;  Willkomm, 
4,  9,  34,  f.  47.  P.  praecoxl  Bosemann,  52.  P.  salicifolia. 
Schneider,  f.  178.  P.  sinensis.  Shirasawa,  252,  pi.  5.  P. 
spectabilis.  Schneider,  f.  152.  P.  Toringo  incisa.  Shirasawa, 
255,  pi.  5. 
Glabrdus:  leaves  obovate,  pale  beneath.  R.  umbellata. 


108 


ROSACEAE. 


ERIOBOTRYA.     Loquat. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Small  tender  trees:  evergreen. 
Twigs  stout,  fluted:  pith  large, 
angular,  continuous.  Buds  soli- 
tary, sessile,  indistinguishable  in 
the  pubescence,  the  terminal  ovoid 
with  many  paired  acute  very  hairy 
stipular  scales.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, crowded  toward  the  tip, 
narrowly  crescent-shaped  or 
triangular,  low:  bundle-traces  3: 
stipule-scars  forming  linear  pro- 
longations of  the  leaf-scar.  Leaves 
large,  oblanceolate,  serrate. 

Though  grown  under  glass  only, 
in  the  North,  the  loquat  or  nes- 
pera  is  one  of  the  frequent  fruit 
trees  in  some  of  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  world  and  its  acid  fruits 
are  much  liked  by  those  who 
have  come  to  know  them.  As  a 
decorative  plant,  it  has  nothing  to 


commend  it. 

Very  rusty-hairy,  the  leaves  glabrous  above. 


E.  japonica. 


ROSACEAE. 


109 


PHOTINIA. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs  mod- 
erate or  rather  slender,  rounded, 
with  large  lenticels:  pith  rather 
small,  continuous.  Buds  sessile, 
solitary,  ovoid,  acute,  with  about 
4  somewhat  keeled  and  mucronate 
scales,  the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  2-ranked,  linear- 
crescent-shaped  or  somewhat  3- 
lobed,  somewhat  raised:  bundle- 
traces  3:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

Photinia  has  been  figured  in  its 
essentials  by  Schneider,  f.   74. 
Glabrescent.  P.  villosa. 

Winter-character  references  to 
Sorbus: — 8.  americana.  Blakes- 
lee  &  Jarvis,  488;  Otis,  146.  8. 
Aria.  Bosemann,  78;  Fant,  14, 
f.  8;  .Ward,'  1:237,  f.  122-123; 
Willkomm,  34,  f.  49.  8. 
Aria  Jcamaoensis.  Shirasawa,  251, 

pi.  5.  8.  Aucuparia.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  488,  pi. ;  Bosemann,  78 ; 
Fant,  12,  f.  3;  Schneider,  f.  36;  Ward,  1:226,  f.  114-115;  Will- 
komm, 11,  35,  f.  52.  8.  avellana.  Fant,  3,  f.  4.  8..  Chamae- 
mespilus.  Schneider,  f.  170;  Willkomm,  35,  f.  50.  8.  domes- 
tica.  Bosemann,  78;  Schneider,  f.  136;  Willkomm,  36,  f.  53. 
X  8.  hybrida.  Bosemann,  78 ;  Fant,  13 ;  Schneider,  f.  136 ; 
Willkomm,  6,  36,  f.  54.  8.  latifolia.  Schneider,  f.  167.  8. 
Miyabei.  Shirasawa,  257,  pi.  5.  8.  Mougeotii.  Schneider,  f. 
170.  8.  sambucifolia.  Shirasawa,  248,,  pi.  5.  8.  scandica. 
Fant,  13.  8.  sitchensis.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  488.  8.  tormi- 
nalis.  Bosemann,  78;  Schneider,  f.  18,  167;  Ward,  1:236,  f. 
121;  Willkomm,  7,  35,  f.  51. 


110 


ROSACEAE. 


AMELANCHIER.     Shadbush. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs  or  open  trees:  decidu- 
ous. Wood  hard,  reddish  brown, 
ring-porous  with  minute  ducts. 
Twigs  rather  slender,  zig-zag, 
nearly  terete:  pith  somewhat  5- 
sided,  continuous,  pale.  Buds 
moderate,  solitary,  elongated,  ses- 
sile, with  half-a-dozen  sometimes 
twisted  scales.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, sometimes  2-ranked,  more  or 
less  elevated,  narrowly  crescent- 
or  U-shaped:  bundle  traces  3: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references: — • 
A.  asiatica.  Shirasawa,  247,  pi.  4. 
A.  canadensis.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis, 
331,  334,  492,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  3; 
Hitchcock  (1),  4;  Otis,  148; 
Schneider,  f.  171. — A.  rotundi folia. 
Bosemann,  79;  Schneider  f.  171; 
Willkomm,  32,  f.  44.  A.  spicata. 

Schneider,  f.  71. 

Buds  red-brown  or  straw-color,  slender. 

Eastern.     (1).  A.  canadensis. 

Buds  blackish,  stout:     Western.  A.  alnifolia. 

Winter-characters    to    Rosaceae    not    considered    here:  — 

Mespilus    cuneata.      Shirasawa,     252,    pi.    5.     M.    germanica. 

Bosemann,  51;   Schneider,  f.  74;   Willkomm,  32,  f.,  43.     Pera- 

phyllum   ramosissimum.     Schneider,   f.    71.     Pourthiaea    vil- 

losa.    Shirasawa,  247,  pi. 


ROSACEAE. 


Ill 


CRATAEGUS.     Haw.     Red  Haw. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs  or  trees,  usually  with 
well-developed  twig-spines :  decidu- 
ous. Twigs  moderate  or  rather 
slender,  terete:  pith  rather  small, 
continuous,  roundish.  Buds  soli- 
tary or  collaterally  branched  in 
spine  formation,  sessile,  round  or 
oblong-ovoid,  with  some  half-dozen 
exposed  fleshy  and  often  bright 
red  scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
narrowly  crescent-shaped,  some- 
what raised:  bundle-traces  3: 
stipule-scars  small. 

A  complex  aggregate  of  minor 
species  incapable  as  yet  of  delimi- 
tation in  winter  even  if  they  may 
be  known  when  found  with  foli- 
age, flowers  and  fruit:  though 
the  pointed  habit  of  growth  of  C. 
Phaenopyrum  (the  Washington 
Thorn),  the  open  rounds-headed 

form  of  C.  mollis  (the  common  Red-Haw  of  the  prairie  re- 
gion,— 1)  and  its  thornless  variety  inermis, — 2,  the  stratified 
branching  of  G.  Crus-galli  (the  Cockspur  Thorn, — 3)  and  C. 
punctata,  and  the  ash-gray  outer  bark,  flaking  from  the  buff- 
orange  inner  layers  of  C.  viridis  (the  River  Haw, — 4)  joined 
to  the  obvious  bud-differences  figured,  suggest  that  the  task 
of  segregating  the  more  commonly  cultivated  forms  in  winter 
may  be  less  hopeless  than  it  appears  at  first  sight.  The 
European  Hawthorns  of  the  gardens  are  in  part  C.  oxyacan- 
tha  and  in  part  the  very  similar  C.  monogyna, — 5. — ^Winter- 
character  references  under  PursMa. 


112 


ROSACEAE. 


RHODOTYPOS. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Spreading  rather  low  shrubs: 
deciduous.  Twigs  round,  moder- 
ate: pith  moderate,  round,  con- 
tinuous, white.  Buds  moderate, 
becoming  collaterally  branched 
and  at  length  very  slightly  stalked, 
ovoid,  with  some  half-dozen  pairs 
of  glabrate  exposed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  opposite,  crescent-shaped  or 
somewhat  3-s  i  d  e  d,  moderately 
small,  somewhat  raised,  ciliate  at 
cop  like  the  line  by  which  they 
are  connected:  bundle-traces  3: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

The   opposite    leaves   of  Rhodo- 
typos  present  a  rare  exception  to 
the   general   rule  that  the  leaves 
of  Rosaceae   are  alternate,  which 
to  a  novice  is  one  of  the  easily 
learned      characters      by      which 
woody     Rosaceae     may     be     dis- 
tinguished at  a  glance  from  woody  Saxifragaceae,  to  which 
they  bear  a  close  resemblance  sometimes. 

From  a  study  of  the  vascular  arrangement  in  multiple 
buds,  Baldacci  and  Filipucci  have  shown  in  the  second  vol- 
ume of  the  Bulletin  of  the  Boissier  Herbarium  that  in  Rho- 
dotypos,  as  in  Coriaria  and  many  other  cases,  the  supernu- 
merary buds  are  derivatives  of  the  normal  axillary  bud  and 
not  independent  structures. 

Winter-characters  are  figured  by  Schneider,  f.  137. 
Twigs  olive-brown,  glabrate.  R.  kerrioides. 


ROSACEAE. 


113 


KERRIA.     "Corchorus." 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Small  shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
somewhat  5-angled  or  ridged, 
very  slender,  zig-zag:  pith  rel- 
atively large,  white,  continuous. 
Buds  solitary,  sessile,  oblong, 
with  about  5  exposed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  2-ranked,  crescent- 
shaped  or  3  sided,  somewhat 
raised,  small:  bundle-traces  3: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Like  Philadelphus,  Kerria  il- 
lustrates the  tenacity  of  Latinized 
plant  names  when  once  estab- 
lished as  vernacular  names.  In- 
troduced as  a  Corchorus  —  the 
genus  to  which  the  jute  plant  be- 
longs, the  plant  still  finds  cor- 
chorus  clinging  to  it  as  its  garden 
name;  just  as  syringa  stands  for 
the  mock  orange  and  not  for  the 
lilac,  which  belongs  to  the  genus 
Syringa,  in  popular  parlance. 

Few  people  have  difficulty  in  recognizing  it  at  sight,  after 
having  made  its  acquaintance  once,  for  its  very  slender  zig- 
zag angled  bright  green  twigs  are  unlike  those  of  anything 
else  that  is  likely  to  be  seen.  Its  winter-characters  are  given 
by  Schneider,  f.  137;  and  Shirasawa,  254. 
Twigs  green,  glabrous:  buds  subappressed.  K.  japonica. 


114 


ROSACEAE. 


NEVITJSIA. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Loosely  branched  shrubs  re- 
sembling Spiraea  and  Physocar- 
pus:  deciduous.  Twigs  slender, 
long,  somewhat  zig-zag,  decur- 
rently  ridged  from  the  nodes: 
pith  relatively  large,  rounded, 
white,  continuous:  medullary  rays 
rather  coarse.  Buds  rather  small, 
solitary,  sessile,  ovoid,  ascending, 
with  about  half-a-dozen  some- 
what keeled  or  striate  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate',  round-cordate, 
slightly  raised  and  decurrent: 
bundle-traces  3,  more  or  less 
doubled:  stipules  persistent  as 
small  scales  from  the  decurrent 
ridges  above  the  leaf-scar. 

Neviusia  is  intermediate  in  ap- 
pearance between  Spiraea  and 
Physocarpus.  It  is  one  of  the 
very  local  genera  and  consists  of 

a  single  species  which  was  made  known  to  botanists  and  in- 
troduced into  cultivation  by  the  reverend  Dr.  Nevius  of  Ala- 
bama, who  sent  to  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden  the  plant 
from  which  the  accompanying  sketch  was  made. 

Winter-characters  of  2V".  alabamensis  are  given  by  Schnei- 
der, f.  137. 

Twigs  golden-brown,  puberulent:  buds  glabrate. 

N.  alabamensis. 


ROSACEAE. 


115 


RUBUS.    Bramble. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Rather  soft-wooded  simple  low 
shrubs,  mostly  armed  with  prick- 
les, occasionally  trailing  or 
scrambling  over  supports:  decidu- 
ous, or  in  warm  regions  more  or 
less  evergreen.  Shoots  moderate, 
often  5-angled:  pith  relatively 
large,  brownish,  crenately  round 
or  sharply  5-angled,  continuous. 
Buds  moderate,  sessile,  oblong, 
ovoid,  commonly  superposed  with 
the  upper  developing  the  first 
year  or  the  second  smaller  and 
covered  by  the  petiole,  and  oc- 
casionally collaterally  branched, 
with  some  half-dozen  exposed 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  torn 
and  irregularly  shriveled  on  the 
much-raised  persistent  petiole- 
base:  bundle-trace  not  discernible, 
but  3  bundles  evident  when  the 

crescent-  or  U-shaped  petiole  remnant  is  cut  across  at  its 
base:  stipule-scars  lacking,  but  the  stipules  often  persistent 
at  top  of  the  petiole  remnant. — Winter-character  references 
under  Neillia. 

The  brambles,  or  raspberries  and  blackberries  as  they  are 
called  usually  in  this  country,  vegetatively  similar  to  the 
roses,  present  one  of  the  rare  instances  of  deciduous  leaves 
which  do  not  disarticulate  by  a  cleancut  abscission  but  tear 
away  in  the  autumn.  Growers  of  small-fruits  are  familiar, 
too,  with  the  fact  that  they  do  not  stop  their  seasonal  growth 
at  a  definitely  limited  point  but,  like  many  willows,  a  num- 
ber of  them  continue  to  produce  unmatured  shoots  until 


116  ROSACEAE. 

stopped  by  the  approach  of  winter  so  that  their  canes,  as 
these  long-shoots  are  called,  may  die  back  nearly  or  quite 
to  the  base.  In  this  failure  to  make  advance  provision  for 
the  winter  they  stand  in  marked  contrast  with  such  genera 
as  Ailanthus  and  Tilia,  where,  early  in  the  season,  a  starve- 
ling tip  of  each  branch  is  cut  off  cleanly  by  a  self-healed  scar. 
The  chief  types  of  Rubus, — flowering  raspberries,  high- 
bush  blackberries,  dewberries,  red  raspberries  and  black-cap 
raspberries, — are  easily  known  at  any  season  of  the  year,  but 
the  individual  species  and  their  hybrids  are  much  confused. 

1.  Bark  shredding:  unarmed. 

(Flowering  raspberry).  (1).  R.  odoratus. 
Bark  not  shredding:   trailing  or  fountain-like.     2. 

2.  Trailing.     (Dewberries).     3. 
Forming  open  or  recurving  bushes.     4. 

3.  Slender  and  very .  soft-wooded.  R.  hispidus. 
Stouter:  strong  and  woody.  R.  procumbens. 

4.  Stems  characteristically  rooting  at  tip,  mostly 

very  glaucous.     5. 
At  most  exceptionally  stoloniferous.     6. 

5.  Prickles  strongly  hooked.     (Blackcap).      R.   occidentalis. 
Prickles  straighter:  canes  purple. 

(Purple  cane).     (2).   X  R.  neglectus. 

6.  Shoots  very  glandular-hairy  as  well  as  prickly. 

(Wineberry).     R.  phoenicolasius. 
Scarcely  glandular-hairy.     7. 

7.  Nearly  unarmed:  dwarf.  R.  idaeus  anomalus. 
Very  prickly  or  else  moderately  tall.     8. 

8.  Unarmed.  R.  canadensis. 
Prickly.     9. 

9.  Prickles  bristle-like,  often  represented  by  warts 

in  winter.     (Red  raspberries).     10. 

Prickles  stout  and  persistent.             (3).  R.  allegheniensis. 

10.  Shoots  red,  brown,  orange  or  purple.  (4).  R.  strigosus. 

Shoots  straw-colored.    European.  R.  idaeus. 


ROSACEAE. 


117 


POTENTILLA.     Cmquefoil. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Small  scraggly  shrubs  or  mostly 
herbs:  deciduous.  Twigs  slender, 
subterete,  with  quickly  exfoliat- 
ing bark:  pith  small,  roundish, 
brown,  rather  spongy.  Buds  rel- 
atively large,  solitary,  sessile,  ob- 
long, with  about  4  somewhat  stri- 
ate  exposed  scales,  the  inner  gray- 
hairy  when  visible.  Leaf-scars 
much  raised  on  a  clasping  3- 
nerved  base  bearing  the  persist- 
ent stipules  at  top,  (or  in  the 
second  at  tip  of  the  persistent 
petiole),  minute,  round:  bundle- 
trace  1. 

The  two  woody  cinquefoils  con- 
sidered here  show  interesting 
morphological  features.  P.  -fruti- 
cosa — t  h  e  winter-characters  of 
which  are  described  by  Bosemann, 
74,  and  Schneider,  f.  71 — forms 

ordinary  winter  buds,  of  large  size  for  the  plant;  and  these 
stand  in  the  axils  of  the  persistent  stipule-bearing  leaf-bases, 
at}  top  of  which  small  abscission  scars  have  been  formed. 
The  buds  of  P.  tridentata  are  to  be  compound  with  the  hiber- 
nacula  or  subterranean  buds  in  which  the  growing  tips  of 
many  perennial  herbs  pass  the  winter.  As  in  Nandina,  dis- 
articulation  takes  place  at  a  distance  above  the  point  where 
the  stipules  separate  from  the  winged  base  of  the  petiole. 
Low-bushy,  internodes  elongated.  (Dasiphora). 

(1).  P.  fruticosa. 
Stems  very  dwarf  and  tufted,  covered  by  the  leaf-bases. 

(2).  P.  tridentata. 


118 


ROSACEAE. 


FALLUGIA.    Apache  Plume. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Small  shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs 
terete,  slender,  with  splitting 
creamy  outer  cortex,  becoming 
red-brown:  pith  minute,  round. 
Buds  small,  solitary,  sessile,  ovoid, 
with  2  widely  parted  outer  scales. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  half-round, 
minute,  much  raised:  bundle- 
trace  1:  stipule-scars  lacking  or 
indefinite  at  top  of  the  leaf- 
cushion.  Leaves  small,  pinnately 
3-  or  5-  lobed,  very  revolute,  not 
glandular. 

Fallugia  differs  from  Cowania 
and  Purshia  in  having  normal 
buds,  while  those  of  the  latter 
genera  usually  develop  into  spurs 
that  remain  covered  by  the  bases 
of  fallen  leaves  as  in  the  hybrid 
barberry.  It  is  attractive  when 
bearing  its  plumed  fruits,  but  is 


not  commonly  seen  in  gardens. 

Twigs  glabrescent:  leaves  often  loosely  hairy. 


F.  paradoxa. 


ROSAGEAE. 


119 


COWANIA. 

(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs  ter- 
ete, slender,  from  brown  becom- 
ing gray  with  scurfy  outer  cortex: 
pith  minute,  round.  Buds  soli- 
tary, sessile,  at  first  ovoid  with  2 
outer  scales  but  rather  quickly  de- 
veloping short  branches  sheathed 
by  overlapping  leaf-bases.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  half-round,  min- 
ute, much  raised  on  thin  winged 
bases  topped  by  the  rather  per- 
sistent stipules:  bundle-trace  1, 
indistinct:  Leaves  as  in  Fallugia 
but  very  glandular-warty,  or  in 
one  species  (C.  ericaefolia)  min- 
ute, entire,  and  pungent. 

Cowania,  Fallugia,  and  Purshia 
are  three  genera  with  rather  simi- 
lar leaves.  As  in  Potentilla,  these 
disarticulate  from  the  top  of  a 
dilated  persistent  base  correspond- 
ing to  the  lower  part  oi;  the  petiole  with  stipules  attached 
to  its  sides.  Leaf-bases  of  this  sort,  which  are  found  in  a 
number  of  Rosaceae,  are  more  frequent  in  the  related  family 
Leguminosae,  and  transitions  may  be  found  between  extreme 
cases  like  these  and  the  less  produced  but  otherwise  com- 
parable leaf-cushion  found  in  the  greater  number  of  rosaceous 
and  leguminous  genera. 
Twigs  from  bristly  and  puberulent  glabrescent. 

C.  Stansburiana. 


120 


ROSACEAE. 


CERCOCARPTJS.     Mountain  Mahogany. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees:  ever- 
green. Twigs  terete,  rather  slen- 
der, commonly  forming  dwarf 
spurs  closely  covered  by  old  leaf- 
scars:  pith  minute,  rounded.  Buds 
solitary,  sessile,  round,  with  2 
outer  scales,  quickly  developing. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  minute,  half 
round,  at  top  of  the  stipulate-base, 
or  transversely  linear  and  low 
with  3  bundle-traces  after  the  fall 
of  this  base.  Leaves  obovate, 
flat  and  toothed,  or  lanceolate,  re- 
volute  and  entire. 

No  one  who  has  walked  in  the 
western  mountains  in  late  summer 
can  have  failed  to  have  his  atten- 
tion drawn  to  one  or  other  of  the 
species  of  Cercoparpus  by  the 
clematis-like  clusters  of  feathery 
fruits  that  terminate  its  short 

twigs,  and  from  which  the  name  of  the  genus  has  been  de- 
rived. There  is  a  marked  contrast  between  the  leaves  of  the 
first  two  species  and  of  the  other1  two. 

1.  Leaves  toothed  and  nearly  flat.     2. 

Leaves  entire  and  very  revolute,  varnished.     3. 

2.  Teeth  rounded:  Rocky  Mountains.  (1).  C.  parvifolius. 
Teeth  pointed:   California.                       (2).  C.  betulaefolius. 

3.  Leaves  minute   (1X5  mm.),  teretely  revolute. 

(3).  C.  intricatus. 
Leaves  larger  (25  mm.  long),  revolute  at  margin. 

(4).  C.  ledifolius. 


121 


PURSHIA. 

(Family  Rosaceae). 

Spreading  rather  rigidly 
branched  shrubs.  Twigs  some- 
what fluted,  becoming  terete, 
slender,  with  quickly  flaking  cor- 
tex: pith  minute,  angular,  con- 
tinuous, light  brown.  Buds  soli- 
tary, sessile,  ovoid,  with  several 
more  or  less  ciliate  scales,  rather 
quickly  developing  into  short 
branches  covered  by  the  over- 
lapping leaf-bases.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, half-round,  with  1  bundle- 
trace,  minute,  much  raised  on 
thin  winged  bases  topped  by  the 
stipules,  or  these  finally  falling 
and  their  linear  scars  encircling 
the  stem.  (Tigarea;  Kunzia). 

Purshia  is  hardly  to  be  counted 
a  decorative  plant. 
Twigs    at    first    somewhat    hairy 
and  bristly.  P.  tridentata. 

Winter-character    references    to    Crataegus: — C.  azarolus. 

Bosemann,  50;   Schneider,  f.  172.     C.  coccinea.     Hitchcock   (1), 

4,    (3),   15,    (4),   137,  f.  71-73.     C.  crus-galli.     Bosemann,    50; 

Schneider,   f.   173.     C.  monogyna.     Bosemann,   50;    Fant,   20; 

Schneider,  f.  110,  172.     C.  mollis.     Hitchcock   (1),  4,   (3),  15. 

C.  nigra.     Schneider,  f.  174.     C.  Oxyacantha.     Bosemann,  50; 

Fant,  26,  f.  23;  Schneider,  f.  174;  Ward,  1:194,  f.  97-98;  Will- 

komm,  8,  10,  31,  f.  41.     C.  punctata.     Otis,  150.     C.  sanguined. 

Schneider,  f.  172.     C.  tanacetifolia.     Schneider,  f.  173.     C.  to- 

mentosa.     Brendel,  pi.  3;  Hitchcock   (1),  4. 


122 


ROSACEAE. 


CHAMAEBATIA. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Small  hairy  shrubs:  evergreen. 
Twigs  terete  with  quickly  ex- 
foliating bark,  rather  slender: 
pith  small,  rounded,  brownish, 
continuous.  Buds  small,  oblong, 
acute,  2-edged,  with  2  or  4  scales. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  nearly  en- 
circling the  twig,  triangular,  ob- 
literated by  the  deciduous  cortex 
but  evident  on  the  denuded  twig 
as  3  subconfluent  circles,  each  a 
bundle-trace:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. Leaves  subsessile,  elliptical- 
ovate,  thrice  pinnate,  with  minute 
overlapping  rather  acute  leaflets. 
Chamaebatia,  like  Chamaeba- 
tiaria,  is  a  delicate  evergreen  with 
fern-like  leaves  cut  into  minute 
leaflets.  It  is  easily  distinguished 
from  the  latter  genus  in  its  more 
decompound  foliage  with  the  very 

small    leaflets    glandular-mucronate.     Neither    genus    is    ap- 
proached in  delicacy  of  foliage  by  any  other  flowering  plant 
likely  to  be  seen  by  the  ordinary  observer. 
Twigs  glandular-bristly,  very  smooth  when  denuded. 

C.  foliolosa. 


ROSACEAE. 


123 


ROSA. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs,  mostly  armed  with 
prickles,  occasionally  trailing  or 
scrambling:  deciduous  or  excep- 
tionally evergreen.  Shoots  moder- 
ate, terete:  pith  relatively  large, 
brownish,  rounded.  Buds  rather 
small,  solitary,  sessile,  ovoid,  with 
3  or  4  exposed  scales,  sometimes 
a  little  above  the  axil.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  low,  narrowly  and 
shallowly  U-shaped  or  almost  lin- 
ear: bundle-traces  3:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Suckers  are  usually  • 
more  prickly  than  the  ordinary 
branches,  from  which  characters 
are  taken  here. 

Winter-character  references:  — • 
Rosa  alpina.  Bosemann,  44.  R. 
arvensis.  Bosemann,  44.  R.  bal- 
tica.  Bosemann,  44.  R.  canina. 
Bosemann,  45;  Fant,  23,  f.  21; 

Ward,  1:201,  f.  102;  Willkomm,  36,  f.  55.  R.  carelica.  Fant, 
24.  R.  centifolia.  Bosemann,  45.  R.  centifolia  muscosa. 
Bosemann,  45.  R.  cinnamomea.  Bosemann,  45;  Fant,  24.  R. 
collina.  Fant,  24.  R.  coriifolia.  Fant,  24.  R.  gallica.  Bose- 
mann, 44.  R.  inodora.  Fant,  23.  R.  lucida.  Bosemann,  44.  R. 
lutea.  Bosemann,  45.  R.  mollissima.  Fant,  24.  R.  multiflora. 
Shirasawa,  250.  R.  pimpinellae  folia.  Bosemann,  44.  R.  pomi- 
fera.  Bosemann,  45;  Fant,  24.  R.  pratincola.  Hitchcock  (3), 
14,  (4),  136,  f.  69-70.  R.  pumila.  Bosemann,  45.  R.  ruMginosa. 
Bosemann,  46;  Fant,  23;  Schneider,  f.  147.  R.  spinosissima. 
Schneider,  f.  147.  R.  tomentosa.  Fant,  24.  R.  turbinata.  Bose- 
mann, 44. 


124  ROSACEAE. 

Though  they  often  present  marked  and  characteristic  dif- 
ferences when  really  comparable  parts  are  compared,  the 
roses  differ  so  greatly  in  their  individual  branches  that  any 
effort  to  key  the  species  out  on  vegetative  characters  must  be 
taken  with  a  large  degree  of  allowance  for  fallibility. 

1.  Prostrate:   evergreen.     (Memorial  rose).     R.  Wichuraiana. 
Scrambling  or  climbing,  or  fountain-like.     2. 

Bushy:  deciduous.     4. 

2.  Evergreen:   very  prickly.   (Macartney  rose).     R.  bracteata. 
Deciduous.     3. 

3.  Forming  fountain-like  clumps. 

(Prairie  rose).    R.  setigera. 
High  climbing.     (Ramblers).  R.  multiflora. 

4.  Small   (scarcely  a  half-meter  high  as  a  rule).     5. 
Taller  (usually  1-2  m.  high).     6. 

5.  Prickles  widened  at  base. 

(Baby  rambler).     R.  multiflora  var. 
Prickles  needle-like.     (Wild  roses). 

R.  acicularis,  humilis,  pratincola  and  Woodsii. 

6.  Essentially  unarmed  except  the  suckers.  R.  blanda. 
Characteristically  prickly.     7. 

7.  Prickles  needle-like,  nearly  straight.     8. 
Prickles  flattened  at  base  or  strongly  hooked.     10. 

8.  Stems  stout:   planted  everywhere.  R.  rugosa. 
Stems  rather  slender.     9. 

9.  Rather  dwarf.      (Scotch  rose).  R.  spinosissima. 
About  2  m.  high.     (Yellow  rose).  R.  foetida. 

10.  Stems  green.     11. 
Stems  red  or  purple.     12. 

11.  Prickles  much  dilated.     (Dog  rose).  R.  canina. 
Prickles  not  greatly  dilated. 

(Sweetbrier).     R.  rubiginosa. 

12.  Stems  rather  pink  and  glaucous.  R.  rubrifolia. 
Stems  purple.                                                      R.  cinnamomea. 


ROSACEAE. 


125 


OSMAKONIA.     Osoberry. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs  or  subarborescent:  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  moderate,  terete: 
pith  rather  large,  rounded,  pale, 
chambered.  Buds  sessile  or  more 
or  less  supra-axillary  or  stalked, 
ovoid,  obtuse,  with  about  3  ex- 
posed mucronulate  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  somewhat  crowded 
at  tip,  shallow  U-shaped  or  nar- 
r  o  w  1  y  crescent-shaped,  little 
raised:  bundle-traces  3:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  (Nuttallia). 

The  winter-characters  of  Osmar- 
onia  (or  Nuttallia)  cerasiformis 
are  given  by  Schneider,  f.  74. 

Osmaronia  is  a  distinctively  Cal- 
ifornian  genus  locally  differenti- 
ated into  distinguishable  forms 
but  in  the  minds  of  conservative 
botanists  doubtfully  divisible  into 
as  many  species. 
Glabrous:  twigs  purplish:  buds  green.  N.  cerasiformis. 


126 


ROSACEAE. 


which  one  has  been 
country. 

Glabrescent:  bud-scales  brown,  pitted. 


MADDENIA. 

(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees:  decidu- 
ous. Twigs  moderate,  rounded: 
pith  rather  small,  rounded,  con- 
tinuous, pale.  Buds  solitary  or 
collaterally  multiple,  sessile,  elon- 
gated-ovoid, with  half-a-dozen 
more  or  less  pointed  scales,  the 
end-bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, somewhat  raised,  broadly 
crescent-shaped,  rather  small: 
bundle-traces  3:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. 

On  its  general  winter-characters, 
Maddenia  Jiypoxantha  would  be 
taken  for  a  species  of  Prunus 
lacking  the  terminal  bud  as  the 
plums  do,  but  with  the  peculiar 
pitted  marking  of  its  bud-scales 
shown  by  the  common  choke- 
cherry  of  the  Eastern  States.  Sev- 
eral Asiatic  species  are  known,  of 

introduced    to    a    small    extent    in    this 


M.  hypoxantha. 


ROSACEAE. 


127 


PEUNUS.    Plum,  Cherry,  etc. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs  or  trees:  deciduous,  or 
the  cherry  laurels  evergreen. 
Twigs  slender  or  moderate,  sub- 
terete  or  somewhat  angled  from 
the  nodes,  occasionally  spine- 
tipped:  pith  roundish  or  angled, 
pale  or  brown,  continuous.  Buds 
solitary  or  collaterally  multiple, 
sessile,  subglobose  or  mostly  ovoid, 
with  usually  a  half-dozen  ex- 
posed scales,  the  end-bud  lacking 
in  certain  groups  (apricots, 
plums).  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
raised  on  a  cushion  flanked  by 
the  stipule  vestiges  or  scars,  half- 
round  or  half-elliptical,  small: 
bundle-traces  3,  usually  minute. 

Leaves    of    the    evergreens    are 
simple,    mostly    entire,    and   with 
round    nectar-disks    on   the   back. 
Like  Pyrus,  this  genus  is  con- 

fusingly  complex  through  inclusion  of  such  diverse  forms  as 
the  evergreen  cherry-laurels  and  the  deciduous  types  repre- 
sented by  peach,  apricot,  plum,  cherry  and  bird-cherry,  which 
nevertheless  do  not  segregate  by  characters  satisfactory  to 
many  botanists. 

Though  the  different  cherries  are  sufficiently  distinct 
from  one  another,  the  American  plums  are  almost  as  trouble- 
some as  the  red  haws.  Only  the  most  distinct  of  their  types" 
are  differentiated  in  the  key  here  given. 

A  classified  bibliography  of  Prunus  is  given  by  Rehder  in 
volume  three  of  the  Bradley  Bibliography,  compiled  by  him 
at  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 


12g  ROSACEAE. 

The  most  sumptuous  American  publication  on  Prunus  is 
contained  in  Hedrick's  large  volumes  on  The  Cherries  of 
New  York  and  The  Plums  of  New  York.  Critical  analysis  of 
our  native  species  of  Prunus  and  of  the  varieties  of  plums 
derived  from  American  species,  by  Wight,  constitute  respect- 
ively Bulletins  179  and  172  of  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture, — both  published  in  1915.  An  analysis  of  the 
pubescent-fruited  species  of  the  Southwest  is  published  by 
Mason  in  the  first  volume  of  the  Journal  of  Agricultural  Re- 
search, issued  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  Some  of 
Professor  Bailey's  earlier  opinions  on  Japanese  plums  were 
published  in  Bulletins  62,  106,  and  139  of  the  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station  at  Cornell  University. 

Winter-characters  of  Prunus: — P.  americana.  Blakeslee 
&  Jarvis,  508,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  3;  Hitchcock  (1),  5,  (3),  13, 
(4),  136,  f.  54-58.  P.  angustifolia.  Hitchcock  (1),  5,  (3),  13. 
P.  Armeniaca.  Bosemann,  53;  Schneider,  f.  183.  P.  avium. 
Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  341,  502,  pi.;  Bosemann,  53;  Fant,  21; 
Schneider,  f.  185;  Ward,  1:50,  f.  32,  69,  f.  48;  Willkomm,  38, 
f.  60.  P.  Buergeriana.  Shirasawa,  256,  pi.  6.  P.  cerasoides. 
Shirasawa,  256,  pi.  6.  P.  Cerasus.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  341, 
504,  pi.;  Bosemann,  53;  Fant,  21;  Schneider,  f.  185;  Ward, 
1:245,  f.  128;  Willkomm,  39,  f.  61.  P.  Chamaecerasus.  Bose- 
mann, 53.  P.  chicasa.  Hitchcock  (1),  f.  9-10,  (4),  136,  f.  49. 
P.  (Amygdalus)  communis.  Schneider,  f.  184.  P.  domestica. 
Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  508,  pi.;  Bosemann,  52;  Fant,  21,  f.  16; 
Schneider,  f.  188;  Ward,  1:243,  f.  126;  Willkomm,  3,  39,  f.  62. 
P.  fruticosa.  Schneider,  f.  187.  P.  Grayana.  Shirasawa,  256, 
pi.  6.  P.  insititia.  Bosemann,  53;  Fant,  22,  f.  17;  Schneider, 
•f.  188;  Willkomm,  39,  f.  63.  P.  intermedia.  Schneider,  f.  187. 
P.  japonica.  Shirasawa,  245,  pi.  6.  P.  Mahaleb.  Bosemann, 
53;  Schneider,  f.  41,  128;  Willkomm,  38,  f.  59.  P,  Miqueliana. 
Shirasawa,  255,  pi.  6.  P.  Hume.  Shirasawa,  253.  P.  Myro- 
balana.  Schneider,  f.  186.  P.  nana.  Bosemann,  75;  Schnei- 
der, f.  184.  P.  nigra.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  341,  506,  pi.;  Otis, 


ROSACEAE,  129 

160.  P.  Padus.  Bosemann,  53;  Fant,  20,  f.  15;  Schneider,  f. 
184;  Ward,  1:241,  f.  125;  Willkomm,  3,  38,  f.  58.  P.  pennsyl- 
vanica.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  332,  341,  500,  pi.;  Otis,  158.  P. 
Persica.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  332,  334,  341,  512,  pi.;  Bose- 
mann, 74;  Price,  Bulletin  39,  Texas  Agr.  Exper.  Station,  828, 
f.  13-15;  Schneider,  f.  183;  Shirasawa,  253.  P.  pseudocerasus. 
Shirasawa,  256,  pi.  6.  P.  pumila.  Schneider,  f.  186.  P.  sero- 
tina.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  341,  496,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  3;  Hitch- 
cock (1),  5;  Otis,  154;  Schaffner  &  Tyler,  Ohio  Naturalist, 
1:31;  Schneider,  f.  48,  183.  P.  spinosa.  Bosemann,  53;  Fant, 
22,  f.  17;  Schneider,  f.  96,  186;  Ward,  1:245,  f.  127;  Willkomm, 
4,  9,  40,  f.  64.  P.  tomentosa.  Shirasawa,  253,  pi.  6.  P.  tri- 
flora.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  508,  pi.  P.  triloba.  Schneider,  f. 
185.  P.  virginiana.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  341,  498,  pi.;  Hitch- 
cock (3),  14;  Otis,  156. 

1.  Evergreen:  leaves  entire  or  slightly  toothed.     2. 
Deciduous.     3. 

2.  Tree:   leaves  rather  lanceolate,  about  3x8  cm. 

(American  cherry  laurel)*.     P.  caroliniana. 
Subarborescent:   leaves  rather  ovate,  about  4X10  cm. 

(European  cherry  laurel).     P.  Laurocerasus. 

3.  End-bud  present.     4. 

End-bud  deciduous.     (Plums).     14. 

4.  Twigs  green  or  red.     5. 
Twigs  brown  or  gray.     6. 

5.  Buds  hairy:  tree.  (Peach).     (1).  P.  Persica. 
Buds  glabrous:  twigs  slender:   low  shrubs. 

(Flowering  almond).     P.  nana. 

6.  Stipules  persistent  or  broken  above  the  base:   shrub.     7. 
Stipules  deciduous  from  the  leaf-cushion.     8. 

7.  Loosely  hairy:   stipules  setaceous.  (2).  P.  tomentosa. 
Glabrate  or  puberulent:  stipules  deeply  fimbriate. 

P.  triloba. 

8.  Twigs  more  or  less  velvety.     9. 
Twigs  glabrous.     10. 


130  ROSACEAE. 

9.  Buds  round-ovoid,  spreading.  P.  Mahaleb. 

Buds  oblong,  appressed,  glabrous.  P.  Padus. 

^10.  Buds  dull  brown,  ovoid:   scales  rough.  (3).  P.  virginiana. 
Buds  clear  brown  or  glossy.     11. 

11.  Buds  conical,  light  brown.  P.  Maackii. 
Buds  ovoid.     12. 

12.  Buds  small  (2X4  mm.),  glossy:   scales  rather  fleshy. 

(Wild  black  cherry).     P.  serotina. 
Buds  large   (3X5-7  mm.).     13. 

13.  Buds  glossy,  ovoid-fusiform. 

(Sweet  cherry).     (4).  P.  avium. 
Buds  duller  or  darker,  round-ovoid. 

(Sour  cherry).     P.  Cerasus. 

14.  Buds  scarcely  longer  than  thick.     15. 
Buds  elongated.     16. 

15.  Buds  half-covered  by  the  ciliate  leaf-cushion,   twigs  slen- 

der, red.      (Southern  plum).  (5).   P.   angustifolia. 

Buds  protruding:   twigs  velvety,  very  spiny.       P.  spinosa. 

16.  Buds  broadly  .ovoid.     17. 
Buds  ovoid-fusiform.     19. 

17.  Buds  dark:   scales  ciliate.    (Apricot).  P.  Armeniaca. 
Buds  light  brown,  puberulent.     (European  plums).     18. 

18.  Twigs  glabrous.  P.  domestica. 
Twigs  velvety.  P.  insititia. 

19.  Twigs  velvety.     20. 
Twigs  glabrous.     21. 

20.  Low  and  spreading:  buds  velvety.  P.  maritraia. 
Tall.                                                              P.  americana  mollis. 

21.  Buds  velvety:  twigs  slender.  "  (7).  P.  cerasifera. 
Buds  glabrous:  twigs  stouter  or  stiff.     (Wild  plums).     22. 

22.  Buds  red-brown,  short  (3-4  mm.).  (6).  P.  americana. 
Buds  black  or  gray,  large  (4-5  mm.)  and  subconical. 

P.  nigra. 


ROSACEAE. 


131 


PBIN  SEPIA. 
(Family  Rosaceae). 

Shrubs,  with  rather  short  su- 
pra-axillary spines  somewhat  con- 
stricted at  base:  deciduous.  Twigs 
long  and  slender,  round:  pith 
moderate,  round,  yellowish,  cham- 
bered or  finally  hollowed  out  ex- 
cept for  annular  lines  about  the 
cavity.  Buds  solitary  (or  the 
spine  representing  a  second), 
small,  indistinctly  scaly,  con- 
cealed in  brown  hairs  that  line  the 
stipules  and  fill  the  axil,  the  end- 
bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, small,  half-round,  raised: 
bundle-trace  1:  stipules  rather 
large  becoming  firm  and  persistent 
at  top  of  the  swollen  leaf-cush- 
ion. 

Prinsepia,  unlike  most  Rosa- 
ceae, which  have  solid  pith,  has 
its  pith  chambered  or  finally  ex- 
cavated, as  Solereder  indicates  in  his  Systematic  Anatomy  of 
the  Dicotyledons.  Mention  of  this  discovery  is  made  in  a  pa- 
per on  chambered  or 'discoid  pith  by  Foxworthy  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Indiana  Academy  of  Science  for  1903.  It  is 
one  of  a  small  group  differing  in  a  number  of  respects  from 
other  Rosaceae. 

Some  Prinsepias  are  sometimes  called  Plagiospermum,  but 
the  two  genera  are  not  considered  sufficiently  distinct  for 
segregation  by  other  botanists.  They  are  among  the  earliest 
shrubs  to  come  into  leaf  in  spring. 

Twigs  becoming  brown.  (1).  P.  sinensis. 

Twigs  persistently  gray.  (2).  P.  uniflora. 


132  LEGUMINOSAE. 

ALBIZZIA. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Trees:  deciduous.  Twigs  mod- 
erately slender,  angled,  with  rath- 
er evident  lenticels:  pith  mod- 
erate, angular,  continuous.  Buds 
superposed,  sessile,  round,  with 
2  or  3  scales,  the  end-bud  lacking. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  more  or  less 
2-ranked,  somewhat  3-lobed, 
l\^j  /  raised:  bundle-traces  3,  rather 

"/I//  ,  I'1"''1',;  large:   stipule-scars  lacking. 

The  julibrissin  is  one  of  the 
distinctive  trees  which  present  a 
tropical  appearance  because  of 
their  feathery  foliage.  This  is 
most  seen  in  the/  North  in  the 
locust  and  rose  acacia,  both  be- 
longing to  Robinia,  and  especially 
in  the  honey  locust,  Gleditsia. 
From  Washington  southward,  this 
effect  becomes  more  striking  as 
the  still  more  delicate  AlMzzia  is 

encountered,  and  as  subtropical  and  tropical  conditions  are 
reached  the  variety  of  trees  of  this  type  increases.  A  some- 
what similar  effect  is  produced  by  a  few  genera  like  Zizyphus 
and  Coriaria  which  bear  simple  leaves  but  produce  clusters 
of  slender  leafy  twigs  each  year  which  simulate  tufts  of 
compound  leaves. 

In    the    West    Indies,  a  graceful  tree  of    this  genus    (A. 
Lebbek)     is    much    planted    under    the    name    of    woman's 
tongue, — its    thin    clustered    legumes    rustling    pleasingly    on 
every  impulse. 
Twigs  brownish.  A.  Julibrissin. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


133 


ACACIA. 

(Family  Leguminosae). 

Tender  shrubs  or  small  trees, 
usually  with  stipular  spines  or 
with  strong  prickles  away  from 
the  nodes:  more  or  less  ever- 
green. Twigs  slender,  zig-zag, 
somewhat  angular:  pith  small, 
roundish,  continuous.  Buds  soli- 
tary, sessile,  small,  usually  quick- 
ly developing  into  short  spurs 
covered  by  leaves  or  their  bases 
and  sometimes  bristling  with 
pungent  stipules,  the  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf  -  scars  alternate, 
small,  elliptical,  somewhat  raised: 
bundle-trace  1:  stipules  sometimes 
present  as  strong  sometimes 
greatly  enlarged  spines,  which  in 
many  tropical  species  are  inhab- 
ited by  pugnacious  ants.  An  ac- 
count of  these  (contributed  by 
Safford)  is  to  be  found  under  the 

caption  bull-horn  in  the  Standard  Cyclopedia  of  Horticulture. 

Leaves,  if  present,  bipinnate    (in  Australian  species  reduced 

to  their  dilated  vertical  petioles  or  phyllodia). 

1.  Unarmed:    stems  very  angular,  hairy.  A.  filicina. 
Armed  with  pungent  stipules  or  prickles.     2. 

2.  Stipules  strong  and  pungent.     3. 

Stipules  weak:  stems  with  strong  hooked  prickles.     4. 

3.  Spines  short  or  swollen.  (1).  A.  Farnesiana. 
Spines  becoming  long  (3-4  cm.)  and  slender.     A.  constricta. 

4.  Twigs  brown:   leaflets  3X10  mm.  (2).  A.  Roemeriana. 
Twigs  becoming  gray:   leaflets  small   (2X5  mm.). 

(Texas  Mimosa).    A.  Greggii. 


134 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


LEUCAENA.    White  Popinac. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Tender  graceful  trees:  ever- 
green. Twigs  moderate  or  rather 
slender,  terete:  pith  rather  small, 
round,  continuous,  white.  Buds 
solitary,  sessile,  ovoid,  with  stipu- 
lar  scales  only.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, 2-ranked,  somewhat  elevat- 
ed, rather  small,  half-elliptical: 
bundle-traces  3:  stipules  persist- 
ent at  top  of  the  leaf-cushion. 
Leaves  abruptly  bipinnate  with 
numerous  small  oblong  inequilat- 
eral whitened  leaflets.  The  fruit, 
when  present,  is  of  long  thin  le- 
gumes. 

Winter-character  references  to 
Leguminosae  not  considered  here: 
Caesalpinia  sepiaria.  Shirasawa, 
234,  pi.  2.  Calycotome  spinosa. 
Schneider,  f.  82.  Dorycnium  suf- 
fruticosum.  Schneider,  f.  140. 

Hedysarum  multijugum.     Schneider,  f.  72.     Indigofera  Gerar- 

diana.     Schneider,  f.   134.     Lespedeza  Hcolor.     Schneider,   f. 

73.    Ononis  fruticosa.    Schneider,  f.  70.    Petteria  (Laburnum) 

ramentacea.    Schneider,  f.  72. 

Twigs  light  brown,  warty,  for  a  time  puberulent.       L.  glauca. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


135 


PROSOPIS.     Mesquite. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Twigs 
moderate,  zig-zag:  pith  minute, 
angular,  continuous.  Buds  mi- 
nute, rather  quickly  developing 
into  stout  spurs  bristling  with 
stipules  and  frequently  flanked 
by  a  solitary  spine  or  mostly  a 
pair  of  terete  nearly  straight 
spines,  the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  often  2-ranked, 
somewhat  raised,  rounded  or  el- 
liptical: bundle-traces  3:  stipules 
long  persistent.  Leaves  of  2  pin- 
nate leaflets  terminating  the  pet- 
iole, or  of  4  such  leaflets.  (In- 
cludes Strombocarpa) . 

Notwithstanding  its  compound 
leaves,  their  characteristic  droop- 
ing position  and  the  openly 
branched  top  of  the  tree  cause  a 
grove  of  mesquite  to  suggest  a 

peach  orchard  to  many  people  when  they  see  it  for  the  first 
time.  As  in  many  other  Leguminosae  the  stipules  of  Prosopis 
persist,  even  when  they  are  not  converted  into  spines;  and 
their  presence  gives  a  peculiar  shaggy  appearance  to  the  axil- 
lary spurs  on  which  the  foliage  is  clustered. 

The  screw-bean  or  tornillo,  P.  pubescens,  is  separated 
frequently  from  the  other  species  under  the  generic  name 
Strombocarpa. 

1.  Stipules   becoming   spines:    downy.          (1).    P.    pubescens. 
Spines  not  representing  the  nodal  stipules.     2. 

2.  Glabrous.     (Common  mesquite).  (2).  P.  glandulosa. 
Leaves,  and  twigs  above,  gray-pubescent.  P.  velutina. 


136 


LEGTJMINOSAE. 


TAMAEINDUS.     Tamarind. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Large  round-topped  rough- 
barked  tropical  tree:  evergreen. 
Twigs  rather  slender,  zig-zag, 
nearly  terete:  pith  rather  small, 
rounded,  continuous.  Buds  soli- 
tary, sessile,  triangular,  with  2  or 
3  exposed  brown  scales,  the  end- 
bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
2-ranked,  abruptly  much  elevat- 
ed, half-round:  stipule  vestiges  or 
scars  more  or  less  evident  at  top 
of  the  leaf-cushion.  Leaves  ab- 
ruptly pinnate  with  about  a  dozen 
pairs  of  inequilateral  entire  leaf- 
lets. Fruit,  when  present,  a  short 
legume  with  acid  pulp  surround- 
ing the  few  seeds. 

The     tamarind     is     sometimes 
planted  as  an  avenue  tree  in  trop- 
ical countries,  and  its  round  top 
and  dense  fleecy  foliage  make  it 
unusually  effective  for  this  use. 

Like  the  chick-pea,  its  foliage  is  reputed  to  produce  an 
acid  which  renders  the  dew  or  rain  that  drips  from  them, 
or  water  that  stands  on  them  after  they  have  fallen,  so  ex- 
tremely caustic  as  to  disintegrate  fabrics  on  which  it  falls; 
and  the  Hindus  are  said  to  be  afraid  to  sleep  under  the  trees. 
Twigs  dull  brown,  sparingly  soft-hairy.  T.  indica. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


137 


CERCIS.     Redbud.     Judas  Tree. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees:  decidu- 
ous. Twigs  moderate,  zig-zag, 
subterete:  pith  roundish,  contin- 
uous, pale  or  pinkish.  Buds  gla- 
brous, superposed,  the  upper 
slightly  stalked,  the  lower  sessile 
and  covered  by  the  top  of  the 
leaf-scar,  ovoid  or  obovoid,  with 
2  or,  in  case  of  flower-buds,  sev- 
eral often  keeled  scales,  the  end- 
bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
2-ranked,  somewhat  raised,  ob- 
tusely triangular,  with  decurrent 
ridges,  fringed  at  top:  bundle- 
traces  3:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
C.  canadensis.  Blakeslee  &  Jar- 
vis,  332,  518,  pi.;  Brendel,  27,  30, 
pi.  4;  Hitchcock  (1),  4,  (3),  12, 
(4),  185,  f.  41;  Otis,  166;  Schnei- 
der, f.  91.  C.  chinensis.  Shira- 
sawa,  245,  pi.  4.  C.  Siliquastrum.  Schneider,  f.  91. 

Though  the  Old  World  species  of  Cercis  are  not  success- 
fully grown  in  the  interior  of  the  country,  the  native  redbud 
(C.  canadensis)  is  much  planted,  and,  with  Cornus  florida,  it 
makes  a  most  effective  combination  in  the  native  forest. 

1.  Buds  short   (2-3  mm.).     2. 

Buds  elongated  (5  mm.),  closely  appressed,  acute. 

(Judas  tree).     C.  Siliquastrum. 

2.  Buds  ovoid  or  obovoid,  blunt:  twigs  reddish. 

(Redbud).     (1).  C.  canadensis. 
Buds  acute:  twigs  greenish.  C.  chinensis. 


138  LEGUMINOSAE. 

CEBATONIA.     Carob. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Round-topped  tender  trees:  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  moderate,  at  first 
somewhat  grooved  but  becoming 
terete:  pith  moderate,  obscurely 
angled,  continuous,  salmon-col- 
ored. Buds  small,  solitary,  ses- 
sile, oblong,  naked  except  for  a 
pair  of  stipular  scales,  the  termi- 
nal, larger  and  more  open.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  2-ranked,  subor- 
bicular,  little  raised:  bundle- 
trace  1,  rather  large:  stipule- 
scars  small. 

Winter-characters  are  pictured 
by  Schneider,  f.  73. 

The  name  carob  is  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  Arabic  name  algaroba: 
it  is  commonly  called  St.  John's 
bread,  or  Johannisbrot  in  the 
German  cities  where  the  sweet 
pulp  of  its  pods  is  much  liked  by 

children.  It  is  said  to  be  an  important  forage  plant  in  the 
Mediterranean  region,  and  under  favorable  cultural  conditions 
to  produce  a  greater  food  yield  per  acre  than  alfalfa,  averag- 
ing several  hundred  pounds  of  pods  to  the  tree  each  year  and 
in  some  cases  producing  over  a  ton  to  the  tree.  Efforts  are 
being  made  to  introduce  it  into  the  warmer  parts  of  the 
United  States  as  a  staple  crop. 
Twigs  gray-velvety,  with  large  brown,  lenticels.  C.  Siliqua. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


139 


GLEDITSIA.     Honey  Locust. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Trees,  often  large  and  spread- 
ing, usually  armed  with  often 
horridly  compound  spines  arising 
above  the  axils  and  persisting  on 
the  trunk.  Twigs  moderate,  some- 
what nodose  and  zig-zag,  irregu- 
larly terete:  pith  rounded,  con- 
tinuous, pale  or  pinkish.  Buds 
glabrous,  sessile,  superposed,  the 
uppermost  often  developing  into 
a  spine  or  replaced  by  an  inflo- 
rescence-scar, the  others  more  or 
less  covered  by  the  torn  margin 
of  the  leaf-scar,  glabrous,  with 
few  scales,  the  end-bud  lacking. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  rather  large, 
irregularly  shield-shaped,  little 
raised:  bundle-traces  3:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
G.  japonica.  Shirasawa,  239,  pi. 
2.  G.  triacanthos.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  330,  333,  516,  pi.; 
Bosemann,  51;  Brendel,  28,  pi.  3;  Hitchcock  (1),  4,  (3),  13, 
(4),  136,  f.  46-8;  Otis,  164;  Schneider,  f.  22,  68. 

1.  Unarmed.     2. 
Spiny.     3. 

2.  Large  tree.   (Thornless  honey  1.).      G.  triacanthos  inermis. 
Shrub.  G.  triacanthos  elegantissima. 

3.  Spines  terete.     4. 
Spines  flattened.     5. 

4.  Tree.  G.  sinensis. 
Shrub.                                                                 G.  sinensis  nana. 

5.  Pods  elongated,  with  many  seeds.  (1).  G.  triacanthos. 
Pods  short,  with  1-3  seeds.  G.  aquatica. 


140 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


GYMNOCLADUS.     Coffee  Tree. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Large  rough-barked  tree:  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  stout,  terete  or 
irregularly  3-sided  above:  pith 
large,  round,  continuous,  salmon- 
colored.  Buds  superposed  in  raised 
silky  craters,  indistinctly  scaly, 
the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  large,  irregularly  heart- 
shaped,  little  elevated:  bundle- 
traces  3  or  5,  large,  rather  indefi- 
nite and  divided:  stipule-scars 
minute  and  fringed  at  top,  or 
lacking. 

Winter-character  references :  — 
Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  333,  514,  pi.; 
Brendel,  28,  pi.  3;  Hitchcock  (1), 
4,  f.  11,  (3),  13,  (4),  136,  f.  43- 
45;  Otis,  162;  Schneider,  f.  13,  33, 
72,  139. 

Like  the  ailanthus,  Gymnocla- 
dus  presents  unmistakable  evi- 
dence of  the  absence  of  a  true  terminal  bud  on  its  stout 
twigs.  Von  Mohl  has  published  on  this  abscission  in  the 
Botanische  Zeitung  of  1848  and  1860,  and  it  is  figured  by 
Foerste  in  volume  20  of  the  Botanical  Gazette.  The  large 
leaf-scars  afford  a  particularly  good  opportunity  for  observing 
the  progressive  obliteration  of  self-healed  wounds,  and  the 
changes  in  the  leaf-scars  in  successive  years  were  described 
by  von  Mohl  in  the  Botanische  Zeitung  for  1849.  The  mechan- 
ism of  leaf-fall  is  described  by  van  Tieghem  and  Guignard 
in  the  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Botanique  de  France  for  1882. 
Twigs  with  whitening  epidermis  and  fine  lenticels.  G.  dioica. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


141 


PARKINSONIA. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Small  trees  with  brown  trunk 
and  greenish  twigs:  evergreen  or 
deciduous.  Twigs  moderate,  3- 
sided  and  more  or  less  striate: 
pith  moderate,  roundish,  continu- 
ous. Buds  solitary,  or  superposed 
with  the  lower  developing  into 
an  inflorescence,  minute,  indis- 
tinctly few-scaled.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, somewhat  raised,  3-lobed 
or  broadly  crescent-shaped,  with 
3  indistinct  bundle-traces;  or  the 
spinescent  rachis  persistent,  bear- 
ing spiny  stipules  and  marked  by 
leaflet-scars  below.  Leaves,  when 
present,  with  a  few  pairs  of  long 
narrow  pinnae  with  flat  rachis 
and  many  small  oblong  pinnules. 

Like  Caragana,  Parkinsonia 
has  the  rachis  of  its  compound 
leaf  transformed  into  a  persistent 

spine,  and  on  this  the  former  position  of  the  fallen  leaflets  is 
marked  during  the  winter  by  the  scars  caused  by  their 
abscission. 


Glabrous:   evergreen.    (Jerusalem  Thorn). 
Puberulent:   deciduous.     (Retama). 


(1).  P.  aculeata. 
P.  Torreyana. 


142 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


CEBCIDIUM.     Palo  Verde. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Green-barked      glabrous      small 
trees  of  the  Southwest,  sometimes 
with    axillary    spines:    deciduous. 
Twigs    slender,    subterete,    some- 
:r\-;";^  what  zig-zag,  finely  but  distinctly 

granular-roughened:     pith    moder- 
$;!<pf  ate,    roundish,    continuous.     Buds 

solitary  and  sessile,  or  collaterally 
branching  in  spine  formation  or 
becoming  somewhat  stalked  in 
developing,  minute,  obscurely  few- 
scaled.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  lit- 
tle elevated,  crescent-shaped  or 
transversely  almost  linear,  mi- 
nute: bundle-traces  3,  indistinct: 
stipule-scars  minute,  at. the  angles 
of  the  leaf-scar. 

The  palo  verde  or  green  tree  is 
one  of  the  particularly  striking 
and  unusual  trees  of  the  South- 
west because  of  its  smooth  green 

bark.    Though  characteristically  spiny,  it  is  sometimes  nearly 
or  quite  unarmed. 

Of  Arizona  and  arid  California.  (1).  C.  Torreyanum 

Of  Texas.  C.  floridum. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


143 


SOPHORA. 

(Family  Leguminosae). 

Small  trees  or  shrubs  for  our 
purpose:  deciduous  or  exception- 
ally evergreen.  Twigs  moderate, 
swollen  at  the  nodes,  more  or 
less  zig-zag  with  elongated  inter- 
nodes,  subterete  or  angled:  pith 
somewhat  3-sided,  continuous,  pale 
or  greenish.  Buds  woolly,  super- 
posed, sessile,  sometimes  small 
and  at  first  concealed  by  the  leaf- 
scar,  the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf- 
scars  usually  alternate,  raised, 
from  nearly  round  or  deltoid  be- 
coming narrowly  U-shaped  by 
tearing  of  the  articular  mem- 
brane: bundle-traces  3:  stipule- 
scars  or  remnants  minute,  at  the 
upper  angles  of  the  leaf-scar. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Sophora  japonica.  Schneider,  f. 
91;  Shirasawa,  238,  pi.  2. 

1.  Buds  covered  by  the  articular  membrane:  twigs  green.     2. 
Buds  evident  in  the  axils.     4. 


2.  Native  of  the  Southwest. 
Cultivated  rather  generally.     3. 

3.  Not  weeping,     (Pagoda  Tree). 
Weeping. 

4.  Unarmed:  twigs  greenish:   evergreen. 
With  axillary  spines:  twigs  purple. 


(2).  S.  affinis. 

S.  japonica. 

S.  japonica  pendula. 

(3).  S.  secundiflora. 

(1).  S.  viciifolia. 


144 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


CLADRASTIS.     Yellow-wood. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Rather  small  trees:  deciduous. 
Twigs  moderate,  terete,  some- 
times zig-zag:  pith  moderate^ 
round,  continuous,  usually  pale. 
Buds  sessile,  either  solitary  and 
evidently  scaly  (1)  or  not  dis- 
tinctly scaly  and  in  superposed 
aggregates  resembling  single  buds 
(2,  3),  the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf- 
scars  .  alternate,  2-ranked,  half- 
round  (1)  or  narrowly  C-shaped 
and  encircling  the  bud  (2,  3), 
slightly  raised:  bundle-traces  3  or 
5:  stipule-scars  lacking.  (Includes 
Maackia). 

Winter-character  references:  — 
C.  amurensis.  Schneider,  f.  70. 
C.  amurensis  floribunda.  Shira- 
sawa,  245,  pi.  4.  C.  lutea.  Blakes- 
lee  &  Jarvis,  331,  334,  520,  pi.; 
Schneider,  f.  4,  63,  70. 

The  two  groups  represented  respectively  by  Cladrastis 
(or  Maackia)  amurensis  and  by  (7.  lutea  and  (7.  sinensis,  show 
a  vary  marked  difference  in  winter-characters,  though  on 
technical  taxonomic  grounds  they  are  now  united  under  a 
single  generic  name. 

1.  Buds  with  2  exposed  pale-margined  scales. 

(1).  C.   (Maackia)   amurensis. 
Buds  not  evidently  scaly:  leaf-scars  narrow.     2. 

2.  Twigs  red-brown:   buds  short   (scarcely  5  mm.). 

(2).  C.  lutea. 
Twigs  buff:  buds  conical,  7-10  mm.  long.      (3).  C.  sinensis. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


145 


SPARTIUM.     Spanish  Broom. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Shrubs  with  elongated  rush-like 
stems:  deciduous.  Shoots  moder- 
ately slender,  terete,  striate- 
ridged:  pith  rather  large,  some- 
what angular,  white,  continuous. 
Buds  small,  solitary,  shorter  than 
the  much  elongated  leaf-cushion, 
the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars 
opposite  or  more  commonly  those 
of  a  pair  widely  separated,  mi- 
nute: bundle-trace  1,  indistinct 
when  the  leaf-base  is  shriveled: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Spartium,  which  is  called  Spar- 
tianthus  sometimes,  represents  an 
extreme  case  of  the  persistence 
of  a  prolonged  leaf-cushion  or 
petiole-base,  which  here  far  ex- 
ceeds in  length  the  subtended 
bud.  The  condition  is  figured  by 
Lubbock,  On  Buds  and  Stipules, 

81,  f.  124;  and  Schneider,  f.  75. 

Glabrous,  green,  not  pungent,  though  tapered  at  end. 

S.  junceum. 


146 


LEGTJMINOSAE. 


CYTISUS.     Broom. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Shrubs,  usually  rather  small: 
commonly  deciduous.  Twigs  slen- 
der, terete  or  more  usually  ribbed 
or  grooved:  pith  small,  roundish, 
continuous.  Buds  small,  solitary, 
sessile,  round-ovoid,  with  about  4 
often  indistinct  scales.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  elevated,  minute:  bun- 
dle-trace 1,  indistinct:  stipules  or 
minute  stipule-scars  at  top  of  the 
leaf-cushion.  Cytisus  scoparius  is 
frequently  referred  to  as  Spar- 
tium;  and  Laburnum,  as  Cytisus. 

1.  Twigs    forming    blunt    slender 

spines.  (1).  C.  pungens. 

Not   at  all  spiny.     2. 

2.  Twigs      distinctly     ridged      or 

angular,  never  villous.     3. 

Twigs  obscurely  ridged,  staring- 
pubescent.     (2).  C.  nigricans. 

Twigs  terete.     6. 

3.  Twigs   narrowly   ridged.  (3).    C.    canariensis. 
Twigs  prominently  angled  or  ridged.     4. 

4.  Twigs  finely  granular,  almost  winged.         (4).  C.  scoparius. 
Twigs  not  granular.     5. 

5.  Twigs  glabrescent  or  appressed-pubescent. 

(5). 
Twigs  quite  glabrous. 

6.  Pubescence  rather  short  and  appressed. 
Pubescence  long  and  loose.     7. 

7.  Erect. 

Low  and  spreading. 

References  on  p.  148. 


C.  glabrescens. 
C.  purpureus. 
C.  leucanthus. 

C.  hirsutus. 
C.  supinus. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


147 


GENISTA.    Whin. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Small  shrubs,  sometimes  spiny: 
deciduous.  Twigs  slender,  ribbed 
or  grooved:  pith  small,  rounded, 
continuous.  Buds  small,  solitary, 
sessile,  ovoid,  sometimes  develop- 
ing the  first  season  or  collaterally 
branched  and  producing  a  green 
grooved  spine,  with  some  half- 
dozen  scales.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, much  raised,  minute:  bun- 
dle-trace 1,  indistinct:  stipules  at 
top  of  the  leaf-cushion,  or  their 
scars  indistinct. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Genista  anglica.  Bosemann,  34.  G, 
dalmatica.  Schneider,  f.  78.  G. 
germanica.  Bosemann,  34.  G.  pi- 
losa.  .Bosemann,  34.  G.  radiata. 
Schneider,  f.  89.  G.  tinctoria. 
Bosemann,  34;  Schneider,  f.  78. 
G.  triangularis.  Schneider,  f.  89. 

1.  Stipules  persistent:  twigs  not  spiny.  (1).  G.  tinctoria. 
Stipules  deciduous.     2. 

2.  Without  spines:   twigs  tomentulose:   prostrate. 

(2).  G.  pilosa. 
With  short  spines:  villous  or  glabrate:  erect. 

(3).  G.  germanica. 


148 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


LABURNUM.     Golden  chain. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Shrub  or  small  tree:  deciduous. 
Wood  somewhat  ring-porous  with 
tangential  wood-parenchyma  pat- 
tern. Twigs  rather  slender,  te- 
rete or  slightly  fluted:  pith  mod- 
erate, roundish,  continuous,  white. 
Buds  moderate,  solitary,  sessile, 
ovoid,  with  about  4  exposed  sil- 
very-haired scales  scarred  at  top. 
Leaf-scars  alternate  or  rarely  op- 
posite, transversely  elliptical, 
small,  elevated:  bundle-traces  3, 
more  or  less  confluent  or  indis- 
tinct: stipules  persistent  on  the 
leaf-cushion. 

Winter-character  references :  — 
Laburnum  anagyroides  (common- 
ly called  Cytisus  Laburnum). 
Bosemann,  54;  Schneider,  f.  140; 
Willkomm,  42,  f.  70;  Zuccarini, 
32,  pi.  18. 

Not  weeping.  L.  anagyroides. 

Weeping.  L.  anagyroides  pendulum. 

Winter-character  references  to  Cytisus: — C.  alpinus. 
Schneider,  f.  68;  Willkomm,  4,  42,  f.  71;  Zuccarini,  pi.  18. 
0.  austriacus  [f.  6].  Schneider,  f.  177.  C.  Mrsutus.  Bose- 
mann, 54;  Schneider,  f.  76;  Willkomm,  42,  f.  69.  C.  nigricans. 
Bosemann,  54.  C.  purpureus.  Schneider,  f.  75.  C.  ratisbo- 
nensis.  Schneider,  f.  76.  C.  scoparius  (often  referred  to 
Sarothamnus  or  Spartium).  Bosemann,  38;  Fant,  30,  f.  32; 
Schneider,  f.  75;  Willkomm,  43,  f.  73.  C.  sessilifolius.  Schnei- 
der, f.  76.  8.  supinus.  Schneider,  f.  177. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


149 


ULEX.     Furze. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Small  very  twiggy  and  spiny 
shrubs,  the  triangular  leaf-spines 
persistent.  Twigs  short,  slender, 
tapering  into  spines,  fluted,  the 
stouter  branches  loosely  hairy  and 
often  papillate:  pith  minute,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  small,  usually  su- 
perposed with  the  upper  develop- 
ing promptly  and  the  lower  flat- 
tened between  it  and  the  leaf, 
with  about  4  rather  indistinct 
scales.  Leaves  alternate,  nar- 
rowly triangular,  keeled,  very 
pungent:  stipules  lacking. 

It  is  unusual  to  find  the  equiv- 
alent of  leaves  as  well  as  twig- 
branches  of  the  stem  converted 
into  spines:  as  a  rule  when  one  is 
spinescent  the  other  is  not.  Ulex 
presents  both  cases.  Like  other 
plants  in  which  the  leaves  are 

changed  into  spines,  it  does  not  form  leaf-scars,  for  the  modi- 
fied leaves  do  not  disarticulate. 

Though  a  plant  of  dry  sandy  regions,  the  furze  grows 
naturally  where  rain  or  mist  is  frequent.  In  hedges,  or 
massed,  it  is  attractive,  especially  when  flowering,  but  for 
the  perfection  of  its  beauty  symmetrical  single  plants  should 
be  seen  in  the  early  morning  or  after  a  gentle  rain,  when  the 
moisture-laden  down  with  which  they  are  covered  gives  a  new 
meaning  to  the  colloquial  word  fuzzy. 


Twigs  green:  buds  tomentulose. 


U.  euopaeus. 


150 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


AMORPHA.     False  Indigo. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs  rath- 
er slender,  slightly  angled  below 
the  nodes:  pith  moderate,  round- 
ish, continuous,  white.  Buds 
rather  small,  sometimes  super- 
posed, ascending,  with  2  or  3  ex- 
posed scales.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, somewhat  triangular-cres- 
cent-shaped, elevated:  bundle- 
traces  3:  stipule-scars  small,  at 
the  upper  angles  of  the  leaf-scars. 
Winter-character  references:  — 
A.  canescens.  Hitchcock  (3),  12. 
A.  fruticosa.  Brendel,  27,  pi.  3; 
Hitchcock  (3),  12,  (4),  135,  f.  40; 
Schneider,  f.  82. 

The  common  lead  plant  is  be- 
lieved by  some  people  to  grow 
only  where  it  finds  a  considerable 
amount  of  lead  in  the  soil  and 
to  the  extent  to  which  this  belief 

is  held  it  is  considered  indicative  of  the  occurrence  of  min- 
eral, like  Eriogonum  in  the  western  silver  mountains.  Little 
useful  dependence  is  to  be  placed  on  such  indications,  though 
there  is  some  foundation  for  the  credence  placed  in  some  of 
them.  A  paper  on  such  indicative  plants  was  published  by 
Rossiter  W.  Raymond  in  volume  15  of  the  Transactions  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers. 

1.  Buds  superposed:   twigs  glabrate:   stipule-scars  evident. 

(1).  A.  fruticosa. 
Buds  solitary:  stipule-scars  minute.     2. 

2.  Twigs  glabrate.  A.  microphylla. 
Twigs  white-woolly.     (Lead  plant).            (2).  A.  canescens. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


151 


WISTERIA.     Wistaria. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Woody  twiners:  deciduous. 
Stems  moderate,  somewhat  fluted: 
pith  moderate,  white  or  becoming 
brown,  round,  continuous.  Buds 
moderate,  solitary,  sessile,  nar- 
rowly oblong,  very  acute,  nearly 
surrounded  by  the  outer  scale. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  transversely 
elliptical,  much  raised  and  with  a 
horn-  or  wart-like  prominence  at 
each  side:  bundle-trace  1,  trans- 
verse: stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Wisteria  brachybotrys.  Shirasawa, 
260,  pi.  7.  W.  polystachya.  Schnei- 
der, f.  81. 

The  different  species  of  Wiste- 
ria are  not  easily  named  except 
when  they  are  in  .flower.  The 
most  beautiful  of  them  are  the 
Asiatic  species,  W.  sinensis  and 

W.  floribunda,  the  latter  especially  extensively  grown  near 
the  coast;  in  the  interior  the  native  species,  of  which  W. 
macrostachys  is  one,  succeed  better,  though  they  are  far  less 
attractive. 

Wisteria,  or  Wistaria  as  it  was  intended  to  be  written 
and  as  it  has  passed  into  popular  parlance,  was  named  in 
honor  of  Dr.  Caspar  Wistar,  one  of  a  number  of  American 
physicians  forming  the  subject  of  a  little  volume  on  some 
American  medical  botanists  commemorated  in  our  botanical 
nomenclature,  published  in  Troy  by  Dr.  Howard  A.  Kelley  in 
1914. 
Stems  somewhat  retrorsely  hairy.  W.  macrostachys. 


152  LEGUMINOSAE. 

COLUTEA.     Bladder  Senna. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs  mod- 
erate, terete  except  for  shortly 
decurrentj  lines  from  the  nodes: 
pith  moderate,  rounded,  continu- 
ous. Buds  small,  usually  super- 
posed and  the  upper  promptly 
developing  into  slender  branches, 
with  2  or  4  visible  scales  or 
leaves.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
broadly  crescent-shaped,  much  ele- 
vated: bundle-trace  1  or  3,  or  the 
middle  one  divided:  stipules  per- 
sistent on  the  sides  of  the  leaf- 
cushion. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
C.  arborescens.  Bosemann,  54; 
Schneider,  f.  81,  139;  Willkomm, 
3,  7,  42,  f.  69,  C.  orientals. 
Schneider,  f.  81. 

In  a  paper  published  in  the 
journal  Linnaea  in  1837,  Ohlert 

shows  that  Colutea  produces  some  thirty  internodes  in  a  year's 
twig-growth.  Half-a-dozen  of  these  are  preformed  in  the  bud: 
the  remainder  develop  during  the  growing  season.  He  notes 
the  striking  contrast  between  this  and  the  behaviour  of,  for 
instance,  Tilia,  in  whi-ch  more  preformed  leaves  are  found  in 
the  bud  than  are  to  be  counted  on  the  developed  branch  be- 
cause of  the  abscission  of  its  terminal  parts. 
Appressed-pubescent.  (1).  C.  arborescens. 

Glabrescent.  (2).  C.  cilicica. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


153 


HALIMODENDRON.     Salt  Tree. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Shrubs  with  more  or  less  pun- 
gent stipules  and  frequent  per- 
sistent spine-tipped  leaf-axes,  oth- 
erwise deciduous.  Twigs  slender 
or  often  forming  globose  spurs 
invested  by  the  many  persistent 
bud  scales,  angular:  pith  rather 
small,  somewhat  angular,  contin- 
uous. Buds  usually  thicker  than 
the  twig,  solitary,  sessile,  globose, 
with  some  half-dozen  exposed 
acute  scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
much  raised,  minute:  bundle-trace 
1:  stipules  erect  beside  the  bud, 
on  the  leaf-cushion. 

Halimodendron  differs  from 
other  commonly  seen  plants  with 
a  much  raised  persistent  leaf-base 
in  that  this  spreads  almost  hori- 
zontally from  the  stem,  in  this 
way  making  place  for  the  globose 
These  frequently  develop  into  short 
leafy  spurs,  on  the  leaf-bases  of  which  spines  sometimes  per- 
sist. As  in  Parkinsonia  and  Caragana,  the  spines  are  per- 
sistent axes,  marked  with  scars  from  which  leaflets  have 
fallen.  The  winter-characters  of  H.  Jialodendron  are  pictured 
by  Schneider,  f.  72. 


relatively   large   buds. 


Outer  bud-scales  dark,  the  inner  pale. 


H.  halodendron. 


154 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


CAEAGANA.     Pea  Tree. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Shrubs,  exceptionally  subarbo- 
rescent  or  grafted  as  standards; 
somewhat  spiny:  deciduous.  Twigs 
moderate  or  rather  slender:  an- 
gled from  the  nodes:  pith  moder- 
ate, somewhat  angular,  continu- 
ous. Buds  small  or  moderate,  ap- 
parently solitary,  sessile,  with  3 
or  4  exposed  scales.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  much  raised,  minute, 
half-round  or  the  leaf-rachis  per- 
sistent as  a  spine  or  leaving  a 
round  scar  if  this  falls:  bundle- 
trace  1:  stipules  persistent,  often 
pungent. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Caragana  altanga.  Bosemann,  46. 
C.  arborescens.  Bosemann,  46; 
Schneider,  f.  134.  C.  frutescens. 
Bosemann,  46.  C.  mollis.  Bosemann, 
46.  C.  spinosa.  Schneider,  f.  134. 

1.  Stipules  not  pungent:   spine  falling.  (1).  C.  frutex. 
Stipules  and  rachis  both  spinescent.     2. 

Stipules  very  pungent:   rachis  falling.     4. 

2.  Twigs  slender  (1-2  mm.).     3. 

Twigs  coarse,  with  many  subglobose  spurs.  C.  spinosa. 

3.  Leaflet-scars  crowded  near  end  of  the  spine.       C.  pygmaea. 
Two  scars  near  the  middle  of  the  spine.      (2).  C.  Chamlagu. 

4.  Buds  small:  bark  exfoliating.  (3).  C.  decorticans. 
Buds  relatively  large  (4-6  mm.  long).     5. 

5.  Stipule-spines  short   (3-4  mm.).  (4).  C.  microphylla. 
Stipule-spines  moderate  or  long  (5-10  mm.).     6. 

6.  Twigs,  spines  and  buds  green  or  olive.  C.  arborescens. 
Twigs,  spines  and  buds  dull  red.  (5).  C.  Boisii. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


155 


CALOPHAOA. 
(Family  Leguminosae). 

Shrubs,  or  grafted  as  weeping 
trees:  deciduous.  Twigs  moder- 
ate, terete;  cortex  exfoliating: 
pith  small,  roundish,  continuous. 
Buds  solitary,  sessile,  concealed 
by  the  leaf-cushion,  often  develop- 
ing the  first  season,  with  numer- 
ous leaf-base  scales  evident  as  the 
bud  expands.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, minute,  round  or  elliptical, 
at  the  top  of  a  greatly  dilated 
base  that  half-encircles  the  stem: 
bundle-trace  1:  stipules  large, 
brown. 

Calophaca  is  one  of  a  consider- 
able  number  of  Leguminosae    in 
which     the     leaves     disarticulate 
from  a  much    elongated    and    di- 
lated base  which  persists  on  the 
stem.     Usually     such     persistent 
leaf-bases  are  crowned  by  persist- 
ent stipules.     In  Calophaca  these  are  exceptionally  large.    Its 
winter-buds  are  sheathed  in  similar  notched  leaf-bases  so  that 
they  resemble    those    of    hybrid    barberry, —  X  Mahoberberis. 
The  winter-characters  of  G.  wolgarica  are  pictured  by  Schnei- 
der, f.  73. 

Stipules  long  (10  mm.):  loosely  hairy.  C.  grandiflora. 

Stipules  shorter  (scarcely  6  mm.):  puberulent. 

(1).  C.  wolgarica. 


156 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


g 


CORONILLA. 

(Family  Leguminosae). 

Shrubs  (or  often  herbs) :  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  moderate  or  slen- 
der, zig-zag,  angled  or  ribbed,  gla- 
brous, green:  pith  round,  white, 
very  soft  (and  sometimes  cham- 
bered?). Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
with  a  pair  of  outer  scales,  ovoid, 
more  or  less  covered  by  the 
strongly  3-ribbed  leaf-cushion,  the 
end-bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, 2-ranked,  much  raised, 
rounded:  bundle-trace  1:  stipules 
persistent  as  supplementary  scales 
of  the  bud  or  forming  narrow 
transverse  lines  on  the  stem. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Coronilla  Emerus.  Fant,  27,  f. 
25;  Schneider,  f.  70,  139;  Will- 
komm,  7,  44,  f.  74. 
1.  Low  and  trailing.  C.  viminalis. 
Bushy.  2. 

2.  Twigs  very  slender  (1  mm.),  glaucous.  (1).  C.  glauca. 
Twigs  stouter,  green.     3. 

3.  Twigs  sharply  lined  or  fluted. 

(Scorpion  senna).     (2).  C.  Emerus. 
Twigs  less  evidently  lined.  C.  emeroides. 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


157 


ROBINIA.      LOCUSt. 

(Family  Leguminosae). 

Trees  or  shrubs:  deciduous. 
Wood  hard,  yellow  or  brown,  ring- 
porous.  Twigs  zig-zag,  more  or 
less  angled:  pith  round,  continu- 
ous, brown.  Buds  small,  super- 
posed beneath  a  membrane  left 
after  leaf-fall,  the  end-bud  lack- 
ing. Leaf-scars  alternate,  broadly 
triangular  or  3-lobed,  consisting 
of  a  membrane  that  splits  open 
later:  bundle-traces  3.  Stipules 
bristle-  or  prickle-like. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Robinia  hispida.  Blakeslee  & 
Jarvis,  522;  Bosemann,  47;  Bren- 
del,  28;  Hitchcock  (1),  4,  (3),  12; 
Otis,  168;  Schneider,  f.  67;  Shira- 
sawa,  230,  pi.  1;  Ward,  1:197,  f. 
99;  Willkomm,  36,  41,  f.  68.  R. 
viscosa.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  522; 
Bosemann,  47;  Schneider,  f.  139. 

A  note  on  the  stipular  spines  of  RoMnia  is  to  be  found 
under  Zanthoxylum. 

1.  Trees.     2. 
Shrubs.     4 

2.  Twigs  glandular. 
Twigs  not  glandular.     3. 

3.  With  spines.     (Black  locust). 
Unarmed. 

4.  Twigs  both  viscid  and  bristly. 
Twigs  without  viscid  glands.     5. 

5.  Twigs  very  bristly.     (Rose  acacia).  (3).  R.  hispida. 
Twigs  not  bristly.  R.  Kelseyi. 


(1).  R.  viscosa. 

(2).  R.  Pseudacacia. 

R.  Pseudacacia  inermis. 

R.  neo-mexicana. 


158 


EBYTHEOXYLACEAE. 


EBYTHROXYLON.    Coca. 
(Family  Erythroxylaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
slender,  somewhat  zig-zag,  round: 
pith  moderate,  round,  continuous, 
pale.  Buds  solitary,  sessile,  glo- 
bose with  a  pair  of  stipular-scales, 
or  those  that  are  to  develop  flow- 
ers quickly  compound  and  with 
numerous  chaffy  scales,  the  end- 
bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
2-ranked,  small,  crescent-shaped, 
low:  bundle-trace  1,  indistinct: 
stipule-scars  very  narrow,  elon- 
gated. 

Erythroxylon,  which  is  of  no 
decorative  value,  is  included  here 
only  because  it  is  the  source  of 
the  important  anaesthetic  alka- 
loid cocaine.  The  leaves  of  the 
plant  are  imported  from  Bolivia 
and  Peru  chiefly,  though  it  is  cul- 
tivated also  in  the  East  Indies. 

As  with  the  opium  poppy,  it  produces  a  number  of  distinct 

active  principles. 


Glabrous:  twigs  brown. 


E.  Coca. 


.  ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 


GUAIACUM.     Lignum  Vitae. 
(Family  Zygophyllaceae). 

Trees  with  very  hard  yellow 
wood  and  resinous  bark:  ever- 
green. Twigs  rather  slender, 
forking  at  short  intervals,  green, 
subterete:  pith  small,  round,  con- 
tinuous, white.  Buds  scarcely  dis- 
cernible, not  evidently  scaly  ex- 
cept as  the  abortive  end-bud  may 
show  several  stipules.  Leaf-scars 
opposite  but  the  pairs  not  decus- 
sating, broadly  crescent-shaped, 
somewhat  elevated  by  the  swollen 
nodes:  bundle-trace  1,  indistinct: 
stipules  rather  persistent,  one  of 
each  pair  overlapping  the  other. 
Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  with  sev- 
eral pairs  of  rather  large  entire 
leaflets. 

In  his  collected  essays  On  Buds 
and  Stipules  Sir  John  Lubbock — 
who  subsequently  became  Lord 

Avebury — pictures   twigs   of   Guaiacum  which   have  the   leaf- 
pairs  decussating  in  the  normal  manner. 


Stipules  blunt:  leaflets  prominently  veiny. 
Stipules  pointed:  leaflets  obscurely  veiny. 


(1).  G.  officinale. 
(2).  G.  sanctum. 


160 


ZYGGPHYLLACEAE. 


COVILLEA.     Creosote  'Bush. 
(Family  Zygophyllaceae). 

Odoriferous  small  shrubs  exud- 
ing balsam  where  wounded:  ever- 
green. Twigs  4-angled,  becoming 
round  in  age,  with  short  inter- 
nodes:  pith  4-sided,  continuous. 
Buds  solitary,  sessile,  small,  ovoid, 
with  2  scales,  usually  imbedded 
in  "  balsam.  Leaf-scars  opposite, 
somewhat  raised,  minute,  round: 
bundle-trace1  1,  usually,  like  the 
outline  of  the  scar,  concealed  by 
the  exudation:  stipules  relatively 
large,  brown,  persistent.  Leaves 
short-stalked,  of  2  falcate  more  or 
less  parallel  leaflets.  Fruit,  when 
present,  long-hairy  capsules, 
(Larrea). 

Few  plants  are  more  character- 
istic of  the  dry  country  than  the 
creosote  bush  or,  as  it  is  called 
often  though  improperly,  grease- 
wood,  and  none  is  more  readily  recognized  at  sight.  As  in 
lignum  vitae,  the  evident  persistent  stipules  give  it  a  dis- 
tinctive character.  In  an  account  of  the  native  trees  and 
shrubs  published  as  Bulletin  87  of  the  New  Mexico  Agricul- 
tural Experiment  Station,  Wooton  speaks  of  the  characteris- 
tic bright  color  of  Covillea  in  contrast  with  the  prevailing 
gray  of  other  vegetation. 
Twigs  at  first  green,  puberulent.  C.  tridentata. 


RUTACEAE. 


161 


ZANTHOXYLUM.     Prickly  Ash. 
(Family  Rutaceae). 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  aromatic 
or  pungently  acrid,  usually  armed 
with  detachable  prickles  which 
sometimes  occur  paired  at  the 
nodes:  deciduous.  Twigs  moder- 
ate '  or  stout,  subterete:  pith 
rounded,  continuous,  very  creamy 
white.  Buds  moderate,  super- 
posed, sessile,  globose,  woolly  and 
indistinctly  scaly.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, broadly  triangular  or  3- 
lobed,  little  raised,  sometimes  with 
a  conspicuous  articular  mem- 
brane: bundle-traces  3:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Winter-character 
references  under  Evodia. 

The  strong  prickles  beside  the 
leaf-scar  in  Zanthoxylum  present 
a  puzzling  question  as  to  their 
morphology.  If  they  represent 
stipules,  they  should  be  called 

spines:  if  they  are  superficial  outgrowths  of  the  cortex,  they 
are  truly  prickles.  Position  is  not  a  safe  guide.  The  pungent 
outgrowths  of  gooseberry  and  rose  are  prickles:  they  are  sti- 
pules in  the  locust,  and,  like  other  stipules,  are  connected 
with  the  vascular  system  of  the  stem  at  least  in  their  early 
stages.  They  are  believed  to  be  prickles  in  Zanthoxylum. 

1.  Prickles  broad  and  acuminate.  (1).  Z.  Bungei. 
Prickles  not  acuminate  even  when  widened.     2. 

2.  Nodal  prickles  often  widened:   articular-membrane 

conspicuous:  buds  red-rusty.  (2).  Z.  americanum. 

Prickles  not  greatly  dilated  nor  articular-membrane 

developed:  buds  glabrous.  (3).  Z.  Clava  Herculis. 


162 


RUTACEAE. 


EVODIA. 

(Family  Rutaceae). 

Trees:  deciduous.  Twigs  round 
or  somewhat  4-angled  or  wrin- 
kled: pith  moderate,  somewhat 
angular,  firm,  continuous.  Buds 
solitary,  sessile,  ovoid,  with  1  pair 
of  rather  indistinct  scales,  the 
end-bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars  op- 
posite, broadly  crescent-shaped, 
low:  ,  bundle-traces  3:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Winter-characters  of  Evodia  ru- 
taecarpa  are   pictured    by    Shira- 
sawa,  270,  pi.  10. 
Puberulent:  buds  gray-brown. 

E.  Daniellii. 

Winter-character    references    to 
Zanthoxylum: — Z.      ailanthoides. 
Shirasawa,  237,  pi.  3.     Z.  alatum. 
Shirasawa,   239,   pi.    3.     Z.   ameri- 
canum.     Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,   330, 
522,  pi.;  Brendel,  31,  pi.  3;  Hitch- 
cock   (1),   f,    (3),  8,    (4),   134,   f.   12-13;    Schneider,   f.   85.     Z. 
Bungei.     Schneider,  f.  85.     Z.  piperatum.     Shirasawa,  239,  pi. 
2.     Z.  schinifolium.     Shirasawa,  239,  pi.  3. 

Foerste  states  in  the  Botanical  Gazette  for  1892  that  vas- 
cular strands  are  found  beneath  the  usual  position  of  the 
larger  prickles  of  Xanthoxylum  even  when  these  are  aborted. 
Specialized  outgrowths  from  a  plant  member  are  sometimes 
distinguished  under  the  name  emergences,  particularly  when 
they  contain  vascular  elements. 


RUTACEAE. 


163 


OKIXA. 

(Family  Rutaceae). 

Shrubs,  glabrous:  deciduous. 
Twigs  moderate,  more  or  less  3- 
sided,  sometimes  zig-zag:  pith 
rather  small,  pale,  rounded, 
spongy.  Buds  sessile  or  forming 
short  spurs,  solitary,  ovoid  with 
about  10  broad  scales.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  half-round  or  obtusely 
triangular,  moderate,  low:  bundle- 
trace  1,  C-shaped,  compound:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking. 

The  winter-buds  of  Orixa,  with 
the  conspicuous  pale  margin  of 
their  scales,  are  quite  unlike  those 
of  any  other  shrub  or  tree  likely 
to  be  encountered.  The  winter- 
characters  of  0.  japonica  are  pic- 
tured by  Schneider,  f,  97,  and 
Shirasawa,  254,  pi.  6.  At  differ- 
ent times  it  has  been  placed  in 
Celastrus,  Ilex  and  Othera. 

Like  other  Rutaceae,  Orixa  produces  an  essential  oil  in  its 
various  parts  that  gives  it  a  characteristic  odor.  Sometimes, 
as  in  Citrus,  such  odors  are  pleasant  to  our  senses:  some- 
times, as  in  the  rue,  they  are  very  disagreeable.  Orixa  is  of 
the  odoriferous  rather  than  the  aromatic  type. 
Twigs  olive:  bud-scales  with  pale  ciliate  margin.  O.  japonica. 


164 


RUTACEAE. 


PTELEA.     Hop  Tree. 
(Family  Rutaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees:  decidu- 
ous. Twigs  moderate,  warty  and 
dotted,  terete:  pith  rather  large, 
roundish,  continuous,  white.  Buds 
moderate,  closely  superposed  in 
pairs,  very  low-conical,  sessile, 
breaking  through  the  leaf-scars, 
not  distinctly  scaly,  silvery-silky, 
the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  somewhat  raised,  rather 
large,  horseshoe-shaped  when  torn 
by  the  buds:  bundle-traces  3:  . 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-characters: — Ptelea  tri- 
foliata. Bosemann,  56;  Brendel, 
27,  30,  pi.  3;  Hitchcock  (1),  4, 
f.  3;  Schneider,  f.  97. 

To  some  persons,  notwithstand- 
ing its  blue-green  foliage,  Ptelea 
resembles  Staphylea  when  grow- 
ing, but  its  alternate  leaves  or 

leaf-scars  and  very  different  buds  afford  a  ready  and  sure 
means  of  recognition.  In  winter  it  is  much  more  likely  to 
be  mistaken  for  Phellodendron. 

The  importance  of  twig-characters,  observance  of  which 
need  not  be  restricted  to  the  winter  months,  is  pointed  out 
by  Greene  in  the  tenth  volume  of  Contributions  from  the 
United  States  National  Herbarium,  where  he  segregates  59 
nominal  western  and  southwestern  species  of  Ptelea, — in  addi- 
tion to  an  earlier  subdivision  (Torreya,  5:100)  of  what  is 
here  called  P.  trifolia. 

Twigs  glabrous,  buff.     (Wafer  ash).  P.  trifoliata. 

Twigs  puberulent.  P.  trifoliata  mollis. 


RUTACEAE. 


165 


PHELLODENDRON.     Cork  Tree. 
(Family  Rutaceae). 

Small  trees  with  spongy  soft 
bark:  deciduous.  Twigs  moderate, 
rounded:  pith  moderate,  brown, 
continuous:  bark  yellow  when  cut. 
Buds  solitary,  sessile,  half-ellip- 
soid, compressed  from  the  sides, 
silky  with  red  or  bronzed  hairs 
so  as  to  mask  the  overlapping  of 
the  2  scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite 
or  the  pairs  separated,  horseshoe- 
shaped,  raised,  rather  large:  bun- 
dle-traces 3,  often  compound. 

Winter-characters  of  Phelloden- 
dron  ammurense  are  pictured  by 
Schneider,  f.  97;  and  Shirasawa, 
272,  pi.  10. 

Phellodendron  and  Evodia  dif- 
fer from  the  other  Rutaceae  here 
considered  in  having  their  leaf- 
scars  opposite  or  in  broken  decus- 
sating pairs,  and  not  alternate 

on  the  stems.  Winter  twigs  of  Ptelea,  which  might  be  mis- 
taken for  those  of  the  cork  tree,  are  easily  distinguished  by 
this  character. 

Though  in  some  respects  well  suited  to  cultivation,  the 
cork  trees  possess  the  great  demerit  of  holding  their  black 
berry-like  fruits  late  into  the  season  so  that,  like  the  black 
cherry  in  summer,  they  become  an  unusual  nuisance  until  the 
last  fruit  has  fallen. 

1.  Twigs  orange:  bark  of  trunk  corky.  P.  amurense. 
Twigs  red  or  purple-brown:  bark  of  trunk  not  corky.     2. 

2.  Twigs  glabrous.  (1).  P.  sachalinehse. 
Twigs  somewhat  hairy  above.  P.  chinense. 


166 


RUTACEAE. 


SKIMMIA. 
(Family  Rutaceae). 

More  or  less  aromatic  tender 
shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs  mod- 
erate, green,  terete,  smooth  ex- 
cept for  oil-papules:  pith  relative- 
ly large,  round,  spongily  exca- 
vated. Buds  solitary,  small, 
round-conical,  with  2  or  3  small 
scales,  for  the  most  part  sup- 
pressed. Leaf  -  scars  alternate, 
low,  half-round,  crowded  toward 
the  end  of  the  season's  growth, 
separated,  narrower  and  reduced 
elsewhere:  bundle-trace  1,  round: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  Leaves  sim- 
ple, slightly  revolute,  somewhat 
crenate  above  the  middle.  The 
small  red  or  black  berry-like 
fruits  are  often  present  in  winter. 
Skimmias  are  tender  and  can 
be  grown  only  in  the  South, 
where  they  are  counted  among 
the  best  evergreen  shrubs  for  smoky  cities. 
Leaves  oblanceolate,  blunt-pointed:  fruit  scarlet. 

(1).  S.  japonica. 
Leaves  more  lanceolate  and  acuminate:    fruit  crimson. 

S.  Fortunei. 


RUTACEAE. 


167 


TRIPHASIA.     Limeberry. 
(Family  Rutaceae). 

Tender  shrubs  with  paired  nee- 
dle-like branch-spines:  evergreen. 
Twigs  terete,  rather  slender:  pith 
small,  white,  more  or  less  angu- 
lar, homogeneous.  Buds  minute, 
solitary,  sessile,  depressed-globose, 
obscure  or  developed  into  the 
short-flower-stalk,  the  end-bud  ab- 
sent. Leaf-scars  very  small,  alter- 
nate, half-elliptical,  low:  bundle- 
trace  1,  crescent-shaped,  com- 
pound:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  short-stalked,  digitate,  pel- 
lucid-dotted. 

The  limeberry  is  used  for  hedges 
and  shrubbery  where  the  winters 
are  sufficiently  mild,  and  is  said 
tot  be  tolerant  of  a  considerable 
amount  of  salt  in  the  soil. 

The  generic  name  Limonia  has 
been  used  for  Triphasia,  which  is 

considered  separable  from  that  genus.  The  limeberry  is 
spoken  of  sometimes  as  a  citrus,  which  is  proper  only  when 
the  name  is  used  in  the  most  general  sense  and  even  then 
may  lead  to  confusion  with  the  deciduous  hardy  orange, 
Poncirus,  which  has  been  called  Citrus  trifoliata. 
Glabrescent:  leaflets  3.  T.  trifolia. 


168 


RUTACEAE. 


CITRUS.     Orange,  Lemon. 
(Family  Rutaceae). 

Aromatic  shrubs  or  small  trees, 
often  with  axillary  spines:  ever- 
green. Twigs  moderate,  green, 
more  or  less  3-sided:  pith  small,  3- 
sided,  continuous.  Buds  solitary, 
sessile,  small,  round,  with  about 
3  scales,  the  end-bud  deciduous. 
Leaf  -  scars  alternate,  crescent- 
shaped  or  half-round  or  lens- 
shaped,  rather  small,  somewhat 
elevated:  bundle-trace  1,  round  or 
elliptical:  stipules  and  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Leaves  appearing 
simple  but  really  of  a  single  low- 
crenate  pellucid-punctate  leaflet 
disarticulating  from  the  typically 
winged  petiole.  (Including  For- 
tunella). 

Like  the  plum,  olive  and  many 
other  commonly  cultivated  fruit- 
trees  and  shrubs,  the  citrus  spe- 
cies present  a  great  variation  in  spininess.  In  addition  to  the 
citrange  hybrids  between  the  common  orange  and  Poncirus, 
crosses  have  been  effected  between  the  Tangerine  type  (C,  no- 
bilis)  and  the  grape  fruit  (C.  grandis),  which  are  called 
"tangelos";  and  between  the  lime  (C.  aurantifolia)  and  the 
kumquat  (C.  japonica). 

1.  Leaves  ovate,  pubescent:  petiole  winged.  C.  grandis. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous.     2. 

2.  Petiole  moderately  winged.    (Orange).      (1).  C.  Aurantium. 
Petiole  narrowly  winged.     3. 

3.  Leaves  and  fruit  large.     (Lemon).  (2).  C.  Limonia. 
Leaves  and  fruit  small.     (Fortunella) .         (3).  C.  japonica. 


RUTACEAE. 


169 


PONGIRUS.     Hardy  Orange. 
(Family  Rutaceae). 

Shrubs  with  branch-spines:  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  triangular,  di- 
lated into  the  thorns  at  the  nodes, 
rather  stout:  pith  rather  large, 
white,  homogeneous.  Buds  rather 
small,  solitary,  sessile,  subglobose, 
with  about  3  exposed  scales,  the 
end-bud  absent.  Leaf-scars  very 
small,  alternate,  5-ranked,  half- 
elliptical,  scarcely  raised:  bundle- 
trace  1,  crescent-shaped,  evanes- 
cent: stipule-scars  lacking.  (Aegle, 
Citrus}. 

The    hardy    orange,    capable    of 
growth  even  in  the  North  as  an 
effective     and     attractive     hedge- 
plant,    presents    another    instance 
of    the    occasional    occurrence    of 
hybridization     between     different 
genera,  and  at  the  same  time  em- 
phasizes the   closeness  of  the   re- 
lationship of  such  genera.     Poncirus  gives  hybrids,  more  or 
•  less  intermediate  in  character,  with  the  grape  fruit  belonging 
to  the  evergreen  unifoliolate  genus  for  which  the  name  Citrus 
is  now  reserved;   but  it  has  been  considered  itself  to  belong 
to  that  genus  by  botanists  for  whom  generic  characters  might 
be  drawn  a  little  more  broadly  than  they  are  under  the  pre- 
vailing custom.     Its  winter-characters  are  pictured  by  Schnei- 
der, f.  85. 

For  the  hybrid  "citranges"  the  generic  name   X  Ponciro- 
citrus  might  find  appropriate  use. 
Twigs  glabrous,  glossy  green:   buds  glabrous,  blood-red. 

P.  trifoliata. 


170 


SlMAEUBACEAE. 


AILANTHUS.     Tree  of  Heaven. 
(Family  Simarubaceae). 

Rather  smooth-barked  loosely 
branched  trees  with  persistently 
prominent  lenticels:  deciduous. 
Twigs  coarse,  somewhat  3-sided: 
pith  large,  homogeneous,  round- 
ish, becoming  colored.  Buds  sol- 
itary, sessile,  hemispherical,  rela- 
tively small,  with  2  or  4  exposed 
scales,  the  end-bud  fallen,  leaving 
a  large  scar.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, cordately  elliptical-shield- 
shaped,  slightly  raised,  large: 
bundle-traces  about  9:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Ailanthus  glandulosa.  Blakeslee 
&  Jarvis,  334,  524,  pi.;  Bosemann, 
61;  Hitchcock  (3),  9;  Otis,  170; 
Schneider,  f.  35,  99;  Shirasawa, 
236;  Ward,  1:118,  f.  59. 

Like     Gymnocladiis,    Ailanthus 

offers  exceptionally  good  opportunities  for  recognizing  that 
year  after  year  the  branches  of  certain  trees  are  continued 
by  development  of  axillary  or  lateral  buds,  the  tip  of  each 
year's  growth  disappearing  early  by  a  clean-cut  abscission. 

Mr.  Swingle,  after  reviewing  the  early  European  history 
of  Ailanthus,  shows  that  the  commonly  cultivated  species 
should  be  called  A.  altissima,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Washing- 
ton Academy  of  Sciences,  of  August  19,  1916. 

1.  Twigs  prickly.  A.  Vilmoriniana. 
Unarmed.     2. 

2.  Twigs  puberulent.  (1).  A.  glandulosa. 
Twigs  glabrescent.                           A.  glandulosa  pendulifolia. 


BURSERACEAE. 


171 


BURSERA.     West  Indian  Birch. 
(Family  Burseraceae). 

Tender  resinous  trees  with  pa- 
pery-flaking red  or  brown  bark 
and  extremely  light,  soft  and  ut- 
terly worthless  wood:  subdecidu- 
ous.  Twigs  glabrous,  moderate, 
terete:  pith  round,  continuous, 
light  brown.  Buds  solitary,  ses- 
sile, small,  depressed  globose,  with 
about  3  more  or  less  short-pointed 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  half- 
round,  low:  bundle-traces  3:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking.  Leaves,  if 
present,  like  the  twigs  closely  re- 
semble those  of  mahogany,  from 
which  in  bark,  wood. and  habit  it 
greatly  differs,  as  it  does  in  the 
technical  characters  of  flowers  and 
fruit. 

An  effective  contrast  of  the  bark 
of  Bursera  and  Swietenia  is  af- 
forded in  figures  9  and  10  of  the 

text   accompanying  part   13   of  Hough's  American  Woods,   of 
which  thus  far  325  species  have  been  distributed  in  cross  sec- 
tion, and  tangential  and  radial  longitudinal  sections. 
Twigs  light  brown,  warty.     (Gumbo  limbo).         B.  Simaruba. 


172 


MELIACEAE. 


SWIETENIA.     Mahogany. 
(Family  Meliaceae). 

Tender  trees,  often  of  large 
size  and  then  with  buttressed 
trunks:  subevergreen.  Twigs  gla- 
brous, moderate,  terete:  pith 
round,  continuous,  light  brown. 
Buds  solitary,  sessile,  small,  de- 
pressed globose,  with  about  3 
more  or  less  abruptly  pointed  ex- 
posed scales,  the  end-bud  lacking. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  half-round  or 
somewhat  shield-shaped,  little 
raised:  bundle-traces  3:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Leaves,  if  present, 
pinnately  compound. 

Mahogany,  which  furnishes  the 
most  important  cabinet  wood  ex- 
ported from  the  tropics  where  it 
occurs  as  scattered  individual 
trees  in  a  mixed  forest,  is  rather 
effective  as  a  shade  tree  where 
temperatures  are  favorable.  In 

twigs,    buds   and   foliage   it   resembles   the   preceding   closely 

but  differs  in  its  compact  bark  and  excellent  wood. 

An  idea  of  the  buttressed  trunk  of  a  mature  mahogany 

tree  is  given  by  the  plate  facing  p.  463  of  Gibson's  American 

Forest  Trees. 


Twigs  light  brown,  warty. 


S.  Mahagoni. 


MELIACEAE. 


173 


CEDRELA.     False  Cedar. 
(Family  Meliaceae). 

Rather  smooth-barked  loosely 
branched  trees:  deciduous.  Twigs 
coarse,  terete:  pith  large,  homoge- 
neous,  roundish,  from  white  be- 
coming colored.  Buds  solitary, 
sessile,  short-ovoid,  with  about  4 
short-pointed  exposed  scales,  the 
end-bud  much  larger.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  cordately  elliptical- 
shield-shaped,  slightly  raised, 
large:  bundle-traces  5:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Wood  of  the  West-Indian  and 
Central  American  cedar,  C.  odora- 
ta,  out  of  which  the  better  cigar 
boxes  are  made,  resembles  mahog- 
any in  many  respects.  The  cheap 
grade  of  cigar  boxes  is  made  of 
sycamore  wood,  the  heavy  medul- 
lary rays  of  which  are  very  char- 
acteristic. The  Asiatic  hardy  ce- 

drela  presents  much  the  appearance  of  ailanthus.     The  win- 
ter-characters of  C.  sinensis  are  considered  by  Schneider,  f. 
99;  and  Shirasawa,  232,  pi.  2. 
Twigs  puberulent.  C.  sinensis. 


174 


MELIACEAE. 


MELIA.     China  Berry. 
(Family  Meliaceae). 

Moderate-sized  trees:  decidu- 
ous. Twigs  rather  stout,  terete: 
pith  moderate,  continuous,  round- 
ed, white.  Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
globose,  moderate,  with  3  exposed 
scales,  the  end-bud  absent.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  3-lobed,  elevated, 
large:  bundle-traces  in  3  com- 
pound C-shaped  groups:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Melia  Azedarach.  Schneider,  f. 
94.  M.  japonica.  Shirasawa,  236, 
pi!  2. 

Though  the  China  berry  is  usu- 
ally connected  with  the  South 
Atlantic  region,  where  it  is  plant- 
ed as  a  shade  tree,  it  stands  the 
drought  of  the  Southwest,  and, 
especially  in  its  round-topped 
form,  it  proves  very  effective 


where  green  foliage  is  uncommon. 

Twigs  olive  with  many  small  pale  lenticels. 


M.  Azedarach. 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


175 


ANDRACHNE. 
( Family  Euphorbiaceae ) . 

Small  shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
5-angled  or  terete;  the  youngest 
very  slender,  the  older  with  some- 
what flaking  bark:  pith  small, 
rounded,  continuous.  Buds  small, 
collaterally  multiple,  with  several 
ciliate  scales,  the  axils  often  oc- 
cupied by  pedicel-scars.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  minute,  half- 
round,  low:  bundle-trace  1:  sti- 
pules more  or  less  persistent  at 
the  side. 

Neither  Andrachne  nor  Securi- 
nega  is  of  much  merit,  but  the 
rarity  of  woody  Euphorbiaceae 
outside  of  the  tropics  make  them 
a  little  puzzling  when  they  are 
encountered.  Winter-characters  of 
Securinega  ramiflora  are  given  by 
Schneider,  f.  125.  As  typical  of 
many  anatomical  studies  to  which 

reference  is  not  made  in  this  book,  may  be  cited  a  paper  on 

the  phyllanthoid    Euphorbiaceae    by   Rothdauscher,  published 

in  volume  68  of  the  Botanisches  Centralblatt. 

Twigs  terete,  glabrous.  (1).  A.  colchica. 

Twigs  5-lined,  somewhat  hairy.  (2).  A.  phyllanthoides. 


176 


EUPHOBBIACEAE. 


SECURINEGA. 
(Family  Euphorbiaceae). 

Small  shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
slender,  5-sided,  glabrous:  pith 
relatively  large,  angular,  white, 
continuous.  Buds  rather  small, 
solitary  or  with  a  small  lower  one, 
compressed-ovoid,  with  about  3 
exposed  scales.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, minute,  half-round,  slightly 
raised:  bundle-trace  1:  stipules 
subpersistent  at  the  sides.  Most 
of  the  upper  axils  are  occupied 
by  scars  from  which  flower-  and 
fruit-clusters  have  fallen. — Some- 
times called  Acidoton. 

Though  a  number  of  large  and 
important  or  interesting  trees  be- 
longing to  the  Euphorbiaceae  oc- 
cur in  the  tropics,  and  poinset- 
tias,  crotons  and  castor  beans  are 
frequent  among  herbaceous  plants 
grown  in  temperate  regions,  An- 

drachne  and  Securinega,  which  are  scarcely  more  than  half- 
shrubs,  are  the  only  woody  genera  found  native  or  cultivated 
in  the  North. 

Twigs  olive-colored  or  green.  (1).  S.  ramiflora. 

Twigs  purple.  S.  flueggeoides. 

Shirasawa  gives  winter-characters  of  Excoecaria  japonica, 
245,  pi.  4;  Glocnidion  obovatum,  253,  pi.  6;  Mallotus  japonica, 
234,  pi.  1;  and  Stillingia  sebifera,  244.  These  genera  belong 
likewise  to  the  Euphorbiaceae. 


BUXAGEAE. 


177 


Buxus.     Box  Tree. 
(Family  Buxaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees:  ever- 
green. Twigs  very  slender,  green, 
flat-grooved  between  each  pair  of 
leaves:  pith  minute,  continuous. 
Buds  sessile,  solitary,  small,  ovoid, 
with  1  or  2  pairs  of  visible 
scarcely  specialized  scales,  or  the 
flower-buds  quickly  globosely  en- 
larged and  multiple.  Leaf-scars 
opposite,  minute,  crescent-shaped, 
raised:  bundle-trace  1:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Leaves  small,  sub- 
elliptical,  entire,  short-petioled, 
paler  beneath. 

Box,  like  ivy,  unfortunately  is 
unable  to  endure  the  winter  ex- 
tremes of  the  North  and  it  is 
rarely  seen,  at  any  rate  far  from 
the  coast,  except  as  unhappy 
stragglers  or  in  satisfactorily 
grown  tubbed  specimens.  It  is 

not  commonly  known  that  it  is  acridly  poisonous.  As  a  rule 
winter-manuals  do  not  concern  themselves  with  evergreens, 
but  Buxus  sempervirens  is  included  by  Bosemann,  38;  and 
Ward,  1:43,  f.  65.  Goebel,  in  the  Botanische  Zeitung  for  1880, 
p.  756,  points  out  that  the  buds  are  naked. 

Boxwood  was  used  formerly  almost  exclusively  for  rulers, 
and  is  found  yet  in  the  finer  draftsman's  scales. 

1.  Twigs  puberulent  in  the  grooves.  (1).  B.  sempervirens. 
Twigs  glabrous:   leaves  rather  obovate.     2. 

2.  Bushy.  B.  japonica. 
Prostrate  or  small.                                               B.  microphylla. 


178 


BUXACEAE. 


SIMMONDSIA.     Jojoba. 
(Family  Buxaceae). 

Shrub  or  small  bushy  tree: 
evergreen.  Twigs  rather  slender, 
terete,  often  forking,  the  bark  fis- 
sured: pith  somewhat  angled  and 
colored,  continuous.  Buds  com- 
monly superposed,  the  upper  often 
developing  promptly,  sessile, 
round,  very  hairy  and  with  indis- 
tinguishable scales.  Leaf-scars 
opposite,  raised,  crescent-shaped: 
bundle-trace  1,  large,  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  scar:  stipule-scars 
lacking.  Leaves  rather  small,  el- 
liptical, sessile,  entire. 

Some  years  since,  Simmondsia 
attracted  attention  as  a  plant 
worthy  of  trial  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean region  because  of  its  oily 
seeds. 

Simmondsia  affords  an  example 
of  the  misfortunes  that  may  attend 

the  use  of  names  indicating  the  source  or  peculiarities  of 
plants.  What  is  called  8.  calif  or  nica,  now,  was  grown  in  the 
botanical  garden  at  Berlin  a  century  ago,  supposedly  from 
China.  Link,  recognizing  its  now  admitted  but  sometimes 
questioned  relationship  to  the  box,  christened  it  Buxus  chi- 
nensis.  The  genus  Simmondsia  was  described  two  decades 
later,  when  Nuttall  found  and  named  its  original  if  not  only 
species  8.  californica.  Strict  application  of  the  nomenclato- 
rial  rule  of  priority  would  cause  restoration  under  Simmond- 
sia of  the  totally  misleading  name  chinensis. 
Appressed-puberulent:  leaves  thick.  S.  californica. 


EMPETRACEAE. 


179 


COREMA.     Broom  Crowberry. 
(Family  Empetraceae). 

Low  spreading  shrubs:  ever- 
green. Twigs  tender,  ridged  be- 
low the  leaf-scars:  pith  minute, 
continuous.  Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
compressed  round-ovoid,  minute, 
with  2  or  3  scales.  Leaf-scars 
subverticillate,  minute,  half-round, 
somewhat  raised:  bundle-trace  1, 
indistinct:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  linear-oblong,  revolute  to 
a  dorsal  slit,  microscopically  den- 
ticulate. 

Though  very  different  in  tech- 
nical characters,  the  Empetraceae 
are  suggestive  of  Ericaceae  in 
vegetative  characters.  Anatomi- 
cal comparisons  are  made  by  Gi- 
belli  in  volume  eight  of  the  Nuovo 
Giornale  Botanico  Italiano,  and 
by  Mori  in  the  same  journal  for 
1877;  and  an  instructive  lecture 

by  Miall,  in  which  their  inrolled  leaves  figure,  is  published 
in  volume  58  of  Nature.  The  leaf-anatomy  is  discussed  com- 
paratively by  MacEwan  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botani- 
cal Club  for  1894. 

Corema  Conrj&dii  has  borne  the  generic  names  Tucker- 
mannia,  given  it  by  Klotzsch  in  1842,  but  already  in  use  for 
another  plant,  and  Oakesia,  given  it  by  Tuckerman  in  the 
same  year, — both  botanists  failing  to  identify  the  supposedly 
new  genus  with  the  earlier  named  Corema. 
Glabrate  on  the  ridges:  bark  exfoliating.  C-.  Conradii. 


180 


EMPETRACEAE. 


EMPETRUM.     Crowberry. 
(Family  Empetraceae). 

Low  spreading  shrubs  with  ex- 
foliating bark:  evergreen.  Twigs 
slender,  ridged  below  the  leaf- 
scars:  pith  minute,  continuous. 
Buds  solitary,  sessile,  compressed 
round-ovoid,  with  2  or  3  exposed 
scales,  very  minute  except  for  the 
flower-buds  in  the  upper  axils. 
Leaf-scars  subverticillate,  minute, 
half-round,  somewhat  raised: 
bundle-trace  1,  indistinct:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Leaves  small,  el- 
liptical-oblong, revolute  to  a  hairy 
groove,  entire. 

The  winter-characters  of  Em- 
petrum  nigrum  are  given  by 
Bosemann,  35;  and  Fant,  53. 
Solereder  figures  a  cross-section 
of  its  leaf  in  his  Systematic  Anat- 
omy of  the  Dicotyledons,  2:800, 
f.  188. 

The  type  of  inrolled  leaves  that  Empetraceae  and  certain 
Ericaceae  possess  has  been  shown  by  Gibelli's  developmental 
studies  to  differ  essentially  from  the  usual  type  of  revolute 
leaves  which  are  merely  rolled  backward  for  a  distance  from 
the  margin.  Here,  the  grooves  at  either  side  of  the  midrib 
develop  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  them  morphologically 
elongated  pits  rather  than  merely  covered  parts  of  the  nor- 
mal lower  leaf  surface. 

Glabrate.  E.  nigrum. 

Tomentose.  E.  nigrum  andinum. 


EMPETRACEAE. 


181 


CEBATIOLA. 
(Family  Empetraceae). 

Low  tender  aromatic  shrubs: 
evergreen.  Twigs  very  slender, 
terete:  pith  minute,  continuous. 
Buds  sessile,  compressed-ovoid, 
solitary  and  minute  or  the  flower- 
buds  in  the  upper  axils  larger 
and  collaterally  multiple,  with 
about  3  exposed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  subverticillate,  minute,  cres- 
cent-shaped, elevated:  bundle- 
trace  1:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  linear,  revolute  to  a  dor- 
sal slit  so  as  to  be  almost  terete. 
Only  the  genera  of  Empetra- 
ceae here  given  are  known,  and 
there  is  only  one  additional  spe- 
cies,— a  Corema  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean region.  Ceratiola  is  dis- 
tinctly more  southern  than  our 
others  and  occurs  from  Florida  to 
South  Carolina.  The  cavity 
formed  by  its  revolute  leaves  is  filled  by  loose  hairs. 

The  Empetraceae  not  only  resemble  heaths  in  the  peculiar 
type  of  revolution  that  their  leaves  show,  but  their  fruit  is 
comparable  with  that  of  the  bearberry,  and  their  pollen-grains 
occur  in  coherent  groups  of  four  as  in  the  Ericaceae,  of  which 
family  Dr.  Gray  has  supposed  the  Empetraceae  to  be  a  re- 
duced off-shoot. 
Twigs  puberulent:  bark  tardily  exfoliating.  C.  ericoides. 


182 


CORIARIACEAE. 


CORIAEIA. 

(Family  Coriariaceae). 

Shrubs,  sometimes  soft-wooded: 
deciduous.  Twigs  terete,  or  4- 
lined  below  the  nodes,  stout,  with 
red-scaly  short  spurs  bearing 
clustered  very  slender  shoots  of 
the  season:  pith  rather  large, 
round,  continuous,  brownish. 
Buds  at  first  solitary  and  with  2 
nearly  valvate  scales  but  very 
quickly  on  the  stout  twigs  be- 
coming multiple  by  branching, 
with  several  scales.  Leaf-scars 
opposite,  low,  crescent-shaped  or 
the  smaller  rounded:  bundle-trace 
1:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

The  axillary  clustering  of  slen- 
der leafy  shoots  which  suggest 
compound  leaves  recalls  a  some- 
what similar  appearance  in  Zizy- 
phus,  where,  however,  the  slender 
twigs  may  bear  flowers  and  fruit, 

and  results  in  an  appearance  not  unlike  that  of  Prosopis  and 
other  Leguminosae  which  produce  compound   leaves  in   clus- 
ters  from   dwarf   spurs.      The   winter-characters   of    Coriaria 
myrtifolia  are  pictured  by  Schneider,  f.  116. 
Twigs  glabrous,  glossy  red-brown:   lenticels  prominent. 

C.  japonica. 


ANACABDIAGEAE. 


183 


MANGIFERA.     Mango. 
(Family  Anacardiaceae). 

Glabrous  trees  with  milky  or 
gummy  sap:  evergreen.  Twigs 
moderate,  somewhat  corrugated : 
pith  relatively  large,  continuous, 
brownish.  Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
depressed-ellipsoid,  indistinctly  2- 
scaled,  the  terminal  conical.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  more  crowded 
near  the  end  of  the  season's 
growth,  low,  half-round  to  nearly 
elliptical,  somewhat  concave  at 
top:  bundle-traces  about  9:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking.  Leaves  sim- 
ple, entire,  petioled. 

A  striking  feature  of  the  ma- 
ture mango  is  its  long  clusters  of 
large  fruits.,  Though  a  tropical 
tree,  it  is  coming  into  consider- 
able cultivation  in  subtropical 
parts  of  the  United  States,  in 
carefully  selected  varieties. 

The  mango  is  one  of  the  rather  few  really  good  exclu- 
sively tropical  fruits,  of  most  of  which,  as  a  lady  who  had 
learned  to  know  them  through  many  years  of  experience  once 
said,  it  is  nearly  or  quite  true  that  each  new  kind  puts  one 
in  mind  of  a  new  toilet  soap.  To  millions  of  persons  living 
within  the  tropics  this  fruit  is  said  truthfully  to  be  of  greater 
importance  than  the  apple  is  to  us. 
Leaves  lance-oblong,  large  (5X20  cm.).  M.  indica. 


184 


ANACARDIACEAE. 


PISTACIA.     Mastic. 
(Family  Anacardiaceae). 

Tender  gummy  aromatic  shrubs 
or  small  trees:  evergreen  or  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  moderate,  round- 
ish: pith  small,  round,  continu- 
ous. Buds  solitary,  sessile,  ovoid, 
with  several  scales,  the  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf  -  scars  alternate, 
crescent-shaped,  somewhat  raised: 
bundle-trace  1,  compound,  or  a 
curved  series:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. When  leaves  are  present 
they  are  odd-pinnate. 

Like  Mangifera  and  Schinus, 
Pistacia  is  cultivated  only  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  the  country.  Be- 
sides the  mastic  species,  P.  vera 
which  yields  the  pistachio  nuts  of 
confectioners  is  coming  into  cul- 
tivation, in  selected  varieties,  in 
California. 

Another,  but  very  tender,  mem- 
ber of  the  Anacardiaceae,  capable  of  growth  only  in  the 
extreme  subtropical  parts  of  our  country,  is  the  small  tree 
Anacardium  occidentale,  that  yields  the  now  rather  familiar 
cashew  nuts,  and,  in  the  tropics,  the  brilliant  red  or  yellow 
cashew  "apples"  which  are  the  enlarged  flower-stalks  or  re- 
ceptacles. This  color  contrast  recalls  strikingly  that  of  sweet 
peppers,  tomatoes,  holly-berries,  etc.,  in  which  a  normal  bril- 
liant red  coloration  is  replaced  by  an  equally  brilliant  yellow. 
Deciduous,  very  resinifluous.  P.  Terebinthus. 

Evergreen.  (1).  p.  Lentiscus. 


ANACABDIACEAE. 


185 


SCHINUS.     Pepper  Tree. 
( Family  Anacardiaceae ) . 

Tender  round-topped  rather 
weeping  trees,  pungently  aro- 
matic, glabrous:  evergreen.  Twigs 
slender,  roundish,  zig-zag:  pith 
rather  small,  more  or  less  3- 
angled,  continuous,  white  when 
fresh.  Buds  superposed,  the  up- 
per commonly  developing  pre- 
cociously, round-ovoid  or  oblong, 
much  flattened,  with  2  scales,  the 
end-bud  absent.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, often  2-ranked,  crescent- 
shaped,  slightly  raised:  bundle- 
traces  3,  large  or  often  compound: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  Leaves  pet- 
ioled,  odd-pinnate  with  pointed 
leaflets.  Fruit  glossy  round 
drupes  of  the  size  of  peas,  in 
rather  large  panicles  or  racemed. 
Broken  leaflets,  thrown  on  wa- 
ter, are  a  source  of  interest,  the 

explosive   liberation   of    the   volatile    oil    that    they    contain 

causing  them  to  dart  forward  on  the  surface. 

Leaves  of  many  leaflets:  fruit  panicled.  (1).  S.  Molle. 

Leaves  of  about  7  leaflets:  fruit  racemed.    S.  Terebinthifolius. 


180 


ANACARDIACEAE. 


inn 


COTINUS.     Smoke  Bush. 
(Family  Anacardiaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with 
free-flowing  gummy  aromatic  sap: 
deciduous.  Twigs  round,  moder- 
ate, brown  or  purplish,  with 
prominent  lenticels,  glabrate: 
pith  moderate,  round,  brown,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  small,  solitary, 
sessile,  round-ovoid,  often  com- 
pressed, with  1  or  2  pairs  of  ex- 
posed glabrous  scales.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  clustered  above,  cres- 
cent-shaped or  3-lobed,  raised: 
bundle-traces  3 :  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. (Rhus). 

The  American  smoke  bush  or 
chittam  wood  is  counted  among 
our  very  rare  or  local  native 
plants  though  it  occurs  from  Ala- 
bama to  Texas  and  extends  as  far 
north  as  Forsythe  on  the  White 
River  in  Missouri,  where  it  grows 
along  the  cliffs. 

Buds  alternate:   leaf -scars  lobed.  (1).  C.  americana. 

Buds  acute  from  the  front:   leaf-scars  not  lobed. 

(2).  C.  Coggygria. 

Winter-character  references: — Cotinus  coggygria  (Rhus 
Cotinus).  Schneider,  f.  79;  Willkomm,  41,  f.  67.  Rhus  cana- 
densis  (R.  aromatica).  Brendel,  pi.  3;  Hitchcock  (3),  12, 
(4),  135,  f.  37-39.  R.  copallina.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  342,  526; 
Hitchcock  (1),  4,  f.  7.  R.  glabra.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  342, 
526;  Brendel,  pi.  3;  Hitchcock  (3),  11;  Greene,  Ottawa  Natu- 
ralist, 24:139.  R.  javanicu  (R.  semialata  Osbeckii).  Shira- 
sawa,  236,  pi.  2.  R.  succedanea.  Shirasawa,  233,  pi.  1.  R. 


ANACARDIACEAE. 


187 


sylvestris.  Shirasawa,  233,  pi.  2.  R.  Toxicodendron  (includ- 
ing R.  radicans).  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  528;  Brendel,  pi.  3; 
Hitchcock  (3),  11,  (4),  135,  f.  35-36;  Schneider,  f.  79;  Shira- 
sawa, 259,  pi.  1.  R.  trichocarpa.  Shirasawa,  233,  pi.  1.  R. 
typhina  (R.  hirta).  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  342,  526,  pi.;  Bb'se- 
mann,  55;  Greene,  Ottawa  Naturalist.  24:139;  Schneider,  f. 
79.  R.  vernicifera.  Shirasawa,  232,  pi.  1.  R.  Vernix.  Blakes- 
lee &  Jarvis,  333,  334,  528,  pi. 

RHUS.     Sumach. 
(Family  Anacardiaceae). 

Shrubs,  exceptionally  climbing 
by  aerial  roots  or  becoming  small 
open  trees;  with  milky  sometimes 
very  poisonous  sap:  deciduous  as 
to  our  species.  Twigs  round  or 
bluntly  3-sided,  sometimes  fluted, 
slender  to  very  stout:  pith  rather 
large,  roundish,  continuous,  often 
pink  or  brown.  Buds  moderate  or 
rather  small,  solitary,  sessile, 
round-ovoid,  hairy  and  indistinct- 
ly scaly  or  with  3  or  4  evident 
scales,  the  end-bud  often  lacking. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  round  or 
crescent-shaped,  or  C-shaped  and 
encircling  the  buds,  more  or  less 
raised:  bundle-traces  rather  nu- 
merous in  the  lower  half  of  the 
round  leaf-scars  but  sometimes  in 
3  more  or  less  evident  groups  or 
3  or  5  to  9  single  scars  or  groups 
in  the  narrower  leaf-scars:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

The  fragrant  sumach  has  a  very  distinctive  type  of  leaf- 
fall  and  the  generic  name  Schmaltzia  has  been  used  exclu- 


188  ANACARDIACEAE. 

sively  for  it  sometimes.  The  poisonous  group,  for  which  the 
name  Toxicodendron  has  been  used,  but  to  which  the  name 
Rhus  is  most  strictly  applicable,  is  equally  distinct  in  leaf- 
scars  from  the  true  sumachs,  to  which  the  name  Schmaltzia 
is  extended.  Opinions  differ  as  greatly  in  the  definition  of 
their  species  as  in  the  limitation  of  these  nominal  genera; 
and  Greene,  in  the  eighth  volume  of  Proceedings  of  the  Wash- 
ington Academy  of  Sciences,  has  made  no  fewer  than  29  spe- 
cies of  what  is  here  called  R.  glabra. 

1.  Leaf-scars  round,  much  elevated,  covering  the  small  yellow 

hairy  buds:  twigs  slender. 

(Fragrant  sumach).     (1).  R.  canadensis. 
Leaf -scars   C-shaped,   nearly    encircling    the    buds:     twigs 

stout.     2. 
Leaf-scars  U-shaped:    twigs  terete,  puberulent. 

(2).  R.  copallina. 
Leaf-scars  broadly  crescent-  or  shield-shaped.   Poisonous.    5. 

2.  Tall  shrubs  or  small  trees.     3. 
Very  low  hairy  shrub. 

(Southern  hairy  sumach).     R.  Michauxii. 

3.  Twigs  glabrous,  3-sided.    (Smooth  sumach).     (3).  R.  glabra. 
Twigs  hairy,  rounded.     4. 

4.  Hairs  dense,  concealing  the  lenticels. 

(Staghorn  sumach).     R.  typhina. 
Hairs  scanty:   lenticels  prominent. 

(Asiatic  sumach).     R.  javanica. 

5.  Twigs  slender:  buds  stalked,  naked.     6. 
Twigs  stout:  buds  sessile.     7. 

6.  Climbing  by  aerial  roots,  or  spreading. 

(Poison  ivy).     (4).  R.  radicans. 
Bushy.     (Poison  oak).  R.  Toxicodendron. 

7.  End-buds  yellow-pubescent,  large   (8-10  mm.  long). 

(5).  R.  vernicifera. 
End-buds  glabrate,  moderate   (scarcely  5  mm.). 

(6).  R.  vernix. 


CYBILLACEAE. 


189 


CLIFTONIA.     Buckwheat  Tree. 
(Family  Cyrillaceae). 

Shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs 
rather*  slender  and  3-sided:  pith 
small,  more  or  less  3-sided,  con- 
tinuous, pink.  Buds  small,  ses- 
sile, solitary,  ovoid,  with  about  2 
exposed  scales.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, shield-shaped,  often  acutely 
angled  at  the  sides,  fringed  at 
the  top:  bundle-trace  1,  trans- 
verse, sometimes  broken:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Leaves  obovate- 
oblanceolate,  entire,  subsessile, 
thick  and  nearly  veinless. 

The  single  species  of  Cliftonia 
has  been  known  as  C.  nitida  and, 
more  commonly,  C.  ligustrina.  The 
specific  name  monophylla  which  it 
bears   now   has   been   restored   of 
late  years  because  it  was  applied 
to  the  plant  before  either  of  the 
others,  though  under  another  ge- 
nus, Ptelea,  to  which  Lamarck  referred  the  plant  because  of 
the  winged  fruits  to  which  it  owes  also  its  common  name  of 
buckwheat  tree. 
Twigs  gray,  glabrous:    leaves  puberulent,  glaucous. 

C.  monophylla. 


190 


CYRILLACEAE. 


CYBILLA.    White  ti  ti. 
(Family  Cyrillaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees:  decidu- 
ous or  subevergreen.  Twigs  rath- 
er slender  and  3-si^ed:  pith  small, 
somewhat  3-sided,  continuous. 
Buds  small,  sessile,  several  super- 
posed in  an  axillary  groove,  with 
a  few  pointed  scales.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  low,  shield-shaped  with 
acute  lateral  angles,  fringed  at 
top:  bundle-trace  1,  rather  large 
and  curved:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  when  present  rather  thin, 
very  hairy,  entire,  petioled. 

In  addition  to  the  two  barely 
differentiate  cyrillas  of  the 
southern  United  States,  another 
occurs  in  the  West  Indies  and 
still  another  in  Brazil.  Even  these 
are  so  similar  to  our  northern 
species  that  for  some  botanists 
they  constitute  only  varieties  of  it. 
Twigs  straw-colored,  glabrous:  leaves  glabrous,  green. 

Some  leaves  10  cm.  long.  C.  racemiflora. 

Leaves  under  5  cm.  long.  C.  parvifolia. 


AQUIFOLIACEAE. 


191 


ILEX.     Holly. 
(Family  Aquifoliaceae). 

Shrubs  or  trees:  evergreen  or 
deciduous.  Twigs  usually  3-  or 
5-sided,  rather  slender,  often  de- 
veloped as  spurs  with  densely 
crowded  leaf-scars:  pith  small, 
roundish  or  angled,  continuous. 
Buds  small,  commonly  superposed, 
sessile,  with  2  or  mostly  4  or  6 
exposed  scales.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, clustered  above,  crescent- 
shaped,  more  or  less  raised:  bun- 
dle-trace 1:  stipule-scars  minute 
or  the  minute  pointed  stipules 
persistent  at  the  angles  of  the 
leaf-scars.  Leaves,  when  persist- 
ent, coriaceous  and  sometimes 
very  pungently  toothed.  Fruit  a 
berry-like  drupe  with  several  nut- 
lets. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Ilex  Aquifolium.  Blakeslee  & 

Jarvis,  530;  Bosemann,  34;  Fant,  48;  Ward,  1:144,  f.  66.  7. 
decidua.  Hitchcock  (1),  5.  I.  geniculata.  Shirasawa,  236, 
pi.  2.  /.  macropoda.  Shirasawa,  265,  pi.  9.  I.  opaca.  Blakes- 
lee  &  Jarvis,  329,  530,  pi.  I.  SieboUii.  Shirasawa,  235,  pi.  2. 
I.  verticillata.  Brendel,  pi.  3;  Schneider,  f.  116. 

The  dots  or  cork-warts  which  characteristically  mark  the 
lower  leaf-surface  of  certain  species  are  figured  in  section  by 
Solereder  in  his  Systematic  Anatomy  of  the  Dicotylendons, 
1:210,  f.  50. 

As  Sir  John  Lubbock  points  out  in  his  studies  of  buds 
and  stipules,  Ilex  possesses  small  stipules.  Though  they  are 
often  so  minute  as  to  escape  attention  unless  very  carefully 


192 


AQUIFOLIACEAE. 


looked  for,  they  are  of  diagnostic  value  as  between  Ilex  and 
Nemopanthus. 

On  the  large-leaved  evergreen 
hollies  some  leaves  are  entire  and 
others  pungently  toothed  in  the 
same  species — sometimes  even  on 
the  same  plant,  and  correspond- 
ents of  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle 
(1853,  pp.  630,  646;  1864,  p.  25) 
have  discussed  this.  Assumption 
that  the  toothing  of  leaves  within 
reach  of  grazing  animals  is  a  pro- 
tective adaptation  which  is  lost 
when  it  becomes  unnecessary  is 
typical  of  many  teleological  as- 
sumptions that  have  brought  the 
entire  category  of  so-called  adap- 
tations into  more  or  less  unde- 
served disrepute.  The  idea  of 
aging  or  maturity,  paralleled  in 
the  ivy,  as  causative  is  embodied 
in  Gaudin's  name,  Ilex  Aquifo- 
lium  senescens,  for  the  entire- 
leaved  holly  of  Europe. 

1.  Deciduous.     2. 
Evergreen.     10. 

2.  Twigs  dingy-tomentulose. 

Twigs  at  most  sparingly  puberulent. 

3.  Often  very  divaricately  twiggy. 
Not  stiffly  twiggy.     4. 

4.  Buds  appressed,  pointed.     5. 
Buds  spreading,  blunt.     6. 

5.  Buds  2  mm.  long:  pedicels  short. 

Buds  smaller:  pedicels  very  long  (15  mm.). 

6.  Bud-scales  obtuse:  sepals  ciliate.     7. 
Bud-scales  acute:  sepals  glabrous.     9. 


(1).  I.  serrata. 


(2).  I.  decidua. 


(3).  I.  monticola. 
(4).I.geniculata. 


AQUIFOLIACEAE.  193 

7.  Branches  spreading.     8. 

Branches  upright.  I.  verticillata  fastigiata. 

8.  Fruit  bright  red.    (Black  alder).  (5).  I.  verticillata. 
Fruit  yellow.                                    I.  verticillata  chrysocarpa. 

9.  Fruit  orange-red.  (Smooth  winterberry).     (6).  I.  laevigata. 
Fruit  yellow.  I.  laevigata  Herveyi. 

10.  Leaves  dotted  beneath.     11. 
Leaves  not  dotted.     13. 

11.  Leaves  small   (5X15  mm.),  low-serrate.         (7).  I.  crenata. 
Leaves  larger  (15X30  mm.  or  more).     12. 

12.  Leaves  entire  or  sharply  low-serrate:  dots  black. 

(8).  I.  lucida. 
Leaves  crenately  few-toothed  above:  dots  pale. 

(Inkberry).     (9).  I.  glabra. 

13.  Leaves  small   (scarcely  10X20  mm.).     14. 
Leaves  much  larger.     15. 

14.  Leaves  blunt,  crenate  or  low-serrulate. 

(Cassena).     (10).  I.  vomitoria. 
Leaves  pointed,  entire  or  serrate. 

(11).  I.  Cassine  myrtifolia. 

15.  Leaves  ovate:   petioles  long  (8-10  mm.). 

(12).  I.  pedunculosa. 
Leaves  not  ovate:   petioles  short   (5-8  mm.).     16. 

16.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate-obovate :   teeth 

if  any  small.     17. 
Leaves  elliptical  or  quadrate,  often  very  pungent.     18. 

17.  Leaves  oblanceolate-obovate,  large.     (Dahoon).      I.  Cassine. 
Leaves  oblong,  scarcely  15  mm.  wide. 

I.  Cassine  angustifolia. 

18.  Leaves  dull.      (American  holly).     19. 
Leaves  very  glossy  above.     20. 

19.  Fruit  red.  I.  opaca. 
Fruit  yellow.                                             I.  opaca  xanthocarpa. 

20.  Leaves  elliptical.     (European  holly).  I.  Aquifolium. 
Leaves  quadrate  with  large  teeth  at  the  angles.     I.  cornuta. 


194 


AQUIFOLIAOEAE. 


NEMOPANTHILS.     Mountain  Holly. 
(Family  Aquifoliaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
rather  slender,  often  remaining 
short,  glabrous,  and  more  or  less 
glaucous,  with  finely  fissured  cor- 
tex when  old:  pith  small,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  rather  small,  soli- 
tary, sessile,  ovoid,  usually  at- 
tenuate at  tip,  with  about  2  ciliate 
exposed  scales.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, clustered  at  the  ends, 
slightly  raised,  triangular  or 
crescent-shaped:  bundle-trace  1: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  (Ilicioi- 
des). 

Winter-characters  are  pictured 
by  Schneider,  f.  127. 

The      mountain      holly      differs 
from   the   true   hollies  in   lacking 
the   short    sepals   that   are    to    be 
found    at   the   base    of   holly   ber- 
ries,    so     that     when     its     long- 
stalked  red  fruits  are  present  this  aids  in  an  otherwise  diffi- 
cult recognition. 

Twigs  from  glaucous  purplish  becoming  gray.  N.  mucronata. 
Like  Prunus,  Quercus,  Rhamnus  and  other  generic  names 
of  woody  plants,  Evonymus  proves  puzzling  as  to  the  agree- 
ment of  its  specific  names.  Following  earlier  botanists,  Lin- 
naeus treated  it  as  masculine  and  in  this  he  has  been  fol- 
lowed by  most  writers  though  Schneider,  as  well  as  Rehder 
in  the  Standard  Cyclopedia,  has  considered  it  to  be  a  femi- 
nine fourth-declension  noun  because  some  of  the  species  are 
unquestionably  trees.  The  practice  of  Linnaeus  is  followed 
here,  and  agreements  are  made  masculine. 


CELASTRAGEAE. 


195 


EVONYMUS.     Burning  Bush.     Spindle  Tree. 
(Family  Celastraceae). 

Shrubs  or  very  small  trees,  ex- 
ceptionally scrambling  or  climb- 
ing by.  aerial  roots:  deciduous  or 
a  few  species  evergreen.  Twigs 
moderate,  terete  or  mostly  4-lined 
from  the  nodes,  sometimes  with 
warty  lenticels  or  corky  wings, 
characteristically  green:  pith 
round,  angled  or  4-armed,  green- 
ish, spongy  or  finally  incompletely 
excavated.  Buds  small  to  rather 
large,  solitary,  sessile,  with  3  to 
rarely  5  pairs  of  at  first  serrulate 
scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite  or  ex- 
ceptionally whorled  or  the  pairs 
broken,  half-elliptical,  rather 
small,  somewhat  elevated:  bundle- 
trace  1,  transverse,  toward  the  top 
of  the  scar:  stipule-scars  minute 
and  usually  indistinct.  (Euony- 


Winter-character  references: — Evonymus  alatus.  Shira- 
sawa,  278,  pi.  2.  E.  atropurpureus.  Brendel,  28,  29,  30,  pi.  1; 
Hitchcock  (1),  3,  f.  4,  (3),  9,  (4),  34,  f.  15.  E.  europaeus. 
Bosemann,  65;  Fant,  44,  f.  48;  Schneider,  f.  209;  Ward,  1:172, 
f.  85;  Willkomm,  51,  f.  95;  Zuccarini,  12,  pi.  7.  E.  europaeus 
.Hamilton! anus.  Shirasawa,  278,  pi.  12.  E.  latifolius.  Schnei- 
der, f.  195;  Willkomm,  11,  52,  f.  96;  Zuccarini,  10,  pi.  6.  E. 
nanus.  Schneider,  f.  209.  E.  oxyphyllus.  Shirasawa,  277, 
pi.  12.  E.  verrucosus.  Bosemann,  65;  Schneider,  f.  209;  Will- 
komm, 52,  f.  97;  Zuccarini,  11,  pi.  6. 

Gibson  pictures  a  very  large  waahoo  tree  at  p.  499  of  his 
American  Forest  Trees. 


196 


CELASTBAOEAE. 


The  corky  lines  or  wings  which  occur  on  the  twig-angles 
in  E.  europaeus,  beside  them  in  E.  americanus,  and  between 
them  in  E.  alatus,  have  been  described  by  Miss  Gregory  in 
the  Botanical  Gazette  for  1888,  p.  12,  and  1889,  pp.  7,  10,  39,  43. 

1.  Deciduous.     2. 

Partly  or  wholly  evergreen.     12. 

2.  At  least  the  terminal  buds  long  (20  mm.). 
Buds  moderate  or  small.     4. 

3.  Buds  ovoid. 
Buds  fusiform. 

4.  Twigs  very  warty:   buds  round-ovoid. 
Twigs-  corky-winged:  bud-scales  6-8  pairs. 
Twigs  neither  warty  nor  corky-winged.     5. 

5.  Twigs  square:  buds  oblong,  upcurved.     6. 
Twigs  terete  but  often  4-lined.     7. 

6.  Low  and  prostrate. 

Bushy.     (Strawberry  bush).  (2). 

7.  Buds  narrowly  oblong,  appressed,  2-scaled. 
Buds  about  6-scaled.     8. 

8.  Buds  rather  oblong:   scales  oblong,  loose. 
Buds  round-ovoid:   scales  ovate,  appressed, 

dry-margined.     10. 

9.  Very  dwarf:  buds  very  small. 

Bushy  or  arborescent.  (Waahoo).       (3) 

10.  Bud-scales  with  long  points.     11. 
Scales  not  long-pointed.   (Spindle  tree). 

11.  Fruit  small  (10  mm.),  bright  red. 
Fruit  large   (12-15  mm.),  dull. 

12.  Leaves  thin,  partly  evergreen. 
Leaves  thick,  more  persistent.     13. 

13.  Low  and  spreading  or  else  climbing.  E.  radicans. 
Bushy.                                                                        E.  japonicus. 


3. 

E.  sanguineus. 

E.  latifolius. 

E.  verrucosus. 

(1).  E.  alatus. 


E.  obovatus. 

.  E.  americanus. 

E.  occidentalis. 

9. 


E.  nanus. 
E.  atropurpureus. 

(4).  E.  europaeus. 

E.  lancifolius. 

E.  yedoensis. 

E.  patens. 


CELASTRACEAE. 


197 


GLOSSOPETALON. 
(Family  Celastraceae). 

Shrubs:      deciduous.      Twigs, 
sometimes   forming   blunt   spines, 
slender,  flat-ridged  below  the  leaf- 
scars:  pith  small,  roundish,  white, 
j\  continuous.    Buds  solitary,  sessile, 

jji]  minute,     round-ovoid,     appressed, 

with  2  or  3  exposed  scales,  the 
end-bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, very  narrowly  triangular- 
crescent-shaped  or  almost  linear, 
slightly  elevated,  minute,  the 
petioles  at  first  persisting  and 
covering  the  buds:  bundle-trace 
1:  stipule-scars  lacking.  (For- 
sellesia). 

When  Dr.  Gray  first  published 
this  genus  he  called  it  Glossopeta- 
lon,  with  the  characteristic  Greek 
ending,  and  this  form  is  used 
here.  In  an  effort  to  Latinize  all 
generic  names,  some  botanists 

write   it   in   the   form   Glossopetalum.     The   plant   is   a   close 
counterpart,  vegetatively,  of  the  rhamnaceous  Adolphia. 
Twigs  gray-green,  transversely  rugulose.  G.  spinescens. 


198 


CELASTRAGEAE. 


PACHISTIMA. 
( Family  Celastraceae ) . 

Low  shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs 
very  slender,  somewhat  4-sided, 
the  bark  becoming  corky-thick- 
ened an.d  transversely  checked: 
pith  minute,  rounded,  brownish 
and  spongy.  Buds  solitary,  ses- 
sile, ovoid,  appressed,  very  small, 
with  about  2  pairs  of  exposed 
scales,  the  terminal  somewhat 
larger  and  with  more  visible 
scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite, 
minute,  crescent-shaped,  some- 
what raised:  bundle-trace  i,  in- 
distinct: stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  small,  subsessile,  more  or 
less  serrate  toward  the  end. 

In  the  Canadian  mountains 
Pachistima  is  called  the  mountain- 
lover.  It  is  pictured  photographi- 
cally under  this  name  in  the  Al- 
pine Flora  of  the  Canadian  Rocky 

Mountains  by  Stewardson  Brown  and  Mrs.  Charles  Schaffer. 

Leaves  elliptical-oblong,   revolute.  (1).  P.  Canbyi. 

Leaves  elliptical-oblanceolate,  often   flat.        (2.).  P.  Myrsinites. 


CELASTRACEAE. 


199 


CELASTRUS.     Bittersweet. 
(Family  Celastraceae). 

Woo.dy  twiners:  deciduous. 
Stems  terete,  rather  slender:  pith 
relatively  large,  continuous  and 
homogeneous,  round,  white.  Buds 
small,  solitary,  sessile,  sufaglobose, 
with  half-a-dozen  mucronate 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  half- 
elliptic  or  br  o  a  d  1  y  crescent- 
shaped,  low:  bundle-trace  1,  trans- 
verse: stipule-scars  minute  or  in- 
distinguishable, or  the  persistent 
stipules  minute  and  resembling 
tufted  hairs. 

Winter-character  references  to 
Celastrus  scandens: — Brendel,  30, 
pi.  4;  Hitchcock  (3),  9,  (4),  134, 
f.  14;  Schneider,  f.  116. 

In  two  species  referred  to  this 
genus,  Damaskinos  and  Bourgeois, 
in  volume  5  of  the  Bulletin  de  la 
Societe  Botanique  de  France, 

show  that  two  axillary  buds  are  superposed,  the  lower  devel- 
oping into  a  spine  or  an  inflorescence. 
Stems  and  buds  glabrous,  brownish.  C.  scandens. 


200 


CELASTRACEAE. 


TRIPTERYGIUM. 
(Family  Celastraceae). 

Snrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
moderate,  angled,  very  warty, 
somewhat  zig-zag:  pith  round, 
continuous,  with  firmer  cross- 
plates  at  intervals,  pale,  pink- 
ish. Buds  moderate,  solitary,  ses- 
sile, conical,  nearly  horizontal,, 
with  about  2  exposed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  somewhat  raised, 
half-round:  bundle-trace  1,  C- 
shaped:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

Few  shrubs  are  so  well  marked 
by  conspicuous  winter-characters 
as  this  newly  introduced  Asiatic 
species,  and  Mrs.  Vieh  has  brought 
these  out  unmistakably  in  a  few 
strong  lines  in  the  accompany- 
ing sketch  which  may  be  taken 
as  a  model  of  such  illustration. 
The  rusty  coloration  of  the  twigs 
is  quite  as  characteristic  as  the 


clean-cut  buds,  leaf-scars,  and  surface. 
Twigs  rust-colored,  glabrous. 


T.  Regelii. 


STAPHYLEACEAE. 


201 


STAPHYLEA.     Bladdernut. 
( Family  Staphy leaceae ) . 

Shrubs  or  small  trees:  decidu- 
ous. Twigs  moderate,  rounded, 
glabrous :  pith  rather  large, 
rounded,  continuous,  white.  Buds 
solitary,  sessile,  ovoid,  glabrous, 
with  a  single  sac  or  2  or  4  ex- 
posed scales,  the  end-bud  com- 
monly lacking.  Leaf-scars  op- 
posite, broadly  crescent-shaped  or 
half  -  round,  slightly  raised: 
bundle-traces  3,  compound,  or 
often  5  or  7  or  broken  into  an 
elliptical  series:  stipule-scars  half- 
round  or  elongated. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Staphylea  Bumalda.  Shirasawa, 
271,  pi.  10.  8.  pinnata.  Schneider, 
f.  193;  Willkomm,  51,  f.  94;  Zuc- 
carini,  29,  pi.  16.  8.  trifolia. 
Brendel,  28,  29,  30,  pi.  1;  Hitch- 
cock (3),  11,  (4),  135,  f.  32-34; 
Schneider,  f.  193. 

1.  Buds  with  4  blunt  exposed  scales.  (1).  S.  trifolia. 
Buds  2-edged,  with  2  sometimes  connate  exposed  scales.     2. 

2.  Buds  acute:  bundle-traces  5  or  7.  S.  pinnata. 
Buds  acuminate:   bundle-traces  three  or  five.     3. 

3.  Twigs  brown:   buds  long-pointed.  (2).  S.  Bumalda. 
Twigs  green:   buds  short-pointed.  (3).  S.  colchica. 

Winter-characters  of  Euscaphis  japonica,  another  mem- 
ber of  the  Staphyleaceae,  are  given  by  Schneider,  f.  193;  and 
Shirasawa,  275,  pi.  11. 


202 


ACEBACEAE. 


ACER.     Maple. 
(Family  Aceraeeae). 

Shrubs  or  round-topped  trees: 
deciduous.  Wood  rather  hard, 
brownish,  diffused-porous.  Twigs 
moderate,  nearly  terete  or  some- 
what 6-sided:  pith  round,  con- 
tinuous, pale.  Buds  moderate, 
solitary  or  sometimes  collaterally 
multiple,  ovoid  or  conical,  dis- 
tinctly stalked  in  some  groups, 
with  2  or  several  pairs  of  scales. 
Leaf-scars  U-shaped:  bundle- 
traces  3  or  occasionally  5  or  ?  or 
9,  or  multiplied:  stipule-scars 
lacking.  The  box  elders  are  segre- 
gated frequently  as  Negundo  or 
Rulac. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Acer  argutum.  Shirasawa,  275,  pi. 
21.  A.  calif  or  nicum.  Schneider, 
f.  219.  A.  campestre.  Bosemann, 
63;  Fant,  42,  f.  41;  Schneider, 

f.  217;  Ward,  1:170,  f.  84;  Zuccarini,  14,  pi.  8.  A.  car  pini  folium. 
Shirasawa,  278,  pi.  12.  A.  circinatum.  Schneider,  f.  218; 
Trelease  (2),  101,  103,  pi.  14.  A.  cissifolium.  Shirasawa,  272, 
pi.  10.  A.  crataegifolium.  Shirasawa,  271,  pi.  10.  A.  disty- 
lum.  Shirasawa,  275,  pi.  11.  A.  Drummondii.  Trelease  (2), 
101,  104,  pi.  15.  A.  floridanum.  Trelease  (2),  102,  105,  pi. 
16.  A.  Ginnala.  Schneider,  f.  220;  Shirasawa,  279,  pi,  12. 
A.  glabrum.  Trelease  (2),  101,  102,  pi.  14.  A.  grandidenta- 
tum.  .Trelease  (2),  102,  104,  pi.  16.  A.  japonicum.  Shira- 
sawa, 276,  pi.  11.  A.  leucoderme.  Trelease  (2),  105.  A. 
macrophyllum.  Schneider,  f,  218;  Trelease  (2),  101,  103,  pi. 
15.  A.  monspessulanum.  Bosemann,  63;  Schneider,  f.  221. 


ACERACEAE.  203 

A.  Negundo.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  342,  546,  pi.;  Bosemann,  63; 
Brendel,  29,  pi.  1;  Hitchcock  (1),  3,  (3),  11,  (4),  135,  f.  26- 
31;  Otis,  192;  Schneider,  f.  50,  219;  Trelease  (2),  105,— illus- 
tration on  cover  of  separates.  A.  nigrum.  Blakeslee  &  Jar- 
vis,  536;  Otis,  182;  Trelease  (2),  102,  105,  pi.  16.  A.  nikoense. 
Shirasawa,  278,  pi.  12.  A.  obtusatum.  Schneider,  f.  220.  A. 
palmatum.  Schneider,  f.  219;  Shirasawa,  271,  pi.  10.  A.  penn- 
sylvanicnm.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  342,  532,  pi.;  Otis,  176; 
Schneider,  f.  221;  Trelease  (2),  101,  102,  pi.  14.  A.  pictum. 
Shirasawa,  280,  pi.  12.  A.  platanoides.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis, 
342,  542,  pi.;  Bosemann,  63;  Fant,  42,  f.  40;  Otis,  188;  Schnei- 
der, f.  51,  217;  Ward,  1:154,  f.  72;  Zuccarini,  16,  pi.  9.  A. 
pseudoplatamis.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  342,  544,  pi.;  Bosemann, 
63;  Fant,  42,  f.  42;  Otis,  190;  Schneider,  f.  19,  217;  Ward, 
1:156,  f.  73;  Willkomm,  4,  9,  53,  f.  99;  Zuccarini,  15,  pi.  8. 
A.  purpurascens.  Shirasawa,  280,  pi.  12.  A.  pycnanthum. 
Shirasawa,  280,  pi.  12.  A.  rubrum.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  324, 
f.  7,  342,  540,  pi.;  Otis,  186;  Schneider,  f.  221;  Trelease  (2), 
101,  104,  pi.  15.  A.  ruflnerve.  Shirasawa,  271,  pi.  10.  A. 
saccharinum.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  342,  538,  pi.;  Brendel,  29, 
pi.  1;  Hitchcock  (1),  3,  f.  8,  (3),  11;  Otis,  184;  Trelease  (2), 
101,  103,  pi.  15.  A.  saccharum.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  342,  536, 
pi.;  Brendel,.  29,  pi.  1;  Hitchcock  (1),  3;  Otis,  180;  Trelease 
(2),  102,  104,  105,  pi.  16.  A.  Sieboldianum.  Shirasawa,  276. 
A.  spicatum.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  342,  534,  pi.;  Otis,  178; 
Trelease  (2),  101,  102,  pi.  14.  A.  tataricum.  Bosemann,  62; 
Schneider,  f.  220. 

In  their  opposite  lobed  leaves,  maples  in  general  are  fa- 
miliar to  most  people  who  have  even  the  slightest  knowledge 
of  plants,  and  the  characters  of  flowers  and  fruit  on  which 
their  botanical  classification  rests  are  distinctive. 

A  novice  is  apt  to  mistake  the  sweet  gum  for  a  maple 
through  failing  to  observe  that  its  leaves  are  alternate  and 
riot  opposite,  and  comparable  leaves  occur  more  confusingly 
in  Viburnum  and  some  other  genera,  certain  species  of  which 


204  ACERACEAE. 

have  been  given  specific  names  indicative  of  their  maple-like 
foliage.  Indeed  it  proves  difficult  to  point  out  unexception- 
able vegetative  characters  by  which  maples  and  viburnums 
may  be  told  apart  with  certainty,  though  individual  species 
are  recognized  readily  after  they  have  been  learned. 

Some  few  Asiatic  maples  have  elongated  leaves  that  are 
toothed  but  not  at  all  lobed,  and  such  a  species  as  that  which 
has  been  named  Acer  car pini  folium  might  be  mistaken  for  a 
hornbeam  or  some  related  shrub  if  attention  were  not  paid  to 
its  opposite  leaves.  Though  the  box  elders  appear  to  us  pe- 
culiar in  their  compound  leaves,  the  Rocky  Mountain  maple  is 
trifoliolate,  and  certain  Asiatic  species  not  of  the  American 
Negundo  group,  have  conspicuously  compound  leaves. 

1.  Scales  2,  valvate.     2. 
Scales  more  than  two.     8. 

2.  Buds  short  (scarcely  5  mm.).     3. 
Buds  large   (8  mm.  or  more).     5. 

3.  Twigs  and  buds  glabrous. 

(Rocky  Mountain  maple).     A.  glabrum. 
Twigs  and  buds  puberulent.     4. 

4.  Buds  rather  slender   (2X5  mm.). 

(Mountain  maple).     A.  spicatum. 
Buds  stouter   (2.5X4  mm.     Asiatic.  A.  argutum. 

5.  Buds  moderate   (8  mm.) :   glabrous.     6. 

Buds  long  (10  mm.  or  more),  thick  and  blunt,  glabrous.  6. 

6.  Buds  slender,  pointed.     Asiatic.  A.  Tschonoskii. 
Buds  stouter,  blunt. 

(Striped  maple).     (1).  A.  pennsylvanicum. 

7.  Twigs  olive.  A.  rufinerve. 
Twigs  dull  purplish.                                               A.  capillipes. 

8.  End-bud  lacking:   buds  short.     9. 

End-bud  characteristically  present  or  scales  numerous.  12. 

9.  Leaf-scars  low  and  narrow:  glabrous. 

(Japanese  maple).    A.  palmatum. 
Leaf-scars  broad  or  raised  in  a  cup,  or  ciliate.     10. 


AOEBACEAE.  205 

10.  Leaf-scars  with  a  membranous  wing  at  top.     11. 
Leaf -scars  not  winged:   twigs  purplish. 

(Vine  maple).     A.  circinatum. 

11.  Scales  blunt:  buds  and  twigs  usually  green.    A.  japonicum. 
Scales  mucronate:  buds  and  twigs  purplish. 

A.  Sieboldianum. 

12.  Exposed  scales  about  four.     13. 
Exposed  scales  six  or  more.     23. 

13.  Leaf-scars  meeting  in  a  point.     14. 
Leaf-scars  connected  by  a  transverse  line.     20. 

14.  Buds    gray-hairy:      leaf-scars    with     minute     red     glands 

above.     (Box  elder).     15. 
Buds  glabrate:  leaf-scars  not  glandular.     18. 

15.  Twigs  very  glaucous.     16. 

Twigs  little  if  at  all  glaucous,  or  else  puberulent.     17. 

16.  Twigs  green  when  rubbed.  (2).  A.  Negundo. 
Twigs  violet  when  rubbed.                A.  Negundo  violaceum. 

17.  Twigs  olive,  puberulent.  A.  Negundo  interius. 
Twigs  bright  green,  glabrous.             A.  Negundo  Nuttallii. 

18.  Twigs  moderate  (4  mm.):  buds  large. 

(Norway  maple).     A.  platanoides. 
Twigs  slender   (3  mm.) :  buds  small.     19. 

19.  Bud-scales  purplish,  brown-bordered.  A.  pictum. 
Bud-scales  light  brown.                                        A.  truncatum. 

20.  Twigs  woolly  near  the  end. 

(Woolly  red  maple).    A.  Drummondii. 
Twigs  glabrous.     21. 

21.  Buds  collaterally  multiple  toward  spring.     22. 
Buds  always  solitary.     27. 

22.  Bark  of  trunk  rough  but  not  flaking. 

(Red  maple).     (3).  A.  rubrum. 
Bark  flaking,  leaving  brown  areas. 

(Silver  maple).     A.  saccharinum. 

23.  Buds  ovoid,  usually  very  blunt.     24. 
Buds  conical  or  acute.    29. 


206  ACERACEAE. 

24.  Twigs  stout   (4-6  mm.),  green. 

(Oregon  maple).     A.  macrophyllum. 
Twigs  moderate  or  slender.     25. 

25.  End-bud  rather  long   (over  5  mm.). 

(Sycamore  maple).     A.  pseudoplatanus. 
Buds  distinctly  smaller.     26. 

26.  Exposed  scales  about  6:   buds  as  thick  as  long, 

(Tartarian  maples).     27. 
Exposed  scales  about  8.     (Field  maples).     28. 

27.  Buds  blackish:  twigs  dark.  A.  tataricum. 
Buds  red-brown  or  paler.  A.  Ginnala. 

28.  Buds  gray-woolly,  at  least  above.  A.  campestre. 
Buds  glabrate,  becoming  dark.               A.  monspessulanum. 

29.  Buds  glabrous.     30. 

Buds  more  or  less  silky  or  hairy  and  dull.     31. 

30.  Buds  stout,  prismatic:   end-bud  often  lacking. 

A.  carpinifolium. 
Buds  fusiform,  terete,  very  acute.  A.  mandshuricum. 

31.  Twigs  loosely  hairy  above.  A.  nikoense. 
Twigs  glabrescent.     32. 

32.  Twigs  3-4  mm.  thick:  buds  10  mm.  long.        A.  diabolicum. 
Twigs  slenderer  and  buds  smaller.     33. 

33.  Buds  moderate  (the  terminal  5  mm.  long).     34. 
Buds  small  (scarcely  2X3  mm.).     35. 

34.  Twigs  and  buds  dull  straw-color,  hairy. 

(Black  maple).     A.  nigrum. 
Twigs  glossy  buff:  buds  darkening,  glabrate. 

(Sugar  maple).     (4).  A.  saccharum. 

35.  Bark  of  trunk  finally  rough.  A.  floridanum. 
Bark  persistently  smooth  and  white.             A.  leucoderme. 


HlPPOCASTANACEAE. 


207 


AESGULUS.     Horsechestnut.     Buckeye. 
(Family  Hippocastanaceae). 

Round-topped  trees  or  excep- 
tionally shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
stout,  nearly  terete:  pith  large, 
rather  6-sided,  continuous,  pale. 
Buds,  especially  the  uppermost, 
very  large,  solitary,  ovoid,  sessile, 
with  some  half-dozen  pairs  of  ex- 
posed scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite, 
low,  shield-shaped  or  triangular: 
bundle-traces  3  or  in  3  compound 
groups,  exceptionally  7  or  9  in  a 
single  series:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing.— References  under  Koelreu- 
teria. 

Meyer  reports  in  volume  7  of 
Linnaea  exceptional  superposed 
buds  in  horsechestnut.  A  char- 
acteristic feature  of  the  bud- 
scales  is  the  rudimentary  leaf,  or 
its  scar,  at  the  tip.  As  in  Acer 
and  other  genera  with  terminal 
inflorescence,  the  twig  may  end  'in  an  inflorescence-scar. 

1.  Buds  gummy.      (§Hippocastanum,  the  horsechestnuts).     2. 
Buds  not  gummy.      (§Pavia,  the  buckeyes).     3. 

2.  Buds  persistently  gummy.  (1).  A.  Hippocastanum. 
Buds  gradually  becoming  dry.     (Hybrid  h.).       X  A.  carnea. 

3.  Trees.     4. 
Shrubs.     5. 

4.  Bark  rough,  soft  and  cork-like.     (Ohio  b.).       (2).  A.  glabra. 
Bark  smooth  and  firm.     (Sweet  buckeye).           A.  octandra. 

5.  Lowest  scale  less  than  half  as  long  as  bud.  A.  Pavia. 
Lowest  scale  half  as  long  as  bud.    ( Shrubby  b. ) .    A.  parviflora. 


208 


SAPINDACEAE. 


SAPINDUS.     Soapberry. 
(Family  Sapindaceae). 

Trees  (some  species  erect  or 
climbing  shrubs) :  deciduous  or 
some  species  evergreen.  Twigs 
rather  stout,  somewhat  fluted: 
pith  rather  large,  roundish,  con- 
tinuous, pale.  Buds  sessile,  su- 
perposed, depressed-globose,  with 
2  exposed  scales,  the  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  lit- 
tle raised,  rather  large,  triangu- 
lar or  somewhat  3-lobed:  bundle- 
traces  3,  large  but  indistinct:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Sapindus  Drummondii.  Hitch- 
cock (1),  4,  f.  6,  (3),  10.  S.  Mu- 
kurosi.  Shirasawa,  237,  pi.  2. 

Acer  and  Aesculus,  now  made 
the  basis  of  distinct  families,  were 
formerly  placed  in  the  Sapinda- 
ceae, the  name  of  which,  as  of 

its  typical  genus  Sapindus,  refers  to  a  saponifying  glucoside, 
saponin,  which  occurs  abundantly  in  the  buckeyes.  One  case 
has  come  to  my  knowledge  in  which  pollen  of  Aesculus  (jla~bra 
caused  a  severe  inflammation  of  the  eyes  that  extended  to 
the  throat  and  bronchial  tubes  and  was  held  to  be  the  pre- 
disposing cause  of  a  fatal  pneumonia  infection. 

1.  Twigs  and  buds  quite  glabrous.  S.  Saponaria. 
Buds,  at  least,  pubescent.     2. 

2.  Twigs  becoming  nearly  glabrous. 

(Wild  China-tree).     (1).  S.  Drummondii. 
Twigs  persistently  yellow-tom«ntose.  S.  marginatus. 


SAPINDACEAE. 


209 


KOELREUTERIA. 

(Family  Sapindaceae). 

Small  or  moderate-sized  trees: 
deciduous.  Twigs  rather  stout, 
very  slightly  angled:  pith  rather 
large,  rounded,  continuous,  white. 
Buds  moderate,  solitary,  half- 
ellipsoid,  sessile,  with  2  exposed 
scales,  the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  raised,  rather 
large,  shield-shaped:  bundle-traces 
3  and  compound,  or  forming  a 
singled  jagged  irregular  series: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-character     references:  — 
Koelreuteria    paniculata.     Schnei- 
der,   f.    47,    215;     Shirasawa,    245, 
pi.  4. 
Twigs   olive-buff,   glabrescent. 

K.  paniculata. 

Winter-character  references  to 
Aesculus:  —  X  A.  carnea.  Schnei- 
der, f.  214.  A.  glabra.  Blakeslee 

&  Jarvis,  548;  Brendel,  29,  pi.  1;  Otis,  198;  Schneider,  f.  214. 
A.  glabra  Buckleyi.  Hitchcock  (1),  3,  f.  5,  (3),  10,  (4),  135, 
f.  24.  A.  Hippocastanum.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  320,  f.  4,  330, 
548,  pi.;  Bosemann,  64;  Pant,  41,  f.  38;  Otis,  196;  Schneider, 
f.  213,  214;  Ward,  1:15,  f.  7-8,  104,  f.  57,  118,  f.  59,  150,  f. 
70;  Willkomm,  53,  f.  98;  Zuccarini,  31,  pi.  17.  A.  humilis. 
Schneider,  f.  215.  A.  octandra.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  548;  Bose- 
mann, 64;  Schneider,  f.  214.  A.  parviflora.  *  Schneider,  f.  215. 
A.  Pavia.  Bosemann,  64.  A.  turbinata.  Shirasawa,  268, 
pi.  10. 


210 


SAPINDACEAE. 


UNGNADIA.     Mexican  Buckeye. 
(Family  Sapindaceae). 

Tender  shrub:  deciduous.  Twigs 
moderate,  subterete:  pith  moder- 
ate, rounded,  continuous,  slightly 
brownish.  Buds  solitary,  some- 
what above  the  axil,  sessile,  glo- 
bose, very  red-hairy  and  with 
concealed  scales,  the  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf  -  scars  alternate, 
somewhat  raised,  3-lobed:  bundle- 
traces  numerous,  following  the 
contour  of  the  scar,  or  somewhat 
clustered  in  3  groups:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Like  the  horsechestnut  and 
true  buckeyes,  the  large  seeds  of 
this  species  contain  a  poisonous 
principle.  It  is  considered  worthy 
of  cultivation  where  the  winter 
temperature  is  moderate,  but 
rather  as  a  novelty  than  in  com- 
petition with  many  other  shrubs. 

Like  the  following  genus,  it  has  the  sapindaceous  char- 
acter of  alternate  leaves,  in  contrast  with  the  opposite  leaves 
of  Hippocastanaceae. 
Twigs  densely  dingy-tomentulose.  U.  speciosa. 


SAPINDACEAE. 


211 


XANTHOCERAS.     Chinese  Buckeye. 
(Family  Sapindaceae). 

Tree-like  shrub,  or  small  tree: 
deciduous.  Twigs  moderate,  te- 
rete, with  coarse  lenticels:  pith 
moderate,  continuous,  slightly 
brownish.  Buds  moderate,  soli- 
tary, sessile,  round-ovoid,  with 
about  half-a-dozen  more  or  less 
fringed  or  lacerate  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  half  -  elliptical, 
moderate,  elevated:  bundle-traces 
3,  large. 

Winter-character  reference  to 
Xanthoceras  sorbifolia: — Schnei- 
der, f.  127. 

Xanthoceras  is  coming  into  ex- 
tensive cultivation  on  lawns  and 
in  shrubbery  masses,  and  is  a 
shapely  hardy  plant  with  pleasing 
compound  leaves  and  conspicuous 
white  flowers  which  show  a 
change  in  their  striping  similar 

to  that  of  the    spotting    of    horsechestnut    flowers,   as    they 
change  in  maturity. 

Glabrate:  buds  chestnut,  glossy.  X.  sorbifolia. 

Winter-characters  of  Meliosma  myriantha,  of  the  related 
family  Sabiaceae,  are  pictured  by  Shirasawa,  234,  pi.  1. 


212 


RHAMNACEAE. 


ZIZYPHUS.     Jujube. 
(Family  Rhamnaceae ) . 

Shrubs  or  trees,  more  or  less 
armed  with  pungent  stipules:  de- 
ciduous in  the  North.  Twigs 
terete,  stout,  with  spurs  bearing 
clustered-scars  and  very  slender 
zig-zag  shoots:  pith  small  and 
brownish  and  spongy,  or  larger 
and  continuous.  Buds  minute, 
rounded,  very  obliquely  sessile, 
solitary,  or  in  some  species  super- 
posed, with  several  scarcely  dis- 
tinguishable scales,  the  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  2- 
ranked,  minute,  elliptical  or  tri- 
angular, low:  bundle-trace  1  or 
fragmented,  indistinct:  stipule- 
scars  small  and  round,  or  the  sti- 
pules forming  short  spines. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Zizyphus  sativa  (Z.  vulgaris). 
Schneider,  f.  69;  Shirasawa,  235, 

pi.  2. — According  to  the  belief  of  many  people  the  food  of  the 
African  lotus  eaters  was  the  fruit  of  a  species  of  Zizyphus, 
which,  in  this  belief,  botanists  have  called  Z.  Lotus. 

1.  Tomentose:   spines  stout,  curved.  (2).  Z.  Jujuba. 
At  most  puberulent.     2. 

2.  With  slender  spines,  one  straight. 


Unarmed. 


Z.  sativa. 
(1).  Z.  sativa  inermis. 


RHAMNACEAE. 


213 


PALIURUS.     Jerusalem  Thorn. 
(Family  Rhamnaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  more  or 
less  armed  with  unequal  pungent 
stipules.  Twigs  slender,  zig-zag, 
terete:  pith  small,  rounded,  pale, 
continuous.  Buds  solitary,  ob- 
liquely sessile,  ovoid  with  a  half- 
dozen  pointed  scales  or  the 
smaller  indefinitely  scaly.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  2-ranked,  minute, 
half-round,  low:  bundle-trace  1 
or  fragmented,  indistinct:  stipule- 
scars  minute  and  round  or  the 
stipules  forming  short  spines. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Paliurus  Aubletia.  Shirasawa, 
235,  pi.  2.  P.  australis.  Lubbock, 
On  Buds  and  Stipules,  194,  f. 
313, — with  suggestion  that  the 
hooked  stipule  is  an  aid  in  scram- 
bling; Schneider,  f.  69. 

A  gray-twigged  Oriental  jujube, 

Zizyphus   Spina-Christi,  like  this   shrub,   has  been   given   its 
specific  name  because  it  has  been  taken  to  be  the  plant  which 
was  used  in  making  the  biblical  crown  of  thorns. 
Puberulent:  twigs  brown.  P.  Spina-Christi. 


214 


RHAMNACEAE. 


COLLETIA. 
(Family  Rhamnaceae). 

Shrubs,  horridly  spiny  by  the 
decussate  branchlets:  pith  moder- 
ate, rounded,  white,  continuous. 
Buds  superposed,  the  upper  at 
once  developing  into  a  spirie- 
branch,  the  lower  minute  with 
about  2  scales  concealed  in  to- 
mentum.  Leaf-scars  lacking,  the 
opposite  minute  scales  which  rep- 
resent the  true  foliage  persistent. 
Except  for  a  few  other  species 
of  Colletia,  which  have  slenderer 
or  more  rounded  spines  and  are 
seldom  if  ever  seen  in  this  coun- 
try, Colletia  cruciata,  or  C.  Jior- 
rida  as  it  is  called  sometimes,  re- 
sembles only  the  related  genus 
Adolphia  of  the  Southwest,  and 
the  rather  distantly  related  Mexi- 
can Koeberlinia  which  differs 
from  both  in  having  its  spines 

alternately  placed  and  not  in  the  form  of  a  cross. 

Gray-tomentulose,  leaf-green  when  denuded.  C.  cruciata. 


RlIAMNACEAE. 


215 


CONDALIA. 

(Family  Rhamnaceae). 

Intricately  branched  spiny 
shrubs  or  small  trees  of 
the  southwest.  Twigs  slender, 
usually  obscurely  5-angled,  gray: 
pith  small,  roundish,  continuous. 
Buds  sessile,  small,  rounded,  with 
about  2  exposed  scales,  solitary, 
or  collaterally  branched  in  spine 
formation,  more  or  less  developed 
as  short  spurs.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, crescent-shaped,  minute, 
somewhat  raised:  bundle-trace  1, 
indistinct:  stipules  persistent  be- 
side the  bud.  The  first  and  last 
species  are  frequently  treated  un- 
der Zizyphus. 

Though      the     Spanish     word 
chaparral,    now    familiar    in    the 
southwest,      properly      means      a 
thicket  of  scrub  oak,  it  has  come 
into   general   use   as   the   designa- 
tion of  any  dense  tangle  of  low  stiff  shrubs,  Condalia,  Ceano- 
thus  and  Lycium  are  prominent  spiny  constituents  of   such 
tangles. 

1.  Tree.     (Purple  haw). 
Shrubs.     2. 

2.  Twigs  glaucous,  with  black  dots. 
Twigs  not  glaucous  when  mature.     3. 

3.  Twigs  terete,  with  roughening  bark.         (2).  C.  spathulata. 
Twigs  rather  evidently  angled.     4. 

4.  Glabrate.  (3).  C.  lycioides. 
Persistently  somewhat  white-hairy.     C.  lycioides  canescens. 


C.  obovata. 


(1).  C.  obtusifolia. 


216 


RHAMNACEAE. 


MlCROBHAMNUS. 

(Family  Rhamnaceae). 

Intricately  branched  shrubs  of 
the  southwest:  deciduous.  Twigs 
glabrous,  terete,  slender,  with 
short  internodes,  spine-tipped: 
pith  minute,  roundish,  continu- 
ous. Buds  solitary  or  collaterally 
branched  in  spine  formation,  ses- 
sile, minute,  round,  appressed, 
quickly  developing  into  short 
foliage  spurs  on  which  numerous 
stipular  scales  persist  for  a  long 
time.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  more 
or  less  raised,  crescent-shaped, 
minute:  bundle-trace  1,  indistinct: 
stipules  persistent,  minute,  trian- 
gular. The  very  small  leaves, 
when  present,  are  closely  revolute 
to  the  midrib  as  in  Loiseleuria 
and  some  other  Ericaceae  and  in 
some  Empetraceae. 

Like      the     preceding      genus, 

Microrhamnus  often  forms  dense  masses  of  chaparral. 

Twigs  with  light  gray  splitting  epidermis.  M.  ericoides. 


RHAMNACEAE. 


217 


BERCHEMIA.     Supple  Jack. 
(Family  Rhamnaceae). 

Woody  twiners:  deciduous. 
Stems  terete,  slender,  twiggy: 
pith  moderate,  continuous  and 
homogeneous,  round,  pale.  Buds 
small,  solitary,  sessile,  elongated- 
triangular,  closely  appressed,  with 
a  couple  of  exposed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  small,  round  or 
half-round,  much-raised,  with 
minute  persistent  stipules  at  the 
top:  bundle-trace  1,  elliptical. 

Winter-character  figures  of  the 
similar  hardier  Asiatic  Berche- 
mia  racemosa  are  given  by  Schnei- 
der, f.  69;  and  Shirasawa,  260,  pi. 
7. 

When  they  can  be  grown  suc- 
cessfully, the  berchemias  are  ef- 
fective climbers,  growing  rapidly 
and  producing  an  abundance  of 
slender  branches  covered  in  the 

open  season  with  rather  small  and  neat  leaves.     In  the  South 

B.  scandens,  or  B.  volubilis  as  it  is  called  sometimes,  often 

reaches  far  up  into  the  tops  of  tall  trees. 

Glabrous:   bud-scales  with  exfoliating  cuticle.         B.  scandens. 


218 


RHAMNACEAE. 


HOVENIA.     Honey  Tree. 
(Family  Rhamnaceae). 

Trees:  deciduous.  Twigs  ter- 
ete, slender,  zig-zag:  pith  relative- 
ly large,  pale,  continuous,  round. 
Buds  rather  small,  superposed, 
sessile,  ovoid,  with  1  or  2  exposed 
scales,  the  end  bud  lacking.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  round-heart- 
shaped,  somewhat  elevated: 
bundle-traces  3,  large:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Winter-characters  of  Hovenia 
dulcis  are  given  .by  Shirasawa, 
241,  pi.  3. 

Hovenia  dulcis,  which  is  grown 
successfully  as  far  north  as 
Washington,  somewhat  suggests  a 
hackberry  in  its  foliage  and 
slender  zig-zag  twigs.  When  it  be- 
comes old  enough  to  fruit  its 
fleshy  edible  branching  flower- 
stalks,  quite  unlike  the  product  of 

any  other  northern  tree  but  in  a  way  morphologically  com- 
parable  with    the   cashew   "apples"   of   the   tropics    (Anacar- 
dium),  attract  attention,  and  finally  litter  the  ground,  in  au- 
tumn and  winter. 
Twigs  from  villous,  glabrescent:  buds  dark  brown,  hairy. 

H.  dulcis. 


RHAMNACEAE. 


219 


CEANOTHUS.     New  Jersey  Tea. 
(Family  Rhamnaceae). 

For  our  purposes  low  and  de- 
ciduous shrubs,  sometimes  with 
twig-spines.  Twigs  rounded, 
rather  slender,  more  or  less  pu- 
berulent,  green  or  brownish:  pith 
relatively  large,  white,  continuous, 
rounded.  Buds  small,  solitary, 
sessile  or  often  developing  the  first 
season,  ovoid,  with  several  glab- 
rate  stipular  scales  of  which  the 
lowest  only  are  distinct  and  the 
leaf-blades  are  very  hairy.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  half-round,  some- 
what raised,  small:  bundle-trace  1, 
transverse,  more  or  less  evidently 
compound;  sometimes  distinctly  3: 
stipules  small,  persistent  or  leav- 
ing narrow  scars.  Bases  of  the 
half-inferior  clustered  capsules 
usually  persist  and  some  tender 
species  have  opposite  evergreen 
leaves. — In  California  known  as  wild  lilac. 

Winter-character  references:  --  Ceanothus  americanus. 
Hitchcock  (4),  134,  f.  16-18;  Schneider,  f.  94.  C.  ovatus. 
Hitchcock  (3),  9. 

Except  for  the  short  time  when  they  are  in  flower,  the 
New  Jersey  tea  shrubs  of  the  Northeast  are  of  little  interest; 
but  several  Mexican  and  Californian  species  have  been  favor- 
ites in  the  milder  climate  of  Europe  for  many  years,  and  a 
number  of  their  hybrids  are  very  attractive  in  English  gar- 
dens. 

Unarmed,  low-bushy.  (1).  C.  americanus. 

Spiny,  prostrate:   twigs  gray-hairy.  (2).  C.  Fendleri. 


220 


RHAMNAOEAE. 


RHAMNUS.     Buckthorn. 
(Family  Rhamnaceae). 

Shrubs  or  rather  small  trees: 
deciduous.  Twigs  rather  slender, 
rounded:  pith  moderate,  rounded, 
continuous,  white.  Buds  moderate, 
solitary,  sessile  or  exceptionally 
developing  the  first  season,  naked 
(Frangula)  or  with  some  half- 
dozen  scales  (Rhamnus  proper). 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  or  in  some 
species  opposite  or  in  decussating 
broken  pairs,  crescent-shaped  or 
half-elliptical,  small,  more  or  less 
raised:  bundle-traces  3  or  joined 
into  a  transverse  series:  stipule- 
scars  mostly  minute,  or  stipules 
small  and  persistent.  References 
under  Adolphia. 

Cascara  sagrada  is  much  used  in 
medicine. 
1.  Buds  scaly  (Rhamnus).     2. 

Buds    naked     (Frangula).    6. 


2.  Buds  chiefly  opposite:   shoots  often  spine-tipped.     3. 
Buds  alternate:  not  spiny.     4. 

3.  Spines  scarcely  longer  than  buds.  (1).  R.  cathartica. 
Spines  long  and  very  pungent.  R.  japonica. 

4.  Buds  large   (7-8  mm.  long).  (2).  R.  alpina. 
Buds  small   (under  5  mm.  long).     5. 

5.  Twigs  gray,  often  downy.  (3).  R.  lanceolata. 
Twigs  red  or  brown,  glabrous.  R.  alnifolia. 

6.  Buds  long  (8-10  mm.).    (Cascara  sagrada).      R.  Purshiana. 
Buds  short   (scarcely  5  mm.).     7. 

7.  Fruiting  pedicels  separate.  R.  Frangula. 
Fruiting  pedicels  several  in  a  cluster.      (4).  R.  caroliniana. 


RHAMNACEAE. 


221 


ADOLPHIA. 
(Family  Rhamnaceae). 

Intricately  green-  branched 
shrubs,  very  spiny  by  the  decus- 
sate terete  granular  and  puberu- 
lent  branchlets:  pith  moderate, 
rounded,  continuous.  Buds  super- 
posed, the  upper  at  once  develop- 
ing into  a  recurving  spine-branch, 
the  lower  minute,  with  2  outer  and 
ultimately  several  inner  black- 
ening scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite, 
transverse,  minute  and  indistinct, 
or  lacking,  the  infra-spinal  buds 
developing  as  short  spurs  on 
which  the  small  spatulate  leaves 
sometimes  persist. 

In  its  opposite  spines  Adol- 
phia  resembles  Collctia,  to  which 
the  genus  is  not  distantly  related; 
and  it  suggests  Koeberlinia. 

Of  Arizona,  New  Mexico  and  Mexico.  A.  infesta. 

Of  Lower  California.  (1).  A.  californica. 

Winter-character     references     to     Rhamnus: — R.     alpina. 

Schneider,  f.  169;   Willkomm,  40,  f.  64.     R.  cathartica.    Bb'se- 

mann^  48;    Fant,  41,  f.   39;    Schneider,  f.   169;   Ward,   1:46,  f. 

28,  160,  f.  76-77;  Willkomm,  4,  45,  f.  77.     R.  Frangula.     Bose- 

mann,  49;  Fant,  40,  f.  36;   Schneider,  f.  101?  Ward,  1:215,  f. 

110;   Willkomm,   40,   f.   66.     R.  japonica.     Shirasawa,   268,   pi. 

10.     R.  lanceolata.     Brendel,  27,  pi.  1;   Hitchcock    (3),  9.     R. 

pumila.      Schneider,     f.     101.     R.    saxatilis.      Bosemann,     48; 

Schneider,  f.  169.     R.  utilis.     Schneider,  f.  169. 


222 


VlTACEAE. 


AMPELOPSIS. 
(Family  Vitaceae). 

Rather      soft-wooded      climbers, 
sometimes   with   tendrils   only   on 
the  upper  branches,  these  opposite 
the    leaf-scars    when    present   and 
not  thickened   at  tip:    foliage   de- 
ciduous.    Stems  angled  or  nearly 
terete,    moderate:    pith    moderate, 
white,  without  firmer  diaphragms 
even   at  the  nodes,  soon  dividing 
into    thin     plates    by    transverse 
fissures    beginning     at    the    peri- 
phery.    Buds    subglobose,    solitary 
though    collaterally    branched    in 
development,  sessile,  with    2    or    3 
scales.      Leaf-scars     alternate,      2- 
ranked,      rounded:      bundle-traces, 
about  a  dozen  in  an  ellipse,  rather 
small      and      indistinct:      stipule- 
scars  long  and  narrow.    (Cissus). 
Winter-character    references:  — 
Ampelopsis    cordata    (Cissus  Am- 
10,    (4),  135,  f.  21. 
A  long  time  will  be  required  to  get  uniform  usage  of  the 
name  Ampelopsis.     Popularly  it  is  applied  almost  universally 
to  the  Virginia  creeper  and  Boston  ivy,  now  called  variously 
Parthenocissus  or  Psedera  by  botanists. 

1.  Bushy  and  usually  without  tendrils.  (1).  A.  cordata. 
Climbing.     2. 

2.  Stems  subterete:  tendrils  rather  few. 

(Pepper  vine).     A.  arborea. 
Stems  angular.     (Turquoise  berry).       (2).  A.  heterophylla. 


2)dopsis).     Hitchcock   (3), 


VlTACEAE. 


223 


Cissus.     Marine  Ivy. 
(Family  Vitaceae). 

Soft-wooded  or  rather  succulent 
climbers  with  simple  coiling  tend- 
rils opposite  the  leaf-scars:  decidu- 
ous. Stems  subterete,  moderate 
or  rather  slender:  pith  rounded, 
moderate,  white,  continuous  and 
without  nodal  diaphragms.  Buds 
small,  collaterally  branching, 
globose,  sessile,  with  2  scales. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  2  -  ranked, 
rounded:  bundle-traces  indistinct, 
in  an  ellipse:  stipule-scars  small. 
Sometimes  included  in  Ampelop- 
sis  as  now  denned. 

A  still  tenderer  specias  than 
C.  incisa  is  C.  acida,  which  is 
cultivated  in  the  open  sometimes. 
The  beautiful  C.  discolor,  some- 
times called  trailing  begonia,  is 
familiar  in  hot-houses  every- 
where. 

Glabrous  or  puberulent:  internodes  short  (2-3  cm.).  C.  incisa. 
Winter-character  references  to  Vitis: — V.  cinerea.  Hitch- 
cock (3),  10.  V.  cordifolia.  Engelmann,  Bushberg  Catalogue, 
10,  f.  36;  Hitchcock  (3),  6.  V.  flexuosa.  Shirasawa,  260,  pi. 
7.  V.  labrusca.  Engelmann,  Bushberg  Catalogue,  9.  V.  ro- 
tundifolia  (V.  vulpina).  Engelmann,  Bushberg  Catalogue,  10, 
f.  37.  V.  rupestris.  Engelmann,  Bushberg  Catalogue,  10,  f. 
35.  V.  Thunbergii.  Shirasawa,  261.  V.  vinifera.  Schneider, 
f.  122;  Shirasawa,  260,  pi.  7.  V.  vulpina  (V.  riparia).  Bren- 
del,  27,  pi.  4;  Engelmann,  Bushberg  Catalogue,  10,  f.  34; 
Hitchcock  (3),  10,  (4),  135,  f.  19-20. 


224 


VlTACEAE. 


VITIS.     Vine.     Grape. 
(Family  Vitaceae). 

Rather  hard-wooded  climbers, 
often  very  thick-stemmed  in  the 
forest,  with  usually  very  flaking 
bark:  deciduous.  Stems  striate, 
subterete  or  exceptionally  angled, 
moderate:  pith  moderate,  brown, 
continuous  or  somewhat  fissued 
near  the  swollen  nodes,  usually 
with  a  firmer  diaphragm  at  each 
node.  Tendrils  opposite  the  leaf- 
scars,  not  thickened  at  tip.  Buds 
subglobose,  not  superposed,  but 
collaterally  branching,  with  2 
broad  scales,  the  end-bud  lack- 
ing. Leaf-scars  alternate,  2- 
ranked,  half-round  or  crescent-- 
shaped: bundle-traces  several  in  a 
C-shaped  series,  usually  indis- 
tinct: stipule-scars  long  and  nar- 
row. References  under  Cissus. 

1.  Pith  without  diaphragms:   bark  tight.     (1).  V.  rotundifolia. 
Pith  firmer  at  the  nodes:  bark  flaking.     2. 

2.  Twigs  distinctly  angled,  woolly.  (2).  V.  cinerea. 
Twigs  nearly  terete.     3. 

3.  A  tendril  at  each  node.  (Hybrids  of,  and)  V.  labrusca. 
Tendrils  lacking  from  usually  each  third  node.     4. 

4.  Spreading  and  rather  bushy.  V.  rupestris. 
Climbing.     5. 

5.  Nodal  diaphragms  thin  (under  1  mm.)          (3).  V.  vulpina. 
Nodal  diaphragms  thick   (2-4  mm.).     6. 

6.  Panicle  vestiges  open  and  large.  V.  cordifolia. 
Panicle  vestiges,  compactly  branched.  V.  aestivalis. 


VlTACEAE. 


225 


PARTHENOCISSUS.     Virginia   Creeper. 
(Family  Vitaceae). 

Somewhat  fleshy  woody  climb- 
ers: deciduous.  Stems  terete, 
moderate  or  rather  slender:'  pith 
relatively  large,  continuous,  green- 
ish and  large-celled  in  the  inter- 
nodes,  whiter  and  more  compact 
at  the  swollen  nodes.  Buds  mode- 
rate, not  superposed,  but  fre- 
quently collaterally  branching  in 
development,  sessile,  round-coni- 
cal, with  2  or  3  exposed  scales,  the 
end-bud  absent.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, half-round  or  nearly  cir- 
cular: bundle-traces  about  a  dozen, 
rather  indistinct,  in  an  ellipse: 
stipule-scars  long  and  narrow. 
Tendrils  opposite  the  leaf  -  scars, 
absent  from  every  third  node. 
(Ampelopsis;  Psedera). 

Winter-character   references:  - 
Parthenocissus  quinquefolia   (Am- 

pelopsis     hederacea).     Bosemann,     41;      Hitchcock     (3),    10; 

Schneider,  f.  122.     P.  vitacea  (A.  quinquefolia).     Brendel,  27, 

pi.   4.     P.   tricuspidata.     Schaffner  &  Tyler,   Ohio   Naturalist, 

1:32. 

1.  Nearly  or  quite  glabrous.     2. 
Persistently  distinctly  pubescent.     4. 

2.  Tendrils  rarely  with  suckers,  long.  (1).  P.  vitacea. 
Suckers  abundant  at  ends  of  the  tendrils.     3. 

3.  Tendrils  rather  long.  P.  quinquefolia. 
Tendrils  and  internodes  short.    (Boston  ivy).   P.  tricuspidata. 

4.  Pubescence  coarse:  not  rooting.  P.  quinquefolia  Engelmannii. 
Pubescence  downy:   rooting.        P.  quinquefolia  Saint-Paulii. 


226 


TlLIACEAE. 


TILIA.     Linden.     Lime.     Basswood. 
(Family  Tiliaceae). 

Trees:  deciduous.  Twigs  mode- 
rate, zig-zag,  with  elongated  in- 
ternodes,  terete,  the  cortex  with 
fibrous  wedges  in  section:  pith 
round  or  squarish,  moderate,  con- 
tinuous, pale,  sometimes  pink  or 
yellowish.  Buds  solitary  or  preco- 
ciously branched  in  inflorescence, 
obliquely  sessile,  rather  large,  in- 
equilaterally  ovoid,  with  2  mostly 
green  or  red  glistening-punctate 
scales,  the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  2-ranked  on 
shoots,  somewhat  elevated,  half- 
elliptical:  bundle-traces  3  or  most- 
ly compound  and  then  sometimes 
scattered :  stipule-scars  unequal, 
one  of  each  pair  much  elongated. 

The  winter-characters  of  lindens 
are  not  very  marked.  References 
to  them  are  given  under  Grewia. 

1.  Twigs  somewhat  loosely  hairy.  T.  platyphyllos. 
Twigs  tomentulose.     2. 

Twigs  glabrous.     3. 

2.  Weeping.  T.  petiolaris. 
Not  weeping.                                                             T.  tomentosa. 

3.  Twigs  slender  (2-3  mm.).  T.  cordata. 
Twigs  moderate   (3  mm.).                                 T.  heterophylla. 
Twigs  relatively  stout  (often  4  mm.).       (1).  T.  americana. 


TlLIACEAE. 


227 


GEEWIA. 
(Family  Tiliaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
rounded,  somewhat  fluted  near  the 
tip,  rather  slender,  hispid:  pith 
rather  small,  roundish,  continuous, 
white  with  somewhat  greenish  or 
browning  border.  Buds  small, 
solitary,  sessile,  naked,  hairy,  the 
end-bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, 2-ranked,  somewhat 
crowded  at  tip,  elliptical  or  half- 
round,  raised:  bundle-trace  elipti- 
cal,  compound:  stipules  setaceous, 
hairy,  persistent,  surpassing  the 
buds. 

The  winter-characters  of  Grewia 
parviflora  are  pictured  by  Schnei- 
der, f.  66. 

Twigs  olive,  with  conspicuous  len- 
ticels  when  denuded. 

G.  parviflora. 

Winter-character  references  to  the  limes  or  lindens:  — 
Tilia  americana.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  550,  pi.;  Brendel,  27,  29, 
30,  31,  pi.  ^4;  Hitchcock  (1),  3,  f.  2,  (3),  8,  (4),  134,  f.  10-11; 
Otis,  200;  Schneider,  f.  44,  66.  T.  cordata  (T.  parvifolia). 
Bosemann,  68;  Fant,  31,  f.  31 ;  Schneider,  f.  32,129;  Willkomm, 
44,  f;  75;  Zuccarini,  pi.  9.  T.  heterophylla  (T.  Michauxii). 
Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  550.  T.  japonica.  Shirasawa,  263,  pi.  8. 
T.  Miqueliana.  Shirasawa,  263,  pi.  8.  T.  platyphyllos  (T. 
grandifolia).  Bosemann,  68;  Fant,  31;  Schneider,  f.  129.  T. 
tomentosa.  Schneider,  f.  43,  129.  T.  vulgaris  (T.  europaea). 
Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  550;  Ward,  1:186,  f.  93. 


228 


MALVACEAE. 


HIBISCUS.     Rose  of  Sharon. 
(Family  Malvaceae). 

Shrubs  or  very  small  trees:  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  rounded,  fluted 
near  the  dilated  tip,  rather  slender, 
glabrescent:  pith  rather  small, 
continuous,  white  with  green 
border.  Buds  not  evident,  their 
position  usually  occupied  by  the 
scars  of  fallen  inflorescences  or 
branch-vestiges.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, crowded  at  tip,  half-round 
or  transversely  elliptical,  raised, 
shortly  decurrent  in  more  or  less 
evident  ridges:  bundle-traces  about 
4,  compoundly  irregular  and  in- 
definite: stipule-scars  small,  ellip- 
tical. 

Winter-character  references  to 
H.  syriacus: — Schneider,  f.  66; 
Shirasawa,  236. 

Damaskinos  aand  Bourgeois,  in 
the  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Botan- 

ique  de  France,  5:604,  indicate  the  position  of  the  inflores- 
cence below  the  rudiments  of  the  vegetative  bud;  and  the 
literature  of  the  subject  is  given  by  Russell  in  the  botanical 
section  of  the  Annales  des  Sciences  Naturelles  for  1892. 

Though  it  is  a  stiff  shrub  out  of  harmony  with  most  of 
its  associates,  ttye  shrubby  Althea  as  it  is  often  called  is  one 
of  the  most  universally  planted  shrubs,  and  in  its  better  va- 
rieties affords  an  abundance  of  bright  color  through  the  sum- 
mer. The  tender  H.  Rosa-sinensis  is  used  frequently  in 
bedding. 
Twigs  gray:  flower-scars  abundant.  H.  syriacus. 


STEBCULIACEAE. 


229 


THEOBEOMA.     Cacao. 
( Family  Sterculiaceae ) . 

Tender  small  trees,  flowering 
and  fruiting  on  spurs  from  the 
trunk:  evergreen.  Twigs  mode- 
rate, terete:  pith  small,  round, 
continuous,  white.  Buds  small,  sol- 
itary, sessile,  subglobose,  not  evi- 
dently scaly  except  for  the  stipules 
of  their  leaves,  the  end-bud  oblong 
with  a  number  of  protruding 
slender  stipules.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, 2-ranked,  very  slightly 
raised  at  the  bottom,  half-round 
to  nearly  round:  bundle-traces  3, 
rather  large:  stipule-scars  some- 
what elongated.  Leaves  simple, 
entire,  petioled. 

Cauliflory,  as  flowering  and 
fruiting  from  the  trunk  or  spurs 
on  it  instead  of  from  ordinary 
branches  is  called,  is  considered 
in  detail  by  Huth  in  volume  30 

of  the  Ablandlungen  of  the  Botanischer  Verein  der  Provinz 
Brandenburg. 

Cacao,  or  cocoa  as  English-speaking  people  too  often  call 
it,  like  coffee  and  tea  produces  a  stimulating  alkaloid,  which 
in  this  case  is  theobromin  while  in  the  others  it  is  caffein. 
It  has  been  esteemed  for  untold  centuries,  and  was  so  common 
in  South  America  in  the  time  of  the  Incas  that  its  seeds  are 
said  to  have  been  strung  like  cash  or  wampum  shells  and 
used  in  place  of  money, — which  in  this  instance  possessed  in- 
trinsic value. 
Twigs  brown,  puberulent  or  glabrescent.  T.  Cacao. 


230 


STERCULIACEAE. 


STEBCULIA. 
( Family  Ster culiaceae ) . 

Trees:  deciduous.  Bark  smooth, 
gray.  Wood  soft,  pale,  somewhat 
ring-porous,  with  small  ducts, 
moderate  medullary  rays  and  tan- 
gential wood-parenchyma  pattern. 
Twigs  very  stout,  terete:  pith 
very  large,  round,  continuous, 
white.  Buds  subglobose,  solitary, 
sessile,  with  several  very  hairy 
scales;  the  lateral  buds  small,  the 
terminal  large.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, more  crowded  toward  the 
tip,  low,  elliptical:  bundle-traces 
about  10,  in  an  irregular  ellipse, 
compound :  stipule  -  scars  elon- 
gated, often  upcurved. 

Winter-characters  of  Sterculia 
plat  ani  folia  are  indicated  by 
Shirasawa,  283,  pi.  13. 

Sterculia  platanifolia  is  prob- 
ably the  most  striking  tree  that 

can  be  cultivated  in  the  near-North,  because  of  its  very  large 
leaves,  deeply  palmately  lobed  with  rounded  sinuses  and  acu- 
minate segments.  In,  winter  its  thick  green  twigs  with 
strongly  contrasting  reddish  hairy  buds  and  large  leaf-scars 
mark  it  almost  as  distinctly  in  comparison  with  anything  else 
grown  in  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Washington,  where  it  is  to 
be  seen. 
Twigs  green:  buds  dark  red-brown.  S.  platanifolia. 


STEKCULIACEAE. 


'231 


COLA.     Cola. 
( Family  Ster culiaceae ) . 

Trees:  subdeciduous.  Twigs 
moderate,  terete:  pith  relatively 
large,  rounded,  spongily  excavated, 
orange.  Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
conical,  divergent,  with  stipular 
scales  only.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
nearly  round,  abruptly  raised, 
large  for  the  size  of  the  twig: 
bundle-trace  1,  round,  large  but 
indistinct:  stipule-scars  elongated. 
Leaves,  if  present,  simple,  oblan- 
ceolate,  acuminate,  on  a  petiole 
nearly  as  long  as  the  blade.  Some- 
times spelled  Kola. 

Few  words  of  recent  introduc- 
tion are  in  such  common  popular 
use  as  the  name  of  this  tropical 
African  tree,  because  of  the  ex- 
tent to  which  the  active  stimulant 
contained  in  its  fruit  is  used  or 
supposed  to  be  used  in  summer 

beverages.    Like  the  mate  or  Paraguay  tea  of  South  America, 

it  enjoys  the  repute  of  enabling  men  to  sustain  long  periods 

of  exertion  with  little  or  no  food. 

Twigs  brown,  stellate-scurfy  when  very  young.    C.  acuminata. 


232 


DlLLENLACEAE. 


ACTINIDIA. 

(Family  Dilleniaceae). 

Woody  twiners:  deciduous. 
Stems  moderate,  terete,  brown: 
pith  moderate,  white  and  con- 
tinuous in  some  species,  pale 
brownish  and  chambered  in  others, 
terete.  Buds  small,  concealed  in 
the  thickened  cortex  above  the 
leaf-scar,  the  end-bud  lacking. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  round,  rather 
large,  much  raised:  bundle-trace 
1,  round  or  crescent-shaped: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

The  curious  anomaly  of  buds 
buried  in  the  cortex,  which  Actini- 
dia  shows,  does  not  rest  upon  ad- 
ventitious development  from  the 
vascular  axis  of  the  stem,  as  ap- 
pears to  be  the  case.  In  a  paper 
published  in  volume  3  of  the 
Botanisches  Centralblatt,  Hilde- 
brand  shows  that  in  their  earlier 

stages  these  buds  are  at  the  surface,  as  in  ordinary  plants, 
but  as  the  development  of  the  node  progresses  the  large  cor- 
tical cushion  about  them  thickens  so  as  to  surround  and 
finally  overtop  them. 

Winter-character  references: — A.  arguta.     Shirasawa,  259, 
pi.  7.    A.  polygama.    Schneider,  f.  93;  Shirasawa,  259,  pi.  7. 

1.  Pith  white,  continuous.     (Cat  vine).  A.  polygama. 
Pith  brownish,  chambered.     2. 

2.  Twigs  glabrous.  (1).  A.  arguta. 
Twigs  hairy.  A.  chinensis. 


TEBNSTROEMIACEAE. 


233 


STEWAKTIA. 
( Family  Ternstroemiaceae ) . 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with 
flaking  bark:  deciduous.  Twigs 
moderate  or  slender,  subterete: 
pith  rounded,  somewhat  spongy. 
Buds  moderate  or  small,  solitary 
or  superposed,  sessile,  compressed- 
fusiform,  with  2  or  3  exposed 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  half- 
round,  little  raised:  bundle-trace 
1,  large,  round,  at  the  top  of  the 
scar:  stipule-scars  lacking.  (Stu- 
artia). 

Winter-character   references:  - 
Stewartia      monadelpha.      Shiras- 
awa,  262,  pi.  8.    S.  pseudocamellia. 
Shirasawa,    262,    pi.    8. 

The  stewartias  are  tender  ex- 
cept in  the  south  or  near  the 
coast.  Where  they  can  be  grown 
they  vie  with  Camellias,  which 
they  resemble  somewhat  in  flower, 

Cape    jessamines,   and    magnolias   among    the    large-flowered 

shrubs. 

1.  Buds  silvery,  rather  small   (scarcely  7  mm.  long).     2. 
Buds  brown,  large  (fully  10  mm.).     (1).  S.  Pseudo-Camellia. 

2.  Buds  moderate   (fully  5  mm.  long).  S.  pentagyna. 
Buds  small  (2  mm.  long).                   (2).  S.  Malachodendron. 

Many  botanists  use  the  name  Theaceae  for  the  family  to 
which  this  and  the  next  two  genera  belong. 


234 


TEBNSTROEMIACEAE. 


GORDONIA. 
( Family  Ternstroemiaceae ) . 

Trees  or  shrubs:  evergreen  or 
deciduous.  Twigs  moderate,  ter- 
ete: pith  continuous.  Buds  usually 
solitary,  round-ovoid,  naked.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  half-round  or 
shield-shaped,  scarcely  raised: 
bundle-trace  1,  transverse  or  V- 
shaped,  compound :  stipule»-scars 
lacking.  Leaves,  when  persistent, 
sessile,  oblanceolate,  serrate. 
(Franklinia) . 

Like  stewartias,  the  gordonias 
are  large-flowered  plants  much 
prized  where  they  can  be  grown, 
which  is  only  in  the  South  or 
near  the  seashore  or  Eastern 
lakes.  The  Franklinia,  G.  Alta- 
maha,  possesses  a  special  interest 
in  that,  though  extensively  culti- 
vated, all  of  the  specimens  of.it 
have  been  propagated  directly  or 

indirectly  from  a  single  tree  cultivated  by  Bartram  near 
Philadelphia.  Notwithstanding  its  conspicuous  flowers,  it  is 
not  refound  in  the  wild  state,  even  in  the  locality  from 
which  Bartram's  specimen  came,  though  repeated  search  has 
been  made  for  it. 

Leaves  evergreen,  tomentulose  beneath.  (1).  G.  Lasianthus. 
Leaves  deciduous:  pith  rather  large,  coffee-colored. 

(2).  G.  Altamaha. 


TEBNSTKOEMIACEAE. 


235 


THEA.     Tea.     Camellia. 
(Family  Ternstroemiaceae). 

Shrubs :  evergreen.  Twigs 
moderate  or  slender,  terete:  pith 
round,  more  or  less  spongy.  Buds 
rather  small,  solitary,  sessile, 
ovoid,  with  2  scales,  or  the  flower- 
buds  enlarged  and  exposing  some 
eight  2-ranked  scales.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  crescent  -  shaped  t  o 
nearly  elliptical,  more  or  less 
raised  from  a  somewhat  shrunken 
area:  bundle-trace  1,  compound, 
crescent-  or  C-shaped:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Leaves  moderate, 
short-stalked,  crenately  serrate. 
(Includes  Camellia). 

Tea  (Thea)  and  coffee  (Coffea) 
are  entirely  unrelated  plants 
which  produce  what  is  regarded 
as  an  identical  alkaloid,  caffein, 
which  gets  its  name  from  the  lat- 
ter but  is  prepared  commercially 

in  large  quantities  from  tea-leaves.  The  Paraguay  tea  (Ilex) 
owes  its  stimulating  properties  to  the  same  substance,  as  does 
the  guarana  (Paullinia),  one  of  the  Sapindaceae.  Chocolate 
or  cacao  contains  a  closely  related  alkaloid,  theobromin. 

1.  Twigs  glabrous.     2. 

Twigs  somewhat  loose-hairy.  T.  Sasanqua. 

2.  Twigs  slender:    leaf-scars  crescent-shaped. 

(Tea).     (1).  T.  sinensis. 
Twigs  stouter:   leaf-scars  subelliptical. 

(Camellia).     (2).  T.  japonica. 


236 


GUTTIFERAE. 


ASCYRUM.     St.  Peter's  Wort. 
(Family  Guttiferae). 

Small  dense  but  flexible  shrubs: 
deciduous.  Twigs  very  slender, 
2-winged  beneath  the  leaf-scars, 
with  red  quickly  exfoliating  bark: 
pith  brown,  minute,  spongily  ex- 
cavated. Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
minute,  with  2  exposed  scarcely 
specialized  scales,  often  develop- 
ing the  first  season.  Leaf-scars 
opposite,  minute,  triangular, 
raised  by  the  enlarged  nodes: 
bundle-trace  1,  scarcely  distin- 
guishable: stipule-scars  lacking. 

American  botanists  have  been 
unwilling  to  merge  this  and  the 
following  genus  into  the  Gutti- 
ferae, as  is  done  here,  and  in 
local  Manuals  the  family  Hyperi- 
caceae  is  maintained  for  them.  As 
a  rule  they  are  small  plants 
scarcely  more  than  half-shrubby, 

and  in  comparison  with  most  of  the  popularly  selected  shrub- 
bery plants  they  are  without  marked  value.  Like  species  of 
Gistus,  however,  they  are  bright  when  in  flower,  and  St.  Pe- 
ter's Wort,  especially,  forms  compact  masses  that  fit  well  into 
certain  situations. 
Very  low  and  slender  (twigs  1  mm.  thick). 

(St.  Andrew's  cross).     (1).  A.  hypericoides. 
Somewhat  larger  and  stouter   (twigs  1.5-2  mm.  thick). 

(St.  Peter's  wort).    A.  stans. 


GUTTIFERAE. 


237 


HYPEBICUM.     St.  John's  Wort. 
(Family  Guttiferae). 

Small  shrubs  (or  most  species 
herbaceous) ,  with  exfoliating 
bark:  deciduous.  Twigs  slender, 
usually  small,  angled  at  least  be- 
low the  nodes:  pith  small,  green 
or  brown,  spongy  and  finally  ex- 
cavated. Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
minute,  with  2  or  several  scarcely 
specialized  scales,  often  develop- 
ing the  first  season  and  sometimes 
forming  short  axillary  branches 
covered  by  scars.  Leaf-scars  op- 
posite, small,  triangularly  lens- 
shaped,  little  raised:  bundle- 
trace  1:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

Very  little  attention  has  been 
paid  to  the  winter-characters  of 
Hypericaceae.  Lofling,  in  his 
Gemmae  Arborum,  p.  198,  de- 
scribed the  buds  of  Hypericum 
Androsaemum;  H.  calycinum  is 
pictured  by  Schneider,  f.  119;  and  Meigen  considers  the  win- 
ter condition  of  H.  elodes  and  H.  perforatum  in  a  paper  on 
the  vegetative  organs  of  various  perennials. 

1.  Twigs  very  evanescently  angled.  (1).  H.  prolificum. 
Twigs  rather  persistently  4-angled.     2. 

2.  Buds  distinctly  scaly.  (2).  H.  calycinum. 
Buds  scarcely  with  specialized  scales.     3. 

3.  Openly  bushy.  (3).  H.- Kalmianum. 
Round-topped.  (4).  H.  aureum. 


238 


TAMARICACEAE. 


TAMAEIX.     Tamarisk. 
(Family  Tamaricaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees:  decidu- 
ous through  the  fall  of  their  very 
slender  branched  foliar  shoots. 
Twigs  slender,  elongated, 
rounded:  pith  small,  rounded, 
continuous,  not  central.  Buds 
small,  sessile,  rounded,  compressed 
against  the  twig,  solitary  or 
quickly  becoming  concentrically 
multiple,  with  about  3  exposed 
scales.  Leaf-scars  lacking.  Leaves 
alternate,  scale-like  with  persist- 
ent* dilated  base,  without  evident 
bundle-traces  or  stipules. 

Winter-character  references  to  T. 
gallica: — Schaffner  &  Tyler,  Ohio 
Naturalist,  1:31;  Schneider,  f. 
118. 

1.  Quite  glabrous.     2. 
Leaf-scales  puberulent. 

T.  hispida. 
2.  Twigs  and  buds  green  or  pinkish  and  glaucescent. 

T.  odessana. 
Twigs  and  buds  red-brown,  not  glaucous.       (1).  T.  gallica. 

MYRICABIA. 

(Family  Tamaricaceae). 

Winter-characters  of  Tamarix,  except  that  the  pith  is 
larger  and  more  central.  The  single  species  is  M.  germanica, 
the  winter-characters  of  which  are  indicated  by  Fant,  27;  and 
Schneider,  f.  119. 


FOUQUIERIACEAE. 


239 


FOUQUIERIA.       OCOtlllO. 

( Family  Fouquieriaceae ) . 

Shrubs,  rather  few-  and 
arcuately-branched  from  near  the 
ground,  with  very  sharp  slightly 
curved  spines  below  the  buds:  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  moderate  or 
slender,  rather  fleshy,  broadly 
ridged  below  the  nodes:  pith 
angular,  continuous,  (or  becom- 
ing chambered  according  to  Sole- 
reder).  Buds  small,  spindle- 
shaped,  quickly  developing  into 
short  axillary  leaf-clusters.  Leaf- 
scars  found  only  on  the  axillary 
spurs  or  at  the  annual  junctures, 
minute,  half-round,  raised:  bundle- 
trace  1,  minute:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. ,  Each  spine  represents  the 
dorsal  part  of  the  petiole  of  a 
fallen  foliage  leaf. 

The  second  species,  of  Lower 
California,  forming  a  tapering 

columnar  trunk  covered  with  slender  ungrooved  branches,  and 
with  globose  buds,  is  sometimes  separated  under  the  generic 
name  Idria.  Incidentally,  a  grove  of  this  is  shown  on  plate 
29  of  the  twenty-second  Report  of  the  Missouri  Botanical  Gar- 
den, in  a  photograph  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Goldman  of  the  superb 
agave  subsequently  named  after  him. 

Shrub:  twigs  flat-ridged  below  the  spines.  (1).  F.  splendens. 
Tree:  twigs  terete:  buds  globose.  (2).  F.  columnaris. 


240 


ClSTACEAE. 


HUDSONIA. 

(Family  Cistaceae). 

Low  tufted  villous  shrubs  of 
dry  regions:  evergreen.  Twigs 
very  slender,  terete:  pith  very 
minute.  Buds  scarcely  evident 
except  as  short  branches,  without 
differentiated  scales.  Leaf-scars 
lacking,  the  long-persistent  leaves 
finally  falling  with  the  outer  cor- 
tex. Leaves  very  small,  alternate, 
narrow  and  pointed,  much  longer 
than  the  internodes:  stipules 
lacking.  Capsules,  if  present, 
narrow,  scarcely  surpassing  the 
sepals. 

Hudsonia  scarcely  possesses 
horticultural  merit,  but  it  attracts 
attention  when  it  is  found  grow- 
ing wild. 


1.  Leaves  short  (2  mm.),  appressed.  (1).  H.  tomentosa. 
Leaves  larger    (3-6  mm.):    fruit  distinctly  stalked.     2. 

2.  Leaves  moderate,  rather  gray,  ascending.      (2).  H.  ericoides. 
Leaves  long,  more  spreading,  green.  (3).  H.  montana. 

Winter-characters  are  given  for  the  related  genus  Helian- 
themum  as  follows:  H.  amaHle.  Schneider,  f.  119.  H.  oe- 
landicum.  Bosemann,  35.  H.  vulgare.  Bosemann,  35. 


KOEBEBLINIACEAE. 


241 


KOEBERLINIA.     All  Thorn. 
(Family  Koeberliniaceae). 

Shrubs,  horridly  spiny  by  the 
ascending  or  horizontally  spread- 
ing terete  branchlets  which  taper 
somewhat  acuminately  into  very 
sharp  black  spines:  pith  moder- 
ate, round,  continuous.  Buds  soli- 
tary, sessile,  not  evidently  scaly, 
very  minute.  Leaf-scars  lacking, 
the  minute  scales  which  repre- 
sent the  leaves  drying  on  the 
twig.  The  branching  is  some- 
times alternate  and  very  irregu- 
lar, and  sometimes  decussately 
opposite,  as  is  the  disposition  of 
flower  buds. 

Koeberlinia  presents  very  much 
the  appearance  of  some  of  the 
spiny  Rhamnaceae,  but  differs 
from  them  in  technical  charac- 
ters. Only  the  one  species  is 
known. 

Velvety  and  minutely  scabrous.  K.  spinosa. 

Winter-characters  of  Idesia  polycarpa,  of   the  family  Fla- 

courtiaceae,   are   given   by   Schneider,   f.    84;    and   Shirasawa, 

283,  pi.  13. 


242 


STACHYUBACEAE. 


STACHYURUS. 
( Family  Stachyuraceae ) . 

Shrubs,  with  some  inflorescence- 
branches  developed  the  first  year: 
deciduous.  Twigs  glabrous,  mod- 
erate, rounded:  pith  relatively 
large,  round,  continuous,  white. 
Buds  rather  small,  sessile,  soli- 
tary, ovoid,  appressed,  with  2 
more  or  less  pointed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  narrowly  cres- 
cent-shaped, somewhat  raised, 
rather  small:  bundle-traces  3:  sti- 
pule-scars short. 

Winter-character  references  to 
Stachyurus  praecox: — Schneider, 
f.  87;  Shirasawa,  242,  pi.  3. 

The  family  Stachyuraceae  in- 
cludes only  the  one  genus,  Stachy- 
urus, and  was  known  until  re- 
cently only  through  one  species 
from  Japan  and  one  from  the 
Himalayan  region.  Of  recent 

years,  several  Chinese  species  have  been  discovered.  Those 
that  have  been  brought  into  cultivation,  like  Forsythia,  some 
of  the  bush  honeysuckles,  and  the  Asiatic  magnolias,  are 
prized  because  they  flower  early,  before  their  foliage  expands. 
Twigs  and  buds  rather  glossy  brown:  Japan.  S.  praecox. 

Twigs  green  or  dull  brown:    China.  S.  chinensis. 


CARIOAOEAE. 


243 


CAKICA.     Papaya.     True  Papaw. 
(Family  Caricaceae). 

Soft-wooded  glabrous  tender 
usually  unbranched  small  trees 
with  thin  milky  sap  and  smooth 
barR  on  which  the  enlarging  leaf- 
scars  persist  for  years:  evergreen 
at  the  crown:  pith  5-sided,  at 
length  hollow  in  the  center,  like 
the  petioles.  Buds  small,  round, 
essentially  naked  though  the  out- 
ermost leaves  do  not  enlarge 
greatly,  usually  abortive  except  as 
they  collaterally  branch  and  pro- 
duce inflorescence  shoots.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  broadly  shield- 
shaped  or  shallowly  3-lobed,  slight- 
ly raised  at  base:  bundle-traces 
many,  small  in  an  open  series, 
quickly  effaced :  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. Leaves  simple,  long-stalked. 
The  papaya  is  the  tropical  rep- 
resentative of  the  muskmelon  as 

a  table  fruit,  and  somewhat  resembles  an  under-flavored 
melon  in  taste  as  it  does  in  appearance.  It  is  grown  often  in 
plant  houses  and  fruits  not  infrequently  under  such  condi- 
tions. Plants  that  have  reached  the  flowering  age  prove  to 
be  essentially  dioecious,  the  staminate  flowers  borne  in  elon- 
gated clusters  and  the  pistillate  close  to  the  stem, — though  an 
occasional  fruit  forms  on  an  otherwise  sterile  inflorescence. 
The  latex  of  Carica  contains  the  digestive  ferment  papain. 
Leaves  palmately  7-divided.  (1).  C.  Papaya. 

Leaves  oak-like,  shallowly  3-lobed.  C.  quercifolia. 


244 


THYMELAEACEAE. 


DAPHNE.     Mezereon. 
( Family  Thymelaeaceae ) . 

Small  shrubs:  evergreen  or  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  moderate,  rounded 
or  somewhat  4-sided:  pith  small, 
roundish,  continuous.  Buds  ses- 
sile, usually  solitary  but  some- 
times superposed  or  collaterally 
branched,  ovoid,  with  4  or  some 
half-dozen  exposed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  opposite  or  the  pairs  widely 
separated  in  4  ranks,  crescent- 
shaped,  small,  exceptionally  ele- 
vated: bundle-trace  1:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:   - 
Daphne  alpinum.    Schneider,  f.  118, 
D.       Mezereum.       Bosemann,    75; 
Schneider,   f.   118;   Willkomm,   29, 
f.  36;  Zuccarini,  26,  pi.  14. 

A  peculiar  white-dotting  of  the 
lower  surface  of  the  leaf  in  some 
of    the    species    is    shown    to  .be 
caused  by  groups  of  granular  cells  surrounding  the  stomata. 

1.  Leaf-scars  raised:   twigs  pubescent.  (1).  D.  Genkwa. 
Leaf -scars  low:  twigs  glabrate,  or  habit  low.     2. 

2.  Deciduous.     3. 
Evergreen.     5. 

3.  Twigs  staring  pubescent  and  glandular.         (2).  D.  alpina. 
Twigs  glabrate.     4. 

4.  Twigs  buff-olive.  D.  Mezereum. 
Twigs  red,  quite  glabrous.  D.  altaica. 

5.  Leaves  large  (2X8  cm.):  bushy.  D.  Laureola. 
Leaves  small  (.5X2  cm.):  spreading  or  prostrate.     6. 

6.  Glabrous:   somewhat  bushy.  D.  Blagayana. 
Twigs  crisp-puberulent:  trailing.                 (3),  D.  Cneorum. 


THYMELAEACEAE. 


245 


DIRCA.     Leatherwood. 
( Family  Thymelaeaceae ) . 

Small  rounded  shrubs  with  soft 
wood  but  very  tough  bark:  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  terete,  moderately 
slender,  glabrous,  light  brown  be- 
coming olive  or  darker,  with  con- 
spicuous small  white  lenticels, 
gradually  enlarged  upwards 
through  the  season's  growth:  pith 
small,  roundish,  spongy.  Buds 
small,  solitary,  sessile,  short-coni- 
cal, with  about  4  indistinct  dark- 
silky  scales,  the  end-bud  lacking. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  2-r  a  n  k  e  d, 
nearly  annular  and  almost  en- 
circling'the  bud,  elevated  at  the 
swollen  nodes:  bundle-traces  5, 
indistinct:  stipule-scars  lacking 

Winter-characters  of  Dirca  pal- 
ustris  are  given  by  Brendel,  27, 
pi.  3;  and  Schneider,  f.  98. 

Though      during      the      winter 

the  bud-scales  are  small  and  closely  covered  by  hairs,  the 
structure  of  the  bud  becomes  very  evident  during  its  unfold- 
ing period  in  the  spring,  when  the  scales  elongate  greatly. 
A  developing  bud  is  pictured  in  volume  7  of  Nature  Notes, 
pp.  171-2. 

The  curious  lace-bark  tree  of  Jamaica,  Lagetta,  possesses 
the  structural  winter-characters  of  leatherwood,  to  which  it  is 
closely  related. 
Twigs  often  forking,  glossy.  D.  palustris. 


246 


ELAEAGNACEAE. 


HIPPOPHAE.     Sea  Buckthorn. 
(Family  Elaeagnaceae). 

Shrubs,  commonly  with  termi- 
nal and  axillary  twig-spines,  stel- 
lately  pubescent  and  with  silvery 
or  browning  small  peltate  scales: 
deciduous.  Twigs  very  slender, 
subterete:  pith  small,  brown, 
round,  continuous.  Buds  minute, 
solitary  or  collaterally  branched 
in  spine  formation,  sessile,  round, 
or  heart-shaped  from  the  parting 
of  the  2  scales,  the  end-bud  lack- 
ing. Leaf-scars  alternate,  half- 
round  or  transversely  elliptical, 
minute,  low:  bundle-trace  1: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references  to. 
Hippophde  rhamnoides:  —  Bose- 
mann,  49;  Fant,  31,  f.  33;  Schnei- 
der, f.  132;  Ward,  1:  118,  f.  59, 
191,  f.  95;  Willkomm,  4,  30,  f.  37; 
Zuccarini,  30,  pi.  16. 

Hippophde  is   tender   and   much   less  frequently   seen   in 
America  than  Elaeagnus,  from    which  it  scarcely    differs    in 
vegetative  characters  except  in  having  none  of  its  shoots  end- 
ing in  a  developed  bud,  and  in  its  more  delicate  twigs. 
Twigs  for  a  time  silvery:  buds  brown-scurfy.      H. rhamnoides. 


ELAEAGNACEAE. 


247 


ELAEAGNUS.     Oleaster. 

(Family  Elaeagnaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  often 
twig-spiny,  stellate-hairy  or  with 
often  silvery  or  glistening-brown 
peltate  scales:  mostly  deciduous. 
Twigs  terete,  rather  slender:  pith 
small,  round,  continuous.  Buds 
small,  solitary  or  collaterally 
branched  in  spine-formation  or 
exceptionally  superposed,  sessile, 
round,  conical  or  oblong,  with 
about  4  exposed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  half-round,  minute, 
more  or  less  raised:  bundle-trace 
1 :  stipule-scars  lacking. — Refer- 
ences under  Shepherdia. 

1.  Evergreen.     2. 
Deciduous.     6. 

2.  Silvery.  E.  macrophylla. 
Twigs  brown-scaly.     3. 

3.  Not  variegated.          E.  pungens. 
Leaves  variegated,  crisped.     4. 

Variegation  marginal.  E.  pungens  variegata. 

Variegation  median.     5. 

Center  yellow.  E.  pungens  Frederici. 

Blotched  with  yellow.  E.  pungens  maculata. 

Marked  with  yellow  and  red.    E.  pungens  Simoni  variegata. 

Twigs  and  buds  silvery  or  olivaceous.     7. 

Twigs  and  buds  brown-scaly.     9. 

Without  any  brown  scales.  (1).  E.  angustifolia. 

Some  scales  brown.     8. 

End-bud  elongated:  twigs  very  slender.     (2).  E.  umbellata. 

End-bud  conical-ovoid.  (3).  E.  argentea. 

Buds  rather  silvery  and  conical.  E.  argentea. 

Buds  dark  red-brown,  subglobose.  (4).  E.  multiflora. 


248 


ELAEAGNACEAE. 


SHEPHERDIA.     Buffalo  Berry. 
(Family  Elaeagnaceae). 

Shrubs  or  .small  trees,  often 
twig-spiny,  with  glistening  fringed 
silvery  or  red-brown  peltate  scales : 
deciduous.  Twigs  nearly  terete, 
rather  slender:  pith  small,  round, 
continuous.  Buds  rather  small, 
solitary  or  early  multiple  through 
branching,  stalked,  oblong,  with  2 
valvate  scales  or  a  second  pair 
visible  when  these  are  parted. 
Leaf-scars  opposite,  half-round, 
minute,  slightly  raised:  bundle- 
trace  1:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
(Lepargyraea) . 

Winter-character  reference  to 
Shepherdia  argentea:  -  -  Schnei- 
der, f.  132. 

Shepherdia  is  confused  with 
Elaeagnus  frequently,  and  her- 
barium collections  do  not  escape 
this  confusion  entirely.  Unlike 

either  Elaeagnus  or  Hippophtie,  it  has  opposite  leaves.  Meyer, 
in  Linnaea,  volume  7,  p.  443,  speaks  of  its  buds  being  super- 
posed,— a  condition  resulting  from  branching,  probably,  if  the 
record  does  not  rest  on  error. 

Scurf  silvery.  (1).  S.  argentea. 

Scurf  red-brown.  (2).  S.  canadensis. 

Winter-character  references  to  Elaeagnus: — E.  angustif ci- 
lia. Bosemann,  49;  Schneider,  f.  132.  E.  argentea.  Bosemann, 
49.  E.  multiflora  (E.  longipes).  Shirasawa,  235,  pi.  2.  E.  um- 
bellata.  Shirasawa,  234,  pi.  2. 


LYTHRACEAE. 


249 


LAGERSTROEMIA.     Crape  Myrtle. 
(Family  Lythraceae). 

Small  trees  or  large  shrubs  with 
flaking  bark:  deciduous.  Twigs 
rather  slender,  angled:  pith  small, 
roundish,  at  length  spongy.  Buds 
moderately  small,  solitary,  sessile, 
oblong,  somewhat  elbowed  above 
the  base,  closely  appressed,  with 
2  acute  ciliate  scales.  Leaf-scars 
4-ranked,  separated,  or  approxi- 
mated in  pairs,  or  opposite,  nearly 
round,  slightly  raised  and  decur- 
rent  from  the  sides  but  concave: 
bundle-trace  1,  composite,  crescent- 
shaped,  sunken:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing or  glandular. 

Winter  -  characters  of  Lager- 
stroemia  indica  are  figured  by 
Shirasawa,  244,  pi.  4. 

Like  the  oleander,  the  crape 
myrtle  is  very  popular  in  the 
south,  where  it  thrives,  and  it  is 

rather  frequently  grown  as  a  tubbed   plant  north   of  this, — 
say  a  line  reaching  from  Washington  to  Cairo,  Illinois. 
Twigs  glabrous,  4-winged.  L.  indica. 


JILL 


250 


PUNICACEAE. 


PUNICA.     Pomegranate. 
(Family  Punicaceae). 

Glabrous  shrubs  or  small  trees 
with  flaking  cortex:  deciduous. 
Twigs  narrowly  4-winged,  becom- 
ing terete,  rather  slender:  pith 
minute,  roundish  or  flattened,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  small,  solitary,  ses- 
sile, round-ovoid,  with  about  2 
pairs  of  rather  loose  pointed 
scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite  or  less 
characteristically  in  whorls  of  3, 
half-round  or  narrowly  shield- 
shaped,  raised:  bundle-trace  1, 
transverse:  stipule-scars  minute, 
at  the  angles  of  the  leaf-scar. 
Often  referred  to  the  family  Lyth- 
raceae. 

Winter-character  references  to 
Punica  granatum:  —  Bosemann, 
49;  Schneider,  f.  109;  Shirasawa, 
268,  pi.  10. 

Like     the     crape     myrtle,     the 

pomegranate  is  much  grown  where  the  climate  permits, — and 
about  to  the  same  northern  limit;  and  it  is  a  favorite  in  cool 
greenhouses.  The  dwarf  form  has  come  into  considerable  use 
for  temporary  summer  bedding  effects. 

Tall  and  often  arborescent.  P.  Granatum. 

Dwarf.  P.  Granatum  nanum. 


RHIZOPHORACEAE. 


251 


RHIZOPHORA.     Mangrove. 
(Family  Rhizophoraceae). 

Semi-aquatic  shrubs  or  small 
trees  of  the  tropical  seaside,  lifted 
above  the  water  on  outcurving 
roots:  evergreen.  Twigs  rather 
stout,  round:  pith  large,  round, 
continuous,  brown.  Buds  solitary, 
sessile,  small,  indefinite,  with  a 
stipular  scale;  their  position  often 
marked  by  a  flower-scar.  Leaf- 
scars  low,  half-round  or  very  per- 
fectly transversely  elliptical, 
crowded  toward  the  end  of  the  sea- 
son's growth:  bundle-traces  3, 
round,  becoming  indistinct:  sti- 
pule-scars encircling  the  stem. 
Leaves  simple,  entire,  petioled. 
Fruit  commonly  germinating  on 
the  plant,  the  dart-like  seedlings 
later  falling  into  the  mud. 

The  common  mangrove,  Rhizo- 
pliora  Mangle,  a  salt-loving  plant, 

forms  one  of  the  most  striking  and  characteristic  features  of 
tropical  shores,  where  it  occupies  lagoons  behind  the  beach 
or  follows  the  coral  formation  to  the  extreme  depth  of  water 
in  which  it  can  exist.  The  stilted  roots  on  which  it  stands 
and  its  rather  fine  branching  and  deep  green  color  produce  an 
appearance  of  delicate  finish  quite  in  contrast  with  the  shores 
from  which  it  is  absent.  Figures  of  the  mangrove  are  pub- 
lished by  S.  M.  Coulter  in  the  Report  of  the  Missouri  Botani- 
cal Garden,  vol.  15,  pi.  22-23.  Its  precocious  germination  has 
been  the  subject  of  many  observations  by  travelers  and  natu- 
ralists. It  forms  clearly  marked  annual  rings  in  its  wood. 
Glabrous:  leaves  elliptical,  coriaceous.  R.  Mangle. 


252 


MYRTACEAE. 


MYRTUS.     Myrtle. 
(Family  Myrtaceae). 

Aromatic  shrub  :  evergreen. 
Twigs  slender,  terete:  pith  very 
minute,  somewhat  spongy.  Buds 
sessile,  solitary,  small,  ovoid,  ap- 
pressed,  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  ex- 
posed gray-hairy  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  opposite,  minute,  raised: 
bundle-trace  1:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. Leaves  small,  lanceolate, 
very  acute  at  both  ends,  entire, 
pellucid-dotted. 

Myrtle,  like  the  rather  similar 
laurel,  was  used  in  an  emblema- 
tic way  by  the  Greeks,  with  whom 
it  was  a  particular  badge  of  judi- 
cial authority. 

To  an  inexpert  person,  ,  myrtle 
is  rather  like  box  in  its  general 
effect,  and  in  Azorean  gardens  a 
similar  suggestion  is  found  in  the 
quite  unrelated  genus  Myrsine. 

The   name   running   myrtle   is   sometimes   given   to   the   peri- 
winkle, Vinca  minor,  for  a  like  reason. 
Twigs  puberulent,  with  flaking  cortex.  M.  communis. 


MYETACEAE. 


253 


PSIDIUM.     Guava. 
(Family  Myrtaceae). 

Tender  trees:  evergreen.  Twigs 
moderate,  terete,  or  4-ribbed  or 
even  winged  below  the  nodes:  pith 
moderate,  compressed,  4  -  sided, 
spongy,  brown.  Buds  solitary, 
sometimes  developing  promptly, 
naked.  Leaf-scars  opposite,  broadly 
crescent-shaped,  raised,  black-cili- 
ate  at  top :  bundle-trace  1,  crescent- 
shaped:  stipule  -  scars  lacking. 
Leaves  simple,  entire,  pellucid- 
punctate,  with  looping  veins. 

Guavas  scarcely  possess  any  de- 
corative value,  but  they  are  grown 
in  most  tropical  gardens  for  their 
small  rather  peculiarly  flavored 
seedy  fruits,  -  -  most  favorably 
known  in  the  West  Indian  guava 
jelly  which  is  justly  esteemed  one 
of  the  best  of  confections. 

Twigs  angled,  hairy.     (Guava).  (1).  P.  Guayava. 

Twigs  terete,  glabrous.     (Strawberry  guava).      P.  Cattleyanum. 


254 


MYETACEAE. 


FEIJOA.     Pineapple  Guava. 
(Family  Myrtaceae). 

Somewhat  aromatic  shrubs  with 
shredding  bark:  evergreen.  Twigs 
moderate,  nearly  terete:  pith 
roundish  or  somewhat  flattened, 
spongy,  brown.  Buds  solitary,  ses- 
sile, globose  becoming  ellipsoid, 
naked.  Leaf-scars  opposite,  half- 
round,  somewhat  raised:  bundle- 
trace  1,  transverse  or  C-shaped: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  Leaves 
simple,  entire,  minutely  punctate 
with  black.  (Fejoa). 

Feijoa  is  a  close  relative,  botani- 
cally,  of  the  true  guavas.  Its 
white-woolly  leaves  give  it  an  at- 
tractive silvery  appearance  when 
they  are  turned  by  the  wind.  It 
appears  to  be  coming  into  exten- 
sive cultivation  in  southern  Cali- 
fornia, as  along  the  Riviera,  for 
its  pleasantly  flavored  fruit. 
At  first  gray-tomentose:  twigs  brown.  F.  Sellowiana. 


MYRTACEAE. 


255 


PIMENTA.    Allspice. 
(Family  Myrtaceae). 

Aromatic  trees:  evergreen. 
Twigs  moderate,  decussately  com- 
pressed and  lined,  or  even  winged, 
from  the  nodes:  pith  compressed, 
spongy,  brown.  Buds  usually  su- 
perposed, sessile  or  the  upper  be- 
coming stalked,  naked.  Leaf-scars 
opposite,  half-round  or  broader, 
minutely  black-fringed  at  top,  not 
raised  except  as  the  nodes  are 
dilated:  bundle-trace  1,  large  but 
indefinite:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  simple,  entire,  pellucid- 
punctate. 

Some  botanists  place  allspice  in 
the  genus  Eugenia,  the  flower-buds 
of  which  constitute  the  cloves  of 
commerce.  Both  Pimento,  and 
Eugenia  exemplify  well  the  aroma- 
tic property  which  forms  one  of 
the  myrtaceous  characters. 
Glabrous:  twigs  green,  glandular-punctuate.  P.  officinalis. 


256    - 


MYRTACEAE. 


TRISTANIA.     Brisbane  Box. 
(Family  Myrtaceae). 

Large  trees:  evergreen.  Twigs 
rather  slender,  terete:- pith  small, 
round,  pale,  spongy.  Buds  soli- 
tary, sessile,  subglobose,  the  lateral 
small  with  2  exposed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate  and  narrow  but  the 
uppermost  subverticillately  crowd- 
ed and  half-round  or  broadly 
crescent-shaped,  slightly  raised : 
bundle-trace  1,  transverse:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Leaves  pellucid- 
punctate,  rather  lanceolate,  peti- 
oled. 

Like  Eucalyptus,  Tristania  is  a 
tree  which  produces  good  timber 
and  becomes  very  large.  It  is 
said  to  be  a  favorite  avenue  tree 
in  Australia,  where  it  is  at  home, 
and  it  is  rather  unusually  toler- 
ant of  cold  for  a  member  of  its 
family. 
Glabrate:  twigs  and  buds  green.  T.  conferta. 


MYRTACEAE. 


257 


EUCALYPTUS. 
(Family  .Myrtaceae). 

Tender  aromatic  trees,  often  of 
large  size:  evergreen.  Twigs  at 
first  slender  and  4  angled  or  rib- 
bed, becoming  terete  and  stout: 
pith  small,  more  or  less  angular 
and  flattened,  spongy.  Buds 
naked,  very  small  and  insignifi- 
cant, or  the  lateral  like  the  end- 
bud  elongated  as  filiform  often 
deciduous  branches.  Leaf  -  scars 
alternate  or  on  young  wood  op- 
posite, even  then  sometimes  2- 
ranked  by  torsion  of  the  twig,  half- 
round,  little  raised:  bundle-trace 
1,  large  and  round:  stipule-scars 
lacking.  Leaves  simple,  entire, 
pellucid-punctate,  those  of  mature 
branches  often  sickle-shaped  and 
standing  vertically. 

Eucalyptus  shares  with  the  coni- 
ferous genus  Sequoia  the  distinc- 
tion of  producing  the  tallest  trees  known.  Like  many  Austra- 
lian trees,  it  is  given  to  producing  leaves  which  hang  with 
their  edges  vertical  so  that  their  surfaces  are  not  exposed  to 
the  full  glare  of  the  sun.  fl.  globulus,  which  produces  an  ex- 
cellent timber,  is  one  of  the  most  rapid  growing  of  trees, 
and  its  trunk,  even  when  of  large  size,  is  willowy  and  yielding 
under  the  force  of  a  gale. 
Outer  bark  loosely  shredding:  slender  twigs,  warty. 

(Blue  gum).    E.  globulus. 


258 


ARALIACEAE. 


HEDERA.     Ivy. 
(Family  Araliaceae). 

Woody  plants,  typically  climb- 
ing by  numerous  aerial  roots: 
evergreen.  Stems  moderate,  ter- 
ete: pith  moderate,  spongy.  Buds 
small,  conical,  solitary,  sessile, 
naked  or  with  about  2  fleshy  un- 
specialized  scales.  Leaf-scars  al- 
ternate, U-shaped,  somewhat 
raised:  bundle-traces  5  or  7:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking.  Leaves  pal- 
mately  lobed  and  cordate  or  on  the 
older  pendent  shoots  lanceolate,  or 
ovate  or  deltoid  and  round-  or 
acute-based. 

Winter-characters     o  f     Hedera 
Helix  are  noted  by  Bosemann,  37; 
Fant,  48;   and  Ward,  1:147,  f.  67- 
68.     The  ivy  is  in  a  horticultural 
class  quite  by  itself  where  it  can 
be  grown   as  a  wall-covering.     It 
occurs  in  a  very  large  number  of 
foliage  varieties,  some  of  them  very  beautiful. 
Climbing.  (1).  H.  Helix. 

Bushy  or  grafted  as  a  standard.  (2).  H.  Helix  arborescens. 
Winter-character  references  to  Acanthopanax: — A.  penta- 
phyllum  (A.  spinosum).  Schneider,  f.  Ill;  Shirasawa,  250. 
A.  ricinifolium.  Schneider,  f.  Ill;  Shirasawa,  248,  pi.  5.  A. 
sciadophylloides.  Shirasawa,  248,  pi.  5.  A.  senticosum.  Schnei- 
der, f.  124.  A.  sessiliflorum.  Schneider,  f.  111. 

Two  species  of  a  related  deciduous  araliaceous  genus, 
Fatsia,  with  large  palmately  lobed  leaves,  are  more  or  less 
hardy, — F.  japonica  and  F.  papyrifera.  The  pith  of  the  lat- 
ter, sliced  into  thin  sheets,  constitutes  the  Chinese  rice-paper. 


ABALIACEAE. 


259 


ACANTHOPANAX. 

(Family  Araliaceae). 

Shrubs  or  exceptionally  trees, 
usually  armed  with  1  to  3  prickles 
beneath  each  narrow  leaf-scar  and 
so  likely  to  be  mistaken  for  leaf- 
spines:  deciduous.  Twigs  mode- 
rate, terete;  somewhat  zig-zag, 
often  forming  spurs:  pith  mode- 
rate, rounded,  continuous,  white. 
Buds  solitary,  sessile,  conical- 
ovoid,  with  about  3  exposed  thin 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  nar- 
rowly crescent-shaped  or  U-shaped, 
somewhat  raised:  bundle-traces  5, 
small:  stipule-scars  lacking.  Panax 
and  its  compounds,  following  Lin- 
naeus, are  treated  usually  as 
neuter — for  no  classical  reason. 
1.  Scrambling  or  climbing. 

A.  trifoliatum. 
Bushy  or  arboreous.     2. 

2.  Trees:  prickly  between  nodes.   (Kalopanax).    A.  ricinifolium. 
Loosely  branched  shrubs.     3. 

3.  One  or  two  prickles  at  each  node.         (1).  A.  pentaphyllum. 
Essentially  unarmed.  A.  sessiliflorum. 
Prickly  between  the  nodes.     4. 

4.  Prickles  slender,  numerous. 

(Eleutherococcus) .  A.  senticosum. 
Prickles  stout  and  strong,  fewer.     5. 

5.  Glabrous  and  smooth.  A.  Simonii. 
Twigs  pubescent  or  scabrous.  A.  Henryi. 


260 


AEALIACEAE. 


ARALIA.    Angelica  Tree. 
(Family  Araliaceae). 

Small  few-branched  trees  or  ar- 
borescent shrubs  with  strong  cor- 
tical prickles, — or  other  species 
herbaceous:  deciduous.  Twigs 
very  stout,  terete:  pith  large,  pale, 
roundish,  continuous.  Buds  ovoid- 
conical,  solitary,  sessile,  with  few 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  U- 
shaped,  fully  half-encircling  the 
stem,  low:  bundle-traces  about  5 
in  a  single  series:  stipule-scars 
lacking.  (Dimorphanthus) . 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Aralia  sinensis.  Shirasawa,  248, 
pi.  4.  A.  spinosa.  Schneider,  f. 
11. 

The  angelica  tree,  Hercules' 
Club,  tear-blanket,  or  monkey 
tree,  as  it  is  variously  called,  is 
one  of  the  most  tropical-looking 
of  hardy  woody  plants  because  of 
its  enormous  twice-  or  thrice-pinnate  leaves.  If  well  grown 
it  forms  dense  masses  from  the  ground,  and  when  it  is  killed 
back  by  an  unusually  severe  winter  this  habit  of  growth  is 
intensified. 

Few  plants  present  equally  good  leaf-scars  for  ready  un- 
derstanding, and  few  present  equally  good  examples  of  unmis- 
takable prickles, — representing  neither  modified  leaves  nor 
twigs,  but  outgrowths  of  the  cortex.  As  with  the  devil's  club 
of  the  Northwest  (Echinopanax  horridum),  the  prickles  are 
believed  popularly  to  be  poisonous. 
Branches  gray-straw-colored,  glabrous.  A.  spinosa. 


COBNACEAE. 


261 


HELWINGIA. 
(Family  Cornaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs  ter- 
ete, rather  slender:  pith  relatively 
large,  round,  continuous,  very 
white.  Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
small,  ovoid,  with  2  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  crescent-shaped, 
somewhat  raised:  bundle-trace  1, 
transverse  or  slightly  curved: 
stipule-scars  minute,  round. 

By  common  consent,  Helwingia 
is  now  placed  in  the  Cornaceae, 
but  the  Standard  Cyclopedia  fol- 
lows the  usually  excellent  judg- 
ment of  Bentham  and  Hooker  in 
placing  it  in  the  related  family 
Araliaceae. 

Winter-character  references  to 
Helwingia  japonica: — Schneider, 
f.  124;  Shirasawa,  242,  250,  pi.  5. 

The  specific  name  ruscifolia, 
which  is  a  synonym  of  japonica, 

indicates  a  peculiarity  recalling  the  genus  Ruscus  of 
the  Liliaceae;  for  the  'flowers  of  Helwingia  are  clus- 
tered on  the  surface  of  its  leaves.  There  is  this  im- 
portant difference,  though,  that  in  Helwingia  what  are 
called  leaves  are  really  leaves,  while  in  Ruscus  they  are  leaf- 
like  branches  of  the  stem,  developed  in  the  axils  of  small 
scales  which  are  morphologically  the  true  leaves.  The  in- 
florescence of  Helwingia  is  comparable  with  that  of  Tilia  with 
its  adnate  bract, — except  that  here  the  really  axillary  flower- 
cluster  has  grown  into  attachment  to  a  foliage  leaf,  while  in 
Tilia  the  leaf  is  reduced  to  a  bract. 
Glabrous,  with  occasional  rather  large  lenticels.  H.  japonica. 


262 


COBNACEAE. 


CORNTJS.     Dogwood.     Cornel. 
(Family  Cornaceae). 

Shrubs  or  occasionally  small 
trees:  deciduous.  Twigs  moder- 
ate or  rather  slender,  often  bright- 
colored,  round  or  more  or  less  6- 
sided:  pith  moderate,  round  or 
more  or  less  compressed  or  an- 
gled, white  and  continuous  or 
somewhat  colored  and  spongy. 
Buds  solitary  or  exceptionally  su- 
perposed, stalked,  characteristi- 
cally oblong,  with  a  pair  of  near- 
ly or  quite  valvate  scales  consist- 
ing of  more  or  less  developed 
leaves  or  less  commonly  of  peti- 
oles with  blade-rudiments  at  top. 
Leaf-scars  opposite  except  in  one 
species,  crescent-  or  U-shaped,  com- 
monly raised  during  the  first  win- 
ter on  petiole-bases  that  are  later 
deciduous  at  the  level  of  the  twig: 
bundle-traces  3:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing, but  the  leaf-scars  meet  or  are  transversely  joined.  (Cy- 
noxylon,  Svida). 

Winter-character  references: — Cornus  alba.  Bosemann, 
58;  Brendel,  pi.  3;  Schneider,  f.  195.  C.  alt erni folia.  Blakes- 
lee  &  Jarvis,  333,  552;  Otis,  206;  Schneider,  f.  195.  C.  Amo- 
mum  (C.  sericea).  Hitchcock  (3),  15.  C.  asperifolia.  Hitch- 
cock (3),  15,  (4),  137,  f.  75-76.  C.  circinata.  Schneider,  f.  194. 
C.  florida.  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  329,  552,  pi.;  Hitchcock  (1),  3; 
Otis,  204.  C.  ignorata.  Shirasawa,  269,  pi.  10.  C.  Kousa. 
Shirasawa,  272,  pi.  10.  C.  macrophylla.  Shirasawa,  283,  pi. 
13.  C.  mas  (C.  mascula).  Bosemann,  57;  Schneider,  f.  194; 
Willkomm,  56,  f.  92;  Zuccarini,  21,  pi.  12.  C.  officinaUs.  Shi- 


CORN  ACE  AE.  263 

rasawa,  272,  pi.  10,  11.  C.  racemosa  (C.  candidissima;  C. 
paniculata) .  Brendel,  pi.  1.  C.  sanguined.  Bosemann,  58; 
Fant,  44,  f.  46;  Schneider,  f.  194;  Ward,  1:170,  f.  83;  Will- 
komm,  9,  50,  f.  91;  Zuccarini,  22,  pi.  12. 

1.  Leaf -scars  alternate:  arborescent.  C.  alternifolia. 
Leaf-scars  opposite.     2. 

2.  Leaf-scars  raised  through  the  first  winter  and  covering  the 

buds:   flower-buds  biscuit-shaped:   arborescent.     3. 
Buds  not  concealed,  even  if  the  leaf-scars  are  elevated.     4. 

3.  Leaf-axils  brown-hairy.  C.  Kousa. 
Leaf-axils  not  brown-hairy.    ( Flowering  d. ) .      ( 1 ) .  C.  florida. 

4.  Flower-buds  enlarged,  subglobose.     5. 
Flower-buds  not  enlarged.     6. 

5.  Lateral  buds  very  divergent. 

(Cornelian  cherry).     (2).  C.  mas. 
Lateral  buds  suberect.  C.  officinalis. 

6.  Branching  divaricately  twiggy:    somewhat  silky.     7. 
Branching  loose  and  osier-like.     8. 

7.  Twigs  olive-gray.     (Panicled  dogwood).     (3).  C.  racemosa. 
Twigs  reddish  or  purplish. 

(Rough-leaved  dogwood).     C.  asperifolia. 

8.  Twigs  bright  yellow  in  winter.  C.  alba  flaviramea. 
Twigs  very  bright  red.                            (4).  C.  alba  sibirica. 
Twigs  black-purple,  not  rooting.            C.  alba  Kesselringii. 
Twigs  purple,  rooting  at  tip.    (Red  osier).     C.  stolonifera. 
Twigs  green,  becoming  pink  or  purple:  not  stoloniferous.  9. 

9.  Buds  long-stalked  or  developing  the  first  year.         C.  alba. 
Buds  nearly  sessile.     10. 

10.  Twigs  and  buds  glabrate.  C.  femina. 
More  or  less  pubescent.     11. 

11.  Pubescence  woolly.  (Kinnikinnik).     C.  Amomum. 
Pubescence  closely  appressed.     12. 

12.  Buds  hairy  only  at  tip:  twigs  rather  pink:     (5).  C.  rugosa. 
Buds  hairy  throughout:  twigs  often  green. 

(6).  C.  sanguinea. 


264 


CORNACEAE. 


AUCUBA. 

(Family  Cornaceae). 

Shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs  rath- 
er stout  and  succulent,  rounded: 
pith  moderate,  rounded,  continu- 
ous when  fresh,  but  becoming 
chambered  with  granular  septa 
when  dry.  Buds  minute  or  be- 
coming rather  large  and  some- 
what stalked,  with  several  point- 
ed rather  hairy  scales.  Leaf-scars 
opposite,  slightly  raised,  relative- 
ly large,  crescent-shaped:  bundle- 
traces  3.  Leaves  broadly  lanceo- 
late, stalked,  toothed  and  some- 
what acuminate. 

Like  other  plants  grown  chiefly 
for  their  foliage,  Aucuba,  japonica 
occurs  in  a  multiplicity  of  forms 
which  are  not  classified  readily. 
1.  Dwarf,  unvariegated. 

A.  japonica  pygmaea. 

Rather  tall  shrubs.     2. 

2.  Leaves  lanceolate,  narrow.  A.  japonica  angustifolia. 
Leaves  broadly  lance-elliptical  or  ovate.     3. 

3.  Leaves  sinuately  toothed.  A.  japonica  ovata. 
Leaves  slightly  dentate,  large.        A.  japonica  macrophylla. 
Leaves  coarsely  serrate  or  dentate.     4. 


4.  Leaves  green. 
Variegated  with  yellow.     5. 

5.  With  yellow  margin. 
With  scattered  small  spots. 
With  a  larger  central  blotch. 

6.  With  smaller  yellow  spots. 
Without  smaller  spots. 


A.  japonica. 

A.  japonica  limbata. 
A.  japonica  variegata. 

japonica  latimaculata. 
A.  japonica  bicolor. 


CORNACEAE. 


265 


NYSSA.     Tupelo. 
(Family  Cornaceae). 

Trees:  deciduous.  Twigs  mod- 
erate or  rather  stout,  terete:  pith 
moderate,  white,  rounded,  continu- 
ous, but  with  firmer  diaphragms 
at  intervals.  Buds  moderate,  ses- 
sile or  slightly  stalked  and  super- 
posed or  solitary,  ovoid,  with 
about  4  exposed  scales,  the  end- 
bud  somewhat  larger.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  broadly  crescent-shaped 
or  deltoid,  sometimes  becoming 
broadly  U-shaped  by  rupture  of 
an  articular  membrane,  low:  bun- 
dle-traces 3:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Winter-character  references:  — 
Nyssa  sylvatica  (N.  multifiora). 
Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  331,  554,  pi.; 
Brendel,  pi.  3;  Otis,  208;  Schnei- 
der, f.  45,  124. 

The  firmer  cross-plates    in    the 
pith     of    Nyssa    afford    a    ready 

means  of  identification  in  the  summer  when  the  alternate  sim- 
ple leaves  are  the  only  obvious  characters  in  evidence,  as  is 
true  of  staminate  trees  when  out  of  flower,  or  pistillate  trees 
when  without  flowers  or  fruit. 

Nyssa  uniflora,  growing  in  deep  swamps,  is  particularly 
characterized  by  the  enormously  swollen  base  of  its  trunk, — 
well  figured  by  S.  M.  Coulter  in  the  Report  of  the  Missouri 
Botanical  Garden,  vol.  15,  pi.  18,  19. 

1.  Twigs  densely  velvety.     (Ogeeche  lime). 
Twigs  and  buds  glabrescent  or  glabrous. 

2.  Buds  depressed.     (Cotton  gum). 
Buds  ovoid.     (Pepperidge). 


(1).  N.  capitata. 
2. 

(2).  N.  uniflora. 
(3).  N.  sylvatica. 


266 


COKNACEAE. 


DAVIDIA. 
(Family  Cornaceae). 

Tree:  deciduous.  Twigs  mod- 
erately stout,  terete,  somewhat 
zig-zag:  pith  moderate,  rounded, 
pale,  continuous  with  firmer 
plates  at  short  intervals.  Buds 
solitary,  sessile  or  the  lateral  de- 
veloping into  short  spurs,  rather 
large,  with  about  half-a-dozen 
blunt  pale-margined  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  moderate,  half- 
elliptical  or  3-lobed,  little  raised: 
bundle-traces  3,  large:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Davidia  and  Nyssa  are  some- 
times separated  from  the  Corna- 
ceae in  a  family  Nyssaceae.  Bail- 
Ion,  who  named  the  genus  and  its 
one  known  species,  was  a  versa- 
tile writer  whose  Histoire  Natu- 
relle  des  Plantes,  and  Diction- 
naire  de  Botanique  are  illustrated 

with   the   particular   care   for   detail   and   artistic   touch  that 

characterize  the  best  French  work. 

Twigs  and  buds  glabrous.  D.  involucrata. 


COENACEAE. 


267 


GAEEYA. 
(Family  Cornaceae). 

Shrubs,  sometimes  grown  in  es- 
palier: evergreen.  Twigs  moder- 
ate, terete,  for  a  time  tomentu- 
lose:  pith  moderate,  round,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
ovoid,  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  ex- 
posed scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite, 
at  first  elevated  but  low  after  the 
fall  of  the  deciduous  base,  angu- 
larly U-shaped:  bundle-traces  3: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  Leaves  sim- 
ple, entire,  very  short-petioled. 

This  has  been  made  the  type 
of  a  distinct  family,  Garryaceae, 
which  some  botanists  do  not  con- 
sider at  all  closely  related  to  the 
Cornaceae. 

Most  garryas  are .  of  the  Pacific 
North  American  region.  A  single 
West  Indian  species  has  been  sep- 
arated under  the  name  Fadyenia; 

but  the  closeness  of  its  relationship  to  the  others  is  shown 
by  the  fact  that  it  has  been  hybridized  with  G.  elliptica. 
Leaves  elliptical,  crisped,  tomentulose  beneath.        G.  elliptica. 
Winter-characters   of   Marlea   platanifolia,   of   the   Corna- 
ceae, are  given  by  Shirasawa,  238,  pi.  2. 


268 


CLETHRACEAE. 


CLETHRA.     Pepper  Bush. 
(Family  Clethraceaej. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  mostly 
scurfy-  or  tussocky-tomentulose 
when  young:  commonly  decidu- 
ous. Twigs  rounded  or  obscurely 
3-sided:  pith  relatively  large, 
white,  or  browning  when  cut,  con- 
tinuous, reticulated  with  firmer 
strands.  Buds  solitary,  sessile  or 
frequently  developing  in  the  first 
season,  the  lateral  small  and  ob- 
scure, the  terminal  larger,  ovoid, 
rosy,  very  sharp,  with  three  cadu- 
cous tomentulose  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  clustered  toward 
the  tip,  triangular,  little  raised: 
bundle-trace  1,  protruding:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking. 

Winter-character     references:  — 
Clethra     alnifolia.     Schneider,     f. 
95.      C.     barbinervis.      Shirasawa, 
283,  pi.  13. 
Twigs  slender:   end-bud  3X5  mm. 

(White  alder).     (1).  C.  alnifolia. 

Twigs  stouter:  end-bud  large  (5X10  mm.).  (2).  C.  barbinervis. 
Clethra  is  unusual  among  its  relatives  in  possessing  a 
type  of  pubescence  which  appears  much  like  that  in  which 
the  hairs  are  spoken  of  as  stellate,  or  several-armed  from  a 
common  stalk:  here  the  appearance  results  from  the  occur- 
rence of  unbranched  hairs  in  closely  set  clusters  or  tufts. 


ERICACEAE. 


269 


ELLIOTTIA. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Shrubs,  glabrescent:  deciduous. 
Twigs  rather  slender,  somewhat 
3-sided  or  becoming  terete,  with 
firm  thin  bark:  pith  rounded  ex- 
cept below  the  nodes,  continuous, 
brownish.  Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
somewhat  compressed  and  point- 
ed, small,  with  about  3  exposed 
scales  of  which  the  outer  two  fall 
readily.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  low, 
shield-shaped:  bundle-trace  1:  sti- 
pule scars  lacking. 

Elliottia,  like  Gordonia,  is  one 
of  the  particularly  localized  plants 
of  the  southeastern  United  States, 
rare  in  cultivation;  and  though 
several  localities  have  been  found 
for  it,  it  has  disappeared  from 
each  in  succession  or  at  any  rate 
has  eluded  subsequent  search.  An 
interesting  note  on  it  is  to  be 
in  the  Journal  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  for 


found 

August,  1901. 

Twigs  brown,  becoming  gray:  slightly  glaucous. 


E.  racemosa. 


270 


ERICACEAE. 


ZENOBIA. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Shrubs:  Deciduous.  Twigs  slen- 
der, roundish:  pith  small,  more 
or  less  3-sided,  continuous  but 
with  firmer  strands  here  and 
there.  Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
small,  conical  or  somewhat  2- 
edged  and  pointed  becoming  glo- 
bose and  blunt,  with  2  or  3  ex- 
posed scales.  Leaf-scars  minute, 
somewhat  raised,  rather  3-sided: 
bundle-trace  1:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. If  fruit  is  present  it  con- 
sists of  small  depressed-globose  5- 
celled  capsules. 

Like  the  Rosaceae,  the  family 
Ericaceae  comprises  a  number  of 
genera  which  are  readily  separa- 
ble on  the  technical  characters  af- 
forded by  flowers  and  fruit,  but 
do  not  present  readily  seized  win- 
ter-differences unless  they  chance 

to  be   evergreen.      Elliottia,   Enkianthus,   Leucothoe,   Lyonia, 
Menziesia,    Oxydendrum,   Pieris   and   Zenobia   are    certain   to 
afford  puzzles:  but  the  fact  that  they  are  ericaceous  will  be- 
come the  more  evident  because  of  this. 
Glabrous:  twigs  reddish  becoming  buff,  smooth. 

Z.  pulverulenta. 


ERICACEAE. 


271 


LEDUM.     Labrador  Tea. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Bog  shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs 
rather  slender,  rounded:  pith 
small,  somewhat  3-sided,  spongy, 
brownish.  Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
somewhat  compressed,  small,  with 
about  3  exposed  scales;  the  ter- 
minal inflorescence  buds  large, 
round  or  ovoid,  with  some  10 
broad  mucronate  glandular-dotted 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  most- 
ly low,  half-elliptical  or  bluntly 
cordate,  the  lowest  transversely 
linear:  bundle-trace  1:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Leaves  simple,  en- 
tire, elliptical  to  narrowly  oblong. 
The  small  ovoid  or  conical-oblong 
5-celled  capsules,  dehiscing  from 
the  base,  may  be  present  in  win- 
ter. 

Winter-character  references  to 
Ledum  palustre.  Bosemann,  35; 

Fant,  51.  Unlike  most  of  the  Ericaceae,  but  agreeing  with 
GauHheria,  Ledum,  possesses  a  distinctly  spongy  pith.  A  sug- 
gestion of  this  condition,  however,  is  seen  when  the  twig  of 
some  blueberries  is  split. 

1.  Leaves  very  rusty  woolly  beneath,  revohite.     2. 
Leaves  glabrous,  but  glandular-dotted  beneath.     3. 

2.  Leaves  broad:   capsules  oblong.  (1).  L.  groenlandicum. 
Leaves  narrow:  capsules  ellipsoid,  glandular.  (2).  L.  palustre. 

3.  Leaves  long   (4  cm.),  much  whitened  and  obscurely  gland- 

ular beneath.  L.  columbianum. 

Leaves  small    (2   cm.),   less  whitened  but  more  glandular 

beneath.  (3).  L.  glandulosum. 


272 


EBICACEAE. 


RHODODENDRON. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Shrubs  or  exceptionally  arbo- 
rescent: evergreen  (in  true  rho- 
dendrons)  or  deciduous  (in  rho- 
dora  and  most  azaleas).  Twigs 
slender  or  moderate,  or  stout  in 
the  larger  species,  terete:  pith 
rather  small,  roundish,  somewhat 
colored,  continuous.  Buds  soli- 
tary and  sessile  but  usually  clus- 
tered above  so  that  the  branches 
are  often  clustered  from  the  end 
of  a  season's  growth,  the  upper 
usually  ovoid,  larger  and  with 
half-a-dozen  or  more  ciliate  scales 
and  the  flower-bud  usually  much 
enlarged,  but  the  lower  success- 
ively smaller  and  with  fewer  ex- 
posed scales  (of  which  the  lateral 
or  lowermost  may  be  almost  sup- 
pressed) and  the  lowermost  mi- 
nute. Leaf-scars  alternate,  low, 

shield-shaped  and  often  notched  at  top  or  the  lowest  linear: 
bundle-trace  1,  round  or  crescent-shaped:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. Fruit  often  persistent,  as  oblong  5-valved  capsules.  (In- 
cludes Azalea  and  Rhodora). 

A  number  of  the  Ericaceae  contain  gludosides  or  other 
poisonous  substances  and  are  counted  among  the  dangerous 
stock-poisons.  In  some  cases  persons  have  been  made  ill  by 
eating  the  flesh  of  birds  or  other  animals  that  have  fed  on 
these  plants  without  themselves  being  injured.  The  honey 
of  'others  is  reputed  to  be  poisonous,  including  Rhododendron, 
one  species  of  which  possesses  a  classic  reputation. 


ERICACEAE.  273 

Winter-character  references: — Rhododendron  (Rhodora) 
canadensis.  Arnold!  pictures  a  cross-section  of  the  winter 
bud  in  Flora,  87:466,  f.  27.  R.  dahuricum.  Schneider,  f.  126. 
R.  dilatatum.  Shirasawa,  284,  pi.  13.  R.  ferrugineum.  Ar- 
noldi,  Flora,  87:450,  f.  8, — bud-section.  R.  flavum.  Schnei- 
der, f.  95.  R.  (Azalea)  procumrtens.  Fant,  52.  R.  Schlippen- 
bachii.  Shirasawa,  284,  pi.  13.  R.  sinensis.  Shirasawa,  284, 
pi.  13. 

1.  Twigs    with    slender    flat    chaff-like    scales    rather    than 

hairs.     2. 

Without    chaff:     sometimes    pubescent    or    glandular-dot- 
ted.    6. 

2.  Evergreen  or  partly  evergreen.     3. 

Deciduous:  rather  tall.  R.  Kaempferi. 

3.  Leaves  glossy  above:  low  and  compact.  R.  indicum. 
Leaves  dull.     4. 

4.  Leaves  moderate   (2.5-5  cm.  long),  acute.          R.  indicum. 
Leaves  rather  small  (usually  under  2-5  cm.).     5. 

5.  Leaves  acute:  rather  tall.  R.  Simsii. 
Leaves  typically  obtuse:   low,  compact.       (1).  R.  obtusum. 

6.  Evergreen.     7. 
Deciduous.     17. 

7.  Leaves  with  large  glandular  dots  beneath.     8. 
Leaves  glandless  and  glabrous  beneath.     16. 

8.  Loosely  long-hairy:  leaves  small  (1X2  cm.).       R.  hirsutum. 
Twigs  velvety.  R.  micranthum. 
Glabrate  except  for  the  glandular  scurf.     9. 

9.  Leaves  with  scattered  glands,  green  beneath.     10. 
Leaves  brown  beneath  from  the  glandular  scurf.     11. 

10.  Leaves  rather  obtuse,  smooth-margined.         R.  dahuricum. 
Leaves  very  acute,  crisped.  (2).  R.  mucronulatum. 

11.  Leaves  small  (about  1  cm.  long) :  low.          R.  lapponicum. 
Leaves  much  larger.     12. 

12.  Leaves  lanceolate,  relatively  narrow.     13. 
Leaves  ovate-  or  elliptical-lanceolate.     14. 


274 


ERICACEAE. 


R.  ferrugineum. 

X  R.  arbutifolium. 

R.  minus. 

X  R.  myrtifolium. 

R.  carolinianum. 

R.  catawbiense. 


13.  Leaves  small  (1x4  cm.),  mucronate. 
Leaves  larger  (1.5x5  cm.),  acute. 

14.  Twigs  red-brown. 

Twigs  green  or  reddish.     15. 

15.  Leaves  obscurely  crisped  or  crenulate. 
Leaves  quite  entire. 

16.  Leaves  broadly  elliptical,  round-based. 

Leaves  elongated-oblanceolate,  acute-based.     R.  maximum. 

17.  Buds  glabrous  except  for  occasional  stalked  glands.     18. 
Buds  glandular-dotted.     22. 

Buds  puberulous.     23. 

Buds  with  long  appressed  hairs.     27. 

18.  Leaf -scars  raised,  scarcely  notched.  (3).  R.  Vaseyi. 
Leaf-scars  not  raised.     19. 

19.  Pedicels  tomentulose  and  with  glands.  R.  japonicum. 
Pedicels  glabrous  except  for  long  glands.     20. 

20.  Twigs  entirely  glabrous.  R.  arborescens. 
Twigs  usually  sparsely  long-hairy.     21. 

21.  Buds  brown. 


calendulaceum. 

R.  nudiflorum. 

R.  dahuricum. 
mucronulatum. 
.  R.  canadense. 


Buds  rosy. 

22.  Twigs  red-orange. 

Twigs  buff-orange.  (2).  R. 

23.  Leaf -scars  slightly  raised.  (4) 
Leaf-scars  not  raised.     24. 

24.  Twigs  reddish.  R.  luteum. 
Twigs  buff  or  gray.     25. 

25.  Twigs  tomentulose,  at  least  near  the  tip.        R.  canescens. 
Twigs  glabrate  or  with  stalked  glands.     26. 

26.  Capsules  with  spreading  glands.  R.  viscosum. 
Capsules  with  ascending  hairs.                 (5).  R.  nudiflorum. 

27.  Leaf-scars  distinctly  raised.  .  R.  albiflorum. 
Leaf -scars  not  raised.                                 (6).  R.  rhombicum. 


ERICACEAE. 


275 


MENZIESIA. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
slender,  roundish,  with  shredding 
bark:  pith  small,  rounded,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
ovoid,  small,  with  about  2  ex- 
posed scales  or  the  terminal  or 
subterminal  flower-buds  larger 
and  with  some  half-dozen  scales. 
Leaf-scars  crowded  toward  the 
tips  of  the  sometimes  dwarfed 
and  sometimes  greatly  elongated 
twigs,  small,  low,  3-sided  or  the 
lower  transversely  linear:  bundle- 
trace  1:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
The  ovoid  capsules  may  be  pres- 
ent in  winter.. 

Winter  -  character  reference  to 
Menziesia  pilosa: — Schneider,  f. 
123. 

In  contrast  with  Gaulthe- 
ria,  and  in  agreement  with  the 

larger  number  of  Ericaceae  as  one  ordinarily  views  them, 
Menziesia  has  a  compact  homogeneous  pith.  Comparative 
studies  of  the  pith  are  given  by  Gris  in  a  memoir  on  the  pith 
of  woody  plants  published  in  full  in  volume  six  of  the  Nou- 
velles  Archives  du  Museum  d'Histoire  Naturelle  of  Paris,  and 
in  an  abridgement  of  this  in  volume  14  of  the  fifth  series  of 
the  Annales  des  Sciences  Naturelles.  Plate  13  of  the  former 
is  devoted  to  Ericaceae. 


Capsules  bristly-glandular. 
Capsules  glabrate. 


(1).  M.  pilosa. 
M.  glabella. 


276 


ERICACEAE. 


(ID 


LEIOPHYLLUM.     Sand  Myrtle. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Small  shrubs  of  sandy  regions 
near  the  coast:  evergreen.  Twigs 
very  slender,  subterete:  pith  mi- 
nute, continuous.  Buds  sessile, 
solitary,  ovoid,  appressed,  with 
about  2  exposed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  opposite  or  the  pairs  more 
or  less  broken  and  then  4-ranked, 
minute,  crescent-shaped  or  3- 
sided,  raised:  bundle-trace  1:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking.  Leaves  small, 
subelliptical,  entire,  distinctly 
petioled.  The  minute-beaked  5- 
valved  clustered  pale  capsules 
may  be  present  in  winter.  (Den- 
drium ) . 

The  sand  myrtle,  which  makes 
its  northern  limit  in  the  pine  bar- 
rens of  New  Jersey,  is  pictured 
photographically  in  an  amply  il- 
lustrated volume  on  the  plants  ,of 

southern  New  Jersey  by  Witmer  Stone,  constituting  the  Re- 
port of  the  New  Jersey  State  Museum  for  1910. 
Glabrous:  leaves  obscurely  dotted  beneath.          L.  buxifolium. 


ERICACEAE. 


277 


LOISELEUBIA.     Trailing  Azalea. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Small  matted  shrubs:  ever- 
green. Twigs  very  slender,  sub- 
terete:  pith  minute,  continuous. 
Buds  sessile,  solitary,  ovoid,  ap- 
pressed,  with  about  2  scales. 
Leaf-scars  opposite,  minute,  cres- 
cent -  shaped,  elevated :  bundle- 
trace  1:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  very  small,  subelliptical, 
very  revolute,  entire,  petioled. 
The  small  beaked  5-valved  red 
capsules  may  be  present  in  win- 
ter. (Chamaecistus) . 

The  trailing  or  alpine  azalea  is 
one  of  a  number  of  plants  which 
occur  only  on  the  higher  moun- 
tains in  our  latitude,  but  have  a 
wide  distribution  even  at  sea- 
level  farther  north.  Sometimes, 
as  in  the  present  instance,  they 
not  only  extend  entirely  across 

the  American  continent  but  are  found  in  Europe  and  Asia  in 

very  similar  if  not  identical  forms. 

Glabrous:  leaves  revolute  to  the  midrib.  L.  procumbens. 


278 


ERICACEAE. 


KALMIA.    American  Laurel. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Small  trees  or  mostly  shrubs: 
evergreen.  Twigs  moderate  or 
slender:  pith  small,  rounded,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  minute,  naked  or 
with  2  small  green  scales,  soli- 
tary, sessile,  the  end-bud  abortive. 
Leaf-scars  clustered  at  end  of  the 
season's  growth,  variously  alter- 
nate or  opposite  or  in  whorls  of 
3,  half-round  or  shield-shaped, 
sometimes  raised  for  a  time  by  a 
finally  deciduous  base,  or  sunken : 
bundle-trace  a  transverse  line: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  The  small 
subglobose  5-celled  capsules  are 
persistent  in  winter.  (Includes 
Kalmiella). 

Kalmia  is  reputed  among  the 
most  poisonous  of  the  Ericaceae. 
For  an  analysis  of  the  subject, 
with  bibliography,  reference  may 

be  made  to  Pammers  Manual  of  Poisonous  Plants.  The 
woody  genera  listed  there  as  containing  poisonous  or  medici- 
nal properties  are  Andromeda,  Arctostaphylos,  Calluna,  Epi- 
gaea,  Erica,  Gaultheria,  Kalmia,  Ledum,  Lecothoe,  Lyonia, 
Rhododendron  and  Vaccinium. 

1.  Large  shrubs  or  small  trees:  leaves  large.     (1).  K.  latifolia. 
Small  shrubs:  buds  with  2  scales.     2. 

2.  Twigs  2-edged:  leaves  opposite.  (2).  K.  polifolia. 
Twigs  terete.     3. 

3.  Leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  2  or  3.         (3).  K.  angustifolia. 
Leaves  alternate.     4. 

4.  Twigs  glandular-hairy.     (Kalmiella),  K.  hirsuta. 
Twigs  hisute,  not  glandular.                                   K.  cuneata. 


ERICACEAE. 


279 


PHYLLODOCE.     Mountain  Heath. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Low  matted  shrubs:  evergreen. 
Twigs  slender,  ridged  below  the 
leaf-scars:  pith  minute,  continu- 
ous. Buds  minute,  solitary,  ses- 
sile, of  scarcely  evident  structure. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  minute,  cres- 
cent-shaped, raised:  bundle-trace 
1,  scarcely  distinguishable:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking.  Leaves  small, 
oblong,  minutely  serrulate.  The 
small  ellipsoid  capsules,  erect  on 
long  slender  glandular  stalks,  are 
evident  in  winter.  Sometimes 
placed  in  Bryanthus. 

Winter-characters  of  Phyllodoce 
caerulea  are  given  by  Fant,  51. 

The  phyllodoces  afford  another 
example  of  the  occurrence  of  iden- 
tical or  equivalent  species  in  high 
latitudes  on  both  continents,  with 
extension  away  from  the  pole  at 
increased  altitudes. 

Midrib  glabrous:   fruit-stalks  not  bristly.  (1).  P.  Breweri. 

Midrib  puberulent  beneath:  pedicels  bristly.     (2).  P.  caerulea. 


280 


ERICACEAE. 


DABOECIA.     St.  Dabeoc's  Heath. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Compact  small  heath-like 
shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs  slender, 
round,  the  bark  soon  shredding: 
pith  minute,  roundish,  continuous. 
Buds  solitary,  subglobose,  with 
about  2  scales,  commonly  develop- 
ing a  pair  of  narrow  leaves 
promptly.  Leaf  -  scars  alternate, 
minute,  low,  crescent-shaped : 
bundle-trace  1;  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. The  fruit,  if  present,  is  of 
relatively  large  rather  conical 
glandular-bristly  capsules  with 
very  acute  valves.  Leaves  simple 
and  entire,  small,  elliptical  or 
somewhat  ovate,  slightly  revolute, 
densely  white-  or  rusty-tomentu- 
lose  beneath. 

St.  Dabeoc's  heath,  as  the  com- 
mon name  indicates,  occurs  in  Ire- 
land and  has  been  supposed  to  be 

peculiar  to  the  Emerald  Isle;  but  it  is  found  occasionally  as 
far  south  as  the  Mediterranean,  and  on  the  oceanic  Azores. 
Twigs  transiently  puberulent  and  sparsely  hairy.    D.  polifolia. 


ERICACEAE. 


281 


ENKIANTHUS. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs  sub- 
verticillate,  slender,  3-sided  or 
rounded,  often  reddish:  pith 
rather  small,  roundish,  continu- 
ous. Buds  minute,  sunken  and  in 
the  notch  of  the  leaf-scar,  solitary, 
sessile,  indistinctly  scaly,  the  ter- 
minal flower-buds  large,  ovoid 
and  with  some  half-dozen  mucro- 
nate  scales.  Leaf-scars  minute, 
crescent-shaped  or  triangular,  low: 
bundle-trace  1,  minute,  round: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  The  small 
oblong  or  ovoid  5-celled  few-seeded 
capsules  are  present  in  winter. 

Winter-characters  of  Enkian- 
thus  japonicus  are  given  by 
Shirasawa,  284,  pi.  13. 

Like  many  of  our  common  na- 
tive Ericaceae,  among  them  the 
dwarf  blueberries  which  cover 

barren  hills  in  the  Eastern  States,  these  Asiatic  species  color 
brilliantly  in  autumn. 
Pedicels  straight:   capsules  subglobose:    sepals  ovate. 

(1).  E.  subsessilis. 
Pedicels  bent:   capsules  oblong:   sepals  elongated. 

(2).  E.campanulatus. 


282 


ERICACEAE. 


CASSIOPE. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Small  tufted  and  trailing 
shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs  very 
slender,  concealed  above  by  the 
overlapping  leaves:  pith  very 
minute.  Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
very  small  and  indistinct.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate  and  much  raised, 
or  opposite  and  low,  minute,  cres- 
cent-shaped, with  1  indistinct  vas- 
cular bundle:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. Leaves  very  small,  essential- 
ly entire.  The  subglobose  cap- 
sules may  be  present  in  winter. 
The  species  with  alternate  leaves 
have  been  segregated  as  the  genus 
Harrimaniella. 

A  foliage-key  to  Cassiope  and 
Harrimaniella  is  given  by  Coville 
in  the  second  volume  of  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Washington  Academy 
of  Sciences.  Winter-characters-  of 
C.  hypnoides  are  given  by  Fant,  50. 

1.  Leaves  opposite,  closely  imbricated,  broad.     2. 
Leaves  alternate.     3. 

2.  Leaves  not  grooved  on  the  back.  (1).  C.  Mertensiana. 
Leaves  with  a  groove  on  the  back.  (2).  C.  tetragona. 

3.  Leaves  widely  spreading,  broad,  blunt.      (3).  C.  Stelleriana. 
Leaves  closely  imbricated,  narrow,  acute. 

(4).  C.  hypnoides. 


ERICACEAE. 


283 


by  its  fragrance, 
stock. 


LEUCOTHOE.     Fetter  Bush. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Shrubs:  evergreen  or  deciduous. 
Twigs  rather  slender,  finally  sub- 
terete:  pith  roundish  or  somewhat 
3-sided,  continuous.  Buds  small, 
solitary,  sessile,  globose  or  ovoid, 
with  3  or  4  exposed  scales,  the 
end-bud  lacking.  Leaf  scars  al- 
ternate, small,  crescent-shaped  or 
half-round,  little  elevated:  bundle- 
trace  1:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves,  when  present,  simple, 
serrulate.  The  small  depressed- 
globose  capsules  are  often  present 
in  winter. 

Winter-character  reference  to 
Leucothoe  racemosa:  — Schneider, 
f.  123. 

The    flowers    of   Leucothoe    are 
intensely  fragrant  and  a  plant  that 
is  quite  concealed  in  surrounding 
shrubbery   may   be   located    often 
Unfortunately  the    genus    is    poisonous    to 


Deciduous.     2. 

Evergreen.     3. 

Capsules  scarcely  lobed :  racemes  straight. 

Capsules  deeply  lobed:  racemes  curved. 


(1).  L.  racemosa. 
(2).  L.  recurva. 


3.  Leaves  small  (4  cm.  long),  ovate,  very  obtuse.     L.  Davisiae. 
Leaves  larger,  pointed.     4. 

4.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute.  L.  axillaris. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate.             (3).  L.  Catesbaei. 


284 


ERICACEAE. 


ANDROMEDA.     Bog  Rosemary. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Bog  shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs 
slender,  at  first  3-sided:  pith  small, 
3-sided,  continuous.  Buds  soli- 
tary, sessile,  compressed,  small, 
ovoid,  with  2  exposed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  more  or  less  ele- 
vated, half-round  or  crescent- 
shaped,  minute:  bundle-trace  1: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  Leaves  sim- 
ple, entire,  elliptical  to  narrowly 
oblong,  revolute,  whitened  be- 
neath. The  small  short-ovoid  5- 
celled  capsules  are  present  in 
winter. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Andromeda  cernua.  Shirasawa, 
284,  pi.  13,  A.  ovalifolia.  Shira- 
sawa, 242,  pi.  3.  A.  polifolia.  Bose- 
mann,  35;  Fant,  50. 

Like  Kalmia,  Pieris,  Leucothoe, 
Chamaedaphne  and  Rhododendron, 
this  genus  is  reputed  to  be  poisonous. 

Leaves  glabrous:  capsules  brown.  A.  polifolia. 

Leaves  tomentulose  beneath:   capsules  glaucous. 

A.  glaucophylla. 


ERICACEAE. 


285 


CHAMAEDAPHNE.    Cassandra. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Bog  shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs 
slender,  roundish,  at  first  puberu- 
lent  and  scurfy,  then  with  shred- 
ding gray  bark,  and  finally  smooth 
and  deep  red-brown:  pith  small, 
roundish,  continuous.  Buds  soli- 
tary, sessile,  small,  globose  and 
with  about  3  exposed  scales  or  be- 
coming oblong  in  expansion.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  minute,  low,  cres- 
cent-shaped: bundle-trace  1:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking.  Leaves  simple, 
entire,  scurfy  beneath.  The  small 
depressed-globose  5-celled  cap- 
sules, with  persistent  scurfy  calyx 
and  2-bracted  at  base,  are  present 
in  winter. 

A  peculiar  interest  attaches  to 
many  bog  plants  in  that  although 
they  grow  with  their  roots  in 
water  they  have  leaves  that  are 

woolly  beneath  as  in  Ledum,  or  of  firm  structure  or  scurfy  as 
in  Chamaedaphne,  or  very  glaucous  beneath  as  in  Vaccinium 
Oxycoccus,  or  with  their  stomata  in  grooves  between  the  mid- 
rib and  the  revolute  margin.  These  are  characters  usually 
connected  with  plants  that  scarcely  obtain  enough  water; 
and,  in  fact,  these  bog  plants  really  cannot  absorb  a  suffi- 
ciency of  water  and  so  experience  the  condition  of  physiologi- 
cal if  not  of  actual  physical  drought. 

Leaves  relatively  broad,  flat.  (Leather  leaf).  (1).  C.  calyculata. 
Leaves  narrow,  crisped.  C.  calyculata  angustifolia. 


286 


ERICACEAE. 


PIEBIS.     Stagger  Bush. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Shrubs:  evergreen  or  deciduous. 
Twigs  rather  slender,  3-sided  or 
finally  terete:  pith  somewhat  3- 
sided,  continuous.  Buds  small, 
subglobose  to  conical,  with  2-5  ex- 
posed scales;  the  end-bud  lack- 
ing. Leaf-scars  alternate,  small, 
half-round  or  triangular,  somewhat 
raised:  bundle-trace  1:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Leaves,  when  pres- 
ent, simple,  entire  and  revolute  or 
serrulate.  The  small  globose  or 
urn-shaped  capsules  are  often  pres- 
ent in  winter. 

As  its  common  name  indicates, 
the  stagger  bush  is  poisonous  to 
stock,  like  Ealmia,  etc.  The 
species  of  Pieris  have  been  placed 
in  the  genus  Andromeda  fre- 
quently; and  they  are  placed  un- 
der Lyonia  by  some  botanists;  as 
they  have  been  placed  by  others  in  Leucothoe. 

1.  Deciduous:   buds  round-ovoid:   capsules  urceolate. 

(1).  P.  Mariana. 
Evergreen:  buds  compressed.     2. 

2.  Pubescent:  sepals  much  shorter  than  capsules. 

(2).  P.  floribunda. 
Glabrous:   sepals  equaling  the  capsules.  (3).  P.  nitida. 


ERICACEAE. 


287 


LYONIA. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Shrubs  or  sometimes  subar- 
borescent:  evergreen  or  decidu- 
ous. Twigs  slender,  somewhat  3- 
sided,  becoming  terete.  Buds  soli- 
tary, sessile,  small,  oblong,  more 
or  less  flattened  against  the  stem, 
with  2  exposed  scales.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  minute,  low,  half-round 
or  crescent-shaped :  bundle-trace  1 : 
stipule-scars  lacking.  Leaves,  when 
persistent,  simple,  entire  or  ob- 
scurely serrulate,  and  scurfy  be- 
neath. 

As  with  Pieris,  Lyonia  was  for- 
merly merged  in  Andromeda,  and 
the  generic  name  Xolisma  has 
been  used  for  its  species,  which 
occur  in  a  number  of  variants 
which  have  been  thought  by  some 
botanists  to  represent  distinct 
species. 

1.  Deciduous:   capsules  very  small,  subglobose. 

(1).  L.  ligustrina. 
Evergreen:  capsules  oblong.     2. 

2.  Leaves  without  prominent  veinlets:  tall.     (2).  L.  ferruginea. 
Leaves  raised-reticulate  beneath:   dwarf.  L.  fruticosa. 


288 


ERICACEAE. 


OXYDENDRUM.       SoUFWOOd. 

(Family  Ericaceae). 

Small  or  moderate-sized  tree: 
deciduous.  Twigs  rather  slender, 
zig-zag,  terete:  pith  pale,  continu- 
ous. Buds  rather  small,  conical- 
globose,  solitary,  sessile,  with 
about  half-a-dozen  scales,  the  end- 
bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
low,  small,  half-round  or  shield- 
shaped:  bundle-trace  1,  C-shaped: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  Fruit  per- 
sistent, panicled,  as  small  canes- 
cent  oblong  -  pyramidal  5-celled 
capsules  with  their  valves  break- 
ing away  from  the  style. 

Winter-character  reference  to 
Oxydendrum  arboreum: — Schnei- 
der, f.  123. 

The  generic  name  Oxydendrum 
was  given  to  what  Linnaeus  had 
called  Andromeda  arborea  be- 
cause of  its  acidity.  Though  a 

pure  Greek  derivative,  its  author  Latinized  the  name  by  chang- 
ing the  ending  on  of  the  Greek  into  um  in  accord  with  a  gen- 
eral effort  to  Latinize  all  plant  names,  of  whatever  deriva- 
tion,— and  a  correction  of  this  kind  has  been  made  in  many 
though  not  all  cases  where  the  author  of  a  name  did  not  do 
this  himself.  Curiously,  the  established  Latinized  name  of 
this  tree  is  sometimes  written  in  on. 
Twigs  glabrous,  olive  or  bright  pink.  O.  arboreum. 


ERICACEAE. 


289 


EPIGAEA.     Trailing  Arbutus. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Prostrate  and  rooting  small 
shrubs  with  finally  exfoliating 
bark:  evergreen.  Twigs  slender, 
terete:  pith  moderate,  rounded, 
continuous,  brown.  Buds  solitary, 
or  the  inflorescence-buds  quickly 
multiple  and  conical-ovoid  with  2 
hairy  outer  scales  and  a  number 
of  smooth  very  acute  inner  scales. 
Leaf-scars  linear  when  cataphyls 
have  fallen,  or  usually  lacking,  the 
leaves  falling  only  with  the  cor- 
tex: stipule-scars  lacking.  Leaves 
elliptical-ovate,  often  cordate,  en- 
tire but  usually  ciliate. 

Like  blueberries  and  rhododen- 
drons, the  popular  fragrant- 
flowered  May-flower  or  trailing 
arbutus  requires  a  certain  acidity 
of  the  soil  for  its  successful  cul- 
tivation ;  but,  as  Coville  has  shown, 

it  is  capable  of  successful  growth  as  a  compact  full-flowered 
potted  plant  if  given  the  proper  soil  conditions. 

This  sensitiveness  of  Ericaceae  to  the  condition  of  the 
soil  has  been  shown  to  be  connected  with  the  fact  that  their 
roots  grow  in  a  sort  of  mutually  helpful  parasitic  relation- 
ship with  certain  fungi,  which  themselves  are  prevented  from 
thriving  unless  the  soil  is  too  acid  for  the  growth  of  most 
bacteria.  An  interesting  discussion  of  the  question  is  given 
by  Coville  in  Bulletin  193  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  at 
Washington. 
Twigs  very  red-bristly.  E.  repens. 


290 


ERICACEAE. 


GAULTHERIA.     Wintergreen. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Aromatic  small  shrubs,  either 
bushy  or  with  short  erect  shoots 
that  are  leafy  toward  the  top: 
evergreen.  Twigs  moderate,  zig- 
zag and  3-sided  in  the  large  type, 
slender  and  rounded  in  the 
smaller:  pith  relatively  large, 
honey-combed  or  finally  spongy. 
Buds  solitary,  sessile,  ovuid,  with 
about  5  ciliate  scales.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  minute  and  linear  in 
the  smaller  type,  but  half-round  or 
shield-shaped  in  the  larger  and 
then  with  a  large  bundle-trace: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  Leaves 
simple,  short-stalked,  minutely 
somewhat  serrate. 

Wintergreen  "berries'*,  which  re- 
ally  are   soft-walled    capsules    en- 
closed by  a  fleshy  calyx,  are  some- 
times brought  into  northern  cities 
by  the  Indians. 

Wintergreen  and  sweet  birch  are  so  similarly  flavored  as 
to  give  rise  to  the  impression  that  oil  of  Wintergreen  and  oil 
of  birch  contain  identical  aromatic  substances.  The  princi- 
pal constituent  in  each  is  said  to  be  methyl  salicylate,  but 
the  characteristic  flavor  is  due  to  small  quantities  of  an  ester. 

1.  Bushy:  twigs  sparsely  hairy  or  papillate:   buds  large.     2. 
With  nearly  simple  short  shoots  from  prostrate  stems.     3. 

2.  Upright:   leaves  ovate,  round-based.  (1).  G.  Shallon. 
Spreading:  leaves  elliptical  to  obovate.  G.  Veitchiana. 

3.  Loosely  hairy:  leaves  ovate,  round-based.         G.  Myrsinites. 
Glabrate:   leaves  elliptical  to  obovate.      (2).  G.  procumbens. 


ERICACEAE. 


291 


PERNETTYA. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Small  shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs 
very  slender,  terete,  more  or  less 
puberulent  and  sparsely  stiff-hairy, 
at  first  green:  pith  minute,  round- 
ish, somewhat  spongy.  Buds 
small,  solitary,  sessile,  ovoid  or 
round,  flattened,  with  2  outer 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  min- 
ute, obtusely  3-sided  or  crescent- 
shaped,  low:  bundle-trace  1:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking.  Leaves  com- 
monly twisted  into  one  plane, 
small,  simple,  minutely  somewhat 
toothed.  Fruit  axillary,  commonly 
present  in  winter  in  the  form  of 
small  berries. 

The  genus  Pernettya  is  one  of 
peculiar  distribution:  most  of  its 
species  are  of  the  North  American 
highlands,  but  it  is  represented 
also  in  New  Zealand.  Reasons  for 

believing  that  there  was  once  a  direct  land  connection  be- 
tween South  America  and  New  Zealand  and  Australia  are 
brought  together  in  an  interesting  volume  by  Scharff,  on  Dis- 
tribution and  Origin  of  Life  in  America. 

1.  Leaves  ovate,  pungently  pointed.     2. 

Leaves  lance-oblong.  P.  angustifolia. 

2.  Fruit  red.  (1).  P.  mucronata. 
Fruit  white.                                                   P.  mucronata  alba. 
Fruit  nearly  black.                                     P.  mucronata  nigra. 


292 


ERICACEAE. 


AECTOSTAPHYLOS.     Red  Bearberry. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Dwarf  northern  shrubs,  as  here 
considered:  evergreen.  Twigs 
slender,  somewhat  3-  or  5-sided: 
pith  small,  slightly  angled,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
ovoid,  with  about  3  exposed  scales 
or  the  uppermost  showing  a  larger 
number.  Leaf-scars  alternate, 
somewhat  elevated,  small,  cres- 
cent-shaped: bundle-trace  1:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking.  Leaves  spatu- 
late,  rather  small. 

The  bearberry  is  one  of  the 
plants  that  are  characteristically 
limited  to  the  South  and  that  in 
high  latitudes  occur  in  Europe  and 
Asia  as  well  as  America.  In  an 
account  of  the  biology  of  the 
region  north  of  Saskatchewan  and 
Alberta,  published  as  No.  27  of 
North  American  Fauna,  Preble 

states  that  the  natives  smoke  the   dried  leaves  of  the  bear- 
berry,  usually  mixed  with  tobacco;    and  they  are  somewhat 
used  medicinally. 
Twigs  puberulent,  the  bark  finally  exfoliating.       A.  Uva-ursi. 


ERICACEAE. 


293 


ARCTOUS.    Mountain  Bearberry. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Low  northern  or  alpine  shrubs: 
deciduous.  Twigs  rather  slender, 
subterete:  pith  minute,  3-sided, 
continuous.  Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
ovoid,  appressed,  with  about  3  ex- 
posed scales.  Leaf -scars  alternate, 
somewhat  raised,  small,  crescent- 
shaped:  bundle-trace  1:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  (Mairania;  Arcto- 
staphylos). 

Though  the  fruits  of  Arctosta- 
phylos  are  eaten  by  bears,  as  the 
scientific  and  popular  names  of 
the  genus  indicate,  they  do  not 
appeal  to  the  palate  of  even  the 
average  boy.  Even  the  black  bear 
berries,  borne  by  Arctous,  though 
pulpier  and  of  pleasing  appear- 
ance, are  said  to  be  nearly  taste- 
less. Many  botanists  still  place 
the  deciduous  bearberry  in  the  genus  Arctostaphylos. 


Glabrous:   bark  quickly  exfoliating. 


A.  alpinus. 


294 


ERICACEAE. 


GAYLUSSACIA.     Huckleberry. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous,  or  evergreen 
occasionally  or  in  the  South. 
Twigs  slender,  roundish:  pith 
small,  3-sided  or  rounded,  continu- 
ous. Buds  solitary,  sessile,  ovoid, 
small,  with  2  or  some  4  or  5  ex- 
posed scales,  the  end-bud  lacking. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  low,  crescent- 
shaped  or  3-sided:  bundle-trace  1: 
stipule  scars  lacking. 

Winter-characters  of  Gaylus- 
sacia  dumasa  are  pictured  by 
Schneider,  f.  126. 

The  deciduous  species  of  Gay- 
lussacia  and  Vaccinium  are  not 
readily  placed  in  the  proper 
genus  in  winter,  even  though  they 
may  be  told  apart  with  some  as- 
surance. In  this  respect  the 
genera  resemble  the  group  re- 
ferred to  under  Zenobia.  Because 

of  their  inferior  ovary,  these  two  genera  and  Chiogenes  are 
believed  by  some  botanists  to  constitute  a  family  Vacciniaceae, 
distinct  from  the  Ericaceae. 

1.  Evergreen:   leaves  serrulate.  (1).  G.  brachycera. 
Deciduous,  or  the  leaves  entire  and  glandular- 
dotted  if  present.     2. 

2.  Glabrous:  shoots  glaucous.  (Dangleberry).    (2).  G.  frondosa. 
Twigs  more  or  less  pubescent.     3. 

3.  Buds  with  2  or  3  exposed  scales.  (Black  h.).    (3).  G.  baccata. 
Buds  with  4  or  5  exposed  scales.     4. 

4.  Twigs  puberulent  but  not  villous.  ( Dwarf  h.).  (4).  G.  dumosa. 
Twigs  also  with  long  glandular  hairs.  (5).  G.  hirtella. 


ERICACEAE. 


295 


VACCINIUM.     Blueberry.     Cranberry. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Shrubs,  usually  under  1  m.  high, 
exceptionally  trailing  or  subar- 
borescent:  deciduous,  or  partly 
evergreen  in  the  south,  or  some 
species  evergreen.  Twigs  slender, 
very  obscurely  3-  or  5-sided  or 
distinctly  angled:  pith  small, 
nearly  round,  continuous.  Buds 
small  or  minute,  solitary,  sessile, 
with  2  apparently  valvate  scales 
or  the  larger  with  same  half-dozen 
scales,  the  end-bud  deciduous. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  small  or 
minute,  half-round  or  crescent- 
shaped,  somewhat  elevated: 
bundle-trace  1:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Vaccinium  Myrtillus.  Bosemann, 
36;  Schneider,  f.  95.  V.  Oxycoccus. 
Bosemann,  36;  Fant,  50.  V.  uliyi- 

nosum.  Bosemann,  36;  Schneider,  f.  95.  V.  Vitis-idaea.  Bose- 
mann, 36;  Fant,  49,  f.  55.  Vaccinium  comprises  the  very 
different  groups  of  trailing  cranberries,  sometimes  segregated 
under  the  generic  name  Oxycoccus,  low-bush  cranberries,  for 
which  the  name  Vitis  Idaea  has  been  used,  tree  huckleberries, 
sometimes  called  Batodendron,  squaw  huckleberries,  Polyco- 
dium,  mountain  cranberries,  which  Small  segregates  under 
the  name  Hugeria,  and  blueberries. 

1.  Trailing  evergreens:  leaves  small  (scarcely  5X15  mm.).  2. 
Bushy,  tufted.     4. 

2.  Leaves  entire,  rather  elliptical.      (Cranberries).     3. 
Leaves  serrate,  somewhat  ovate.          (1).  V.  crassifolium. 


296  ERICACEAE. 

3.  Leaves  very  small  (10  mm.),  re  volute.     (2).  V.  Oxycoccos. 
Leaves  larger  (15  mm.).  V.  macrocarpon. 

4.  Low  evergreens  with  small  leaves.     5. 
Deciduous.     8. 

5.  Leaves  blunt-mucronate,  notched,  dotted. 

(3).  V.  Vitis-Idaea. 
Leaves  acute:   twigs  puberulent  and  often  granular.     6. 

6.  Leaves  prevailingly  oblanceolate  and  acute.     7. 

Leaves  obovate  and  acuminate.  (4).  V.  nitidum. 

7.  Leaves  green  on  both  sides.  (5).  V.  Myrsinites. 
Leaves  glaucous  beneath.                  V.  Myrsinites  glaucum. 

8.  Buds  oblong,  appressed,  with  2  obtuse  exposed  scales.     9. 
Buds  ovoid  or  subglobose:  scales  several,  or  pointed.     15. 

9.  Twigs  without  angles.     10. 
Twigs  conspicuously  angled.     12. 

10.  Bark  finely  shredding:   twiggy  and  low.        V.  uliginosum. 
Bark  scarcely  shredding.     11. 

11.  Scarcely  a  span  high:  tufted:  -slender.    (6).  V.  caespitosum. 
Taller  and  stouter.  V.  erythrocarpum. 

12.  Dwarf  and  tufted,  scarcely  over  a  span  high.     13. 
Taller  and  more  bushy.     14. 

13.  Twigs  slender:  buds  1-1.5  mm.  (7).  V.  erythrococcum. 
Twigs  stouter:  buds  often  2  mm.  long.          V.  oreophilum. 

14.  Twigs  almost  winged.  V.  parvifolium. 
Twigs  only  ribbed.  V.  ovalifolium. 

15.  Buds  ovoid  or  oblong,  ascending  or  appressed.     16. 
Buds  subglobose  or  round-ovoid,  divergent.     19. 

16.  Low  shrubs.     17. 

Tall:   twigs  angled  and  warty.  (8).  V.  corymbosuni. 

17.  Twigs  grooved  above  the  buds,  or  angular.     18. 

Twigs  nearly  terete,  very  hairy.  (9).  V.  canadense. 

18.  Twigs  nearly  smooth.  V.  pennsylvanicum. 
Twigs  distinctly  granular-warty.  V.  vacillans. 

19.  Moderate  or  low  shrub.  (10).  V.  stamineum. 
Large  shrub  or  small  tree,  often  twiggy.          V.  arboreum. 


ERICACEAE. 


297 


CHIOGENES.     Moxie  Plum. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Low  very  delicate  aromatic 
trailing  shrubs:  evergreen.  Stems 
filiform,  brown-chaffy,  terete:  pith 
minute.  Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
ovoid,  appressed,  minute,  with 
about  2  exposed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  low,  minute,  cres- 
cent-shaped :  bundle-trace  1,  scarce- 
ly discernible :  stipule  -scars 
lacking.  Leaves  small,  subellipti- 
cal,  acute,  short-petioled,  entire. 

In  some  respects  the  creeping 
snowberry,  as  Chiogenes  is  called 
sometimes  because  •  of  its  white 
fruit,  is  the  most  attractive  and 
dainty  of  our  woody  plants,  and 
it  is  rarely  seen  except  by  close 
observers  because  of  its  habit  of 
growth  and  its  small  size.  The 
name  capillaire  given  it  by  the 
French  Canadians  expresses  well 

the  delicacy  of  its  stem.     Like  the  wintergreen,  it  is  pleas- 
Stem  brown-chaffy:    leaves  slightly  chaffy  beneath. 

C.  hispidula. 


298 


ERICACEAE. 


CALLUNA.     Heather. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Small  shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs 
very  slender,  terete:  pith  very 
small,  roundish,  continuous.  Buds 
small,  solitary,  sessile,  angularly 
globose,  with  about  3  scales, 
usually  developing  promptly.  Leaf- 
scars  opposite,  minute,  half-round 
.  or  crescent-shaped:  bundle-trace  1: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  Leaves 
small,  V-shaped,  grooved  on  the 
keel,  closely  overlapping  in  4 
ranks  except  on  elongated  shoots. 

The  winter-characters  of  Cal- 
luna  vulgaris  are  indicated  by 
Bosemann,  33. 

Heather,  one  of  the  most  char- 
acteristic shrubs  of  European  re- 
gions where  soil  sterility  and 
mist  meet,  occurs  in  this  country 
only  along  the  northern  Atlantic 
seaboard. 


Twigs  puberulent:  leaves  glabrous. 


C.  vulgaris. 


ERICACEAE. 


299 


ERICA.     Heath. 
(Family  Ericaceae). 

Typically,  small  bog  shrubs: 
evergreen.  Twigs  very  slender, 
more  or  less  ridged  below  the 
leaves:  pith  very  small,  continu- 
ous. Buds  minute,  solitary,  ses- 
sile, ovoid,  with  2  or  3  exposed 
scales.  Leaf-scars  whorled,  mi- 
nute, half-round:  bundle-trace  1: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  Leaves 
small,  mostly,  except  the  lower- 
most, very  revolute  or  folded  so 
that  the  edges  meet  down  the 
back,  rather  longer  than  the  in- 
ternodes  except  on  elongated 
shoots. 

Winter-character  references  to 
Erica  Tetralix: — Bosemann,  33; 
Fant,  52. 

Like  heather,  the  true  heaths 
have  barely  secured  a  foothold  in 
this  country, — on  the  coast. 

1.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  3.  (1).  E.  cinerea. 
Leaves  in  whorls  of  four.     2. 

2.  Leaves  glandular-bristly.    (Bell  heather).      (2).  E.  Tetralix. 
Leaves  not  glandular.  (3).  E.  carnea. 


300 


DlAPENSIACEAE. 


DlAPENSIA. 

( Family  Diapensiaceae ) . 

Dwarf  matted  high-northern 
shrub:  evergreen.  Stems  slen- 
der, with  shredding  bark  finally, 
but  long  covered  by  persistent 
leaf -remnants.  Buds  minute, 
naked,  concealed  by  the  bases  of 
the  leaves.  Leaf -scars  absent: 
stipule-scars  or  stipules  lacking. 
Leaves  alternate,  spatulate,  dense- 
ly overlapping,  somewhat  recurv- 
ing and  revolute. 

Kerner  von  Marilaun,  one  of 
the  most  popular  exponents  of 
adaptive  teleology,  mentions  Dia- 
pensia  in  his  charming  Natural 
History  of  Plants  as  an  illustra- 
tion of  Arctic  plants  character- 
ized by  the  absence  of  pubescence 
restricting  transpiration,  in  con- 
trast with  woolly  plants  of  more 
southern  and  drier  regions. 
Glabrous,  but  the  leaves  minutely  papillate.  D.  lapponica. 


DlAPENSIACEAE. 


301 


PYXIDANTHERA.     Pyxie. 
(Family  Diapensiaceae). 

Matted  and  trailing  half-shrub 
of  sandy  pine  barrens:  evergreen. 
Stems  slender,  long  covered  by 
the  persistent  leaf  -  remnants. 
Buds  minute,  naked,  concealed  by 
the  petioles.  Leaf-scars  absent: 
stipules  or  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  alternate  or  subopposite, 
oblanceolate,  rather  crowded, 
spreading  or  ascending. 

The  pyxie  is  counted  among  the 
most  attractive  plants  of  the  New 
Jersey  pine  barrens,  particularly 
as  it  flowers  very  early  in  the 
Spring.  A  special  interest  at- 
taches to  this  region  because  in 
it,  when  Darwinian  biology  was 
new,  Mrs.  Mary  Treat  made  many 
observations  on  the  localized 
plants  with  which  she  was  sur- 
rounded, and  demonstrated  the 

value  and  pleasure  of  a  truly  amateur  interest  in  natural 
history  in  a  series  of  contributions  to  The  American  Natural- 
ist, the  earlier  volumes  of  which  possess  a  readability  which 
is  rare  in  journals  devoted  to  Science. 

Somewhat  transiently  white-hairy:  leaves  acute.    P.  barbulata. 
Winter-characters  of  Ceratostigma  plumbaginoides,  of  the 
family  Plumbaginaceae,  much  grown  over  walls,  etc.,  in  warm 
regions,  are  given  by  Schneider,  f.  109. 


302 


SAPOTACEAE. 


BUMELIA.     False  Buckthorn. 
(Family  Sapotaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  spreading 
trees  with  branch-spines:  mostly 
deciduous.  Twigs  moderate,  zig- 
zag, often  occurring  as  short  leafy 
spurs:  pith  continuous,  white  or 
striped  with  brown..  Buds  small, 
hemispherical,  sessile,  sometimes 
branched  or  developing  a  collat- 
eral spine,  with  about  4  exposed 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  tri- 
angular or  crescent-shaped  or 
shallowly  U-shaped,  somewhat 
raised:  bundle-traces  3,  sometimes 
subconfluent:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. 

Winter  -  character  reference :  — 
Bumelia  lanuginosa.  Hitchcock 
(1),  4. 

One  of  the  first  novelties  to 
which  a  visitor  to  Mexico  is  in- 
troduced is  the  zapote  or  mamey 

sapote,  the  fruit  of  Calocarpum  mammosum  or  Lucuma  mam- 
mosa;  and  one  of  the  sweetest  of  all  fruits  is  the  sapote  chico, 
chicozapote,  or  sapodilla,  the  fruit  of  Achras  Sapota,  a  tree 
which  furnishes  the  too-familiar  chicle  chewing  gum,  of  which 
large  quantities  are  brought  up  by  every  fruit  ship  touching 
at  Belize.  A  very  readable  account  of  these  sapotaceous 
plants  is  given  by  Pititier  in  volume  18  of  Contributions  from 
the  U.  S.  National  Herbarium. 

1.  Subevergreen :   leaves  golden-satiny  beneath.     (1).B.  tenax. 
Mostly  deciduous:  leaves  not  satiny  if  present.     2. 

2.  Glabrous:   twigs  black-purple.  (2).  B.  lycioides. 
Somewhat  tomentose:  twigs  red-gray.  B.  lanuginosa. 


EBENACEAE. 


303 


DIOSPYROS.     Persimmon. 
(Family  Ebenaceae). 

Shrubs  or  mostly  moderate- 
sized  trees:  deciduous.  Twigs 
moderate,  terete,  somewhat  zig- 
zag, red-brown,  finally  with  evi- 
dent lenticels:  pith  moderate, 
rounded,  greenish  becoming  white, 
sometimes  becoming  spongy  or 
even  chambered  between  lace-like 
plates.  Buds  solitary,  sessile,  del- 
toid-ovoid, with  2  greatly  over- 
lapping scales,  the  end-bud  lack- 
ing. Leaf-scars  variable  in  posi- 
t  i  o  n  ,  2-ranked  on  spreading 
branches,  elsewhere  5-ranked  or 
exceptionally  sub-oppositely  4- 
ranked,  half-elliptical,  somewhat 
raised:  bundle-trace  1,  C-shaped: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references :  — 
Diospyros  kaki.  Shirasawa,  243, 
pi.  3.  D.  Lotus.  Schneider,  f. 

117;   Shirasawa,    243,    pi.    3.     D.  virginiana.    Brendel,    pi.    3; 
Hitchcock  (1),  5. 

Few  trees  possess  a  more  characteristic  bark  than  the 
persimmon.  The  sometimes  very  regular  squares  into  which 
it  checks  differentiate  the  mature  tree  from  any  other  with 
which  it  is  likely  to  occur.  In  contrast  with  this,  it  is  un- 
usually variable  in  leaf-position  and  in  the  structure  of  its 
pith,  though  no  other  tree  possesses  a  combination  of  bud-  and 
leaf-scar  characters  likely  to  be  mistaken  for  those  of 
Diospyros. 

Twigs  from  loosely  hairy  glabrescent:  buds  glabrous,  blackish. 

D.  virginiana. 


304 


STYRACACEAE. 


HALESIA.     Silver  Bell. 
(Family  Styracaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  or  in  the 
mountains  of  Tennessee  large 
trees,  with  shredding  bark:  de- 
ciduous. Wood  brownish,  dif- 
fused-porous  with  very  fine 
medullary  rays.  Twigs  m  o  d- 
erate,  at  first  stellate-scurfy,  te- 
rete: pith  rather  small,  round, 
finally  chambered,  white.  Buds 
moderate,  superposed,  ovoid,  with 
about  4  fleshy  red  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  somewhat  raised, 
moderate,  half-round,  notched: 
bundle-trace  1,  crescent-shaped, 
compound:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
(Mohrodendron) . 

The  woody  fruits  are  frequent- 
ly persistent  well  into  the  winter. 
When  present  they  are  character- 
istic of  the  species, — 4-winged  in 
H.  Carolina,  and  2-winged  in  H. 
diptera,  which  is  not  easily  differentiated  otherwise. 

Winter-character  references: — Halesia  Carolina  (H.  te- 
traptera).  Schneider,  f.  87.  H.  corymbosa.  Shirasawa,  233, 
pi.  1.  H.  Mspida.  Shirasawa,  233,  pi.  1. 

The  scaly  trunk  of  a  very  large  tree  of  Halesia  Carolina 
or  Mohrodendron  carolinum  is  pictured  in  connection  with  an 
account  of  the  silver  bells  as  timber  trees  (p.  601)  in  an  in- 
structive book  on  American  Forest  Trees,  which  consists  sub- 
stantially of  articles  published  between  1905  and  1913  in  the 
journal  Hardwood  Record,  by  Henry  H.  Gibson. 
Glabrate:  buds  acute,  slightly  stalked.  (1).  H.  Carolina. 

Puberulent:  buds  obtuse:  pith  less  chambered.      (2).  H.  diptera. 


STYBAGACEAE. 


305 


PTEROSTYBAX. 
(Family  Styracaceae). 

Shrubs,  glabrescent  or  more  or 
less  microscopically  stellate- 
scurfy:  deciduous.  Twigs  round- 
ed, rather  slender:  pith  moderate, 
rounded,  continuous,  white.  Buds 
moderate,  sessile,  usually  soli- 
tary, the  terminal  elongated  and 
hairy  and  naked,  the  lateral  ovoid, 
glabrate,  with  2  exposed  scales. 
Leaf-scars  alternate,  2-ranked, 
finally  broadly  crescent-shaped, 
somewhat  raised:  bundle-trace  1, 
indistinct:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  reference  to 
Pterostyrax  hispida: — Schneider, 
f.  87. 

Pterostyrax  is  considered  not 
generically  different  from  Halesia 
by  some  botanists,  and,  as  its 
generic  name  indicates,  it  bears 
winged  fruits  like  Halesia. 

Though  they  do  well  in  the  South,  its  species  are  even  less 

dependable  in  the  North  than  the  silver  bells. 

Twigs  with  quickly  shredding  gray  bark.  P.  hispida. 


306 


STYEACACEAE. 


STYEAX.     Storax. 
(Family  Styracaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
rounded,  rather  slender,  zig-zag, 
rough-scurfy:  pith  small,  rounded, 
continuous,  green.  Buds  small, 
sessile,  naked,  scurfy,  superposed, 
the  end-bud  lacking.  Leaf-scars 
alternate,  2-ranked,  at  first  torn, 
narrow  and  shriveled,  finally 
broadly  crescent-shaped  and  less 
raised  with  a  central  more  or  less 
fragmented  bund.e-trace:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:   - 
Styrax  japonica.     Shirasawa,  238, 
pi.  2.  8.  Obassia.     Shirasawa,  238, 
pi.    2.      8.    officinalis.      Schneider, 
f.   117. 

The  gum  styrax  of  druggists  is 
not  obtained  from  species  of 
Styrax  though  the  genus  gets  Us 
.name  from  that  substance  which 

is  produced  by  the  Oriental  equivalent,  Liquidambar  orient- 
ale,  of  our  sweetgum  which  derives  its  specific  name  from 
the  same  substance. 

1.  Twigs  very  slender:  buds  short   (scarcely  3  mm.). 

S.  americana. 
Twigs  stouter   (2-3  mm.):  buds  rather  long   (4-6  mm.).     2. 

2.  Twigs  2  mm.  thick:  bark  not  exfoliating.     (1).  S.  japonica. 
Twigs  stouter  (3  mm.):  bark  exfoliating.  S.  Obassia. 


SYMPLOCACEAE. 


307 


SYMPLOCOS.     Sweet  Leaf. 
(Family  Symplocaceae). 

Shrub  or  small  tree:  tardily  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  moderate,  terete: 
pith  moderate,  pale,  chambered. 
Buds  sessile,  solitary  or  super- 
posed, broadly  conical,  with  about 
4  scales.  Leaf -scars  alternate, 
half  -  round,  low,  bundle-trace  a 
single  crescent-shaped  or  trans- 
verse aggregate :  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. Leaves  when  present  oblan- 
ceolate,  cuneately  petioled,  entire. 
(Hopea). 

The  chambered  pith  of  Symplo- 
cos,  which  seems  to  have  escaped 
the  notice  of  special  writers  on 
the  pith  of  trees,  is  mentioned 
and  photographically  illustrated 
in  Hough's  Handbook  of  the 
Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and 
Canada,  p.  381.  The  tree  is  ever- 
green in  the  southern  part  of  its 

range,  and  holds  its  foliage  until  heavy  frosts  come  else- 
where. It  is  sometimes  called  horse  sugar  because  its  sweet- 
ish leaves  are  eaten  by  stock  after  green  herbage  has  gener- 
erally  disappeared  in  early  winter. 

End-bud  absent:   leaf -scars  2-ranked.  S.  paniculata. 

End-bud  present:  leaf-scars  more  than  2-ranked. 

(1).  S.  tinctoria. 


308 


OLEACEAE. 


for  1906,  p.  199,  f.  21. 

1.  Pith  solid  at  the  nodes. 


FORSYTHIA.     Golden  Bell. 
(Family  Oleaceae). 

Loosely  branched  spreading  or 
sometimes  scrambling  shrubs:  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  somewhat  4- 
sided,  moderate:  pith  moderate, 
finally  excavated  between  the 
nodes  but  continuous  or 
chambered  at  them.  Buds  mode- 
rate, becoming  multiple,  fusiform 
though  sessile,  with  some  half- 
dozen  pairs  of  scales.  Leaf-scars 
opposite,  shield-shaped,  rather 
small,  raised:  bundle-trace  1:  sti- 
pule-scars wanting. 

Winter-character  references:  - 
XForsythia  intermedia.  Schnei- 
der, f.  201.  F.  suspensa.  Schnei- 
der, f.  201;  Shirasawa,  277,  pi.  12. 
F.  viridissima.  Schneider,  f.  201. 
The  pith  -  characters  of  species 
and  hybrids  of  this  genus  are  dis- 
cussed by  Koehne  in  Gartenflora 


2. 


Pith  chambered  or  finally  all  excavated.       ( 1 ) .  F.  viridissima. 

2.  Pith  chambered  in  the  internodes.        (2).   X  F.  intermedia. 

Pith  excavated  between  the  nodes.  (3).  F.  suspensa. 


OLEACEAE. 


309 


FONTANESIA. 

(Family  Oleaceae). 

Shrubs :  deciduous.  Twigs 
slender,  4-angled,  the  bark  soon 
fibrous-shredding:  pith  greenish, 
rounded,  continuous.  Buds  small, 
solitary,  sessile,  compressed  ovoid, 
with  2  or  3  pairs  of  pointed 
scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite,  short- 
shield-shaped,  small,  somewhat 
raised,  ciliate:  bundle-trace  1,  half- 
round:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  reference  to 
Fontanesia  phillyraeoides:  — 
Schneider,  f.  205. 

Fontanesias,  like  privets,  are 
rather  conspicuous  among  shrubs 
grown  in  the  northern  states  in 
showing  no  autumnal  coloration 
but  holding  their  bright  green 
foliage  well  through  the  fall, — a 
habit  that  dictates  caution  in  un- 
skilfully blending  them  in  pro- 


miscuous planting. 

Twigs  and  buds  glabrous,  brown. 


F.  phillyraeoides. 


310 


OLEAOEAE. 


FRAXINUS.     Ash. 
(Family  Oleaceae). 

Trees:  deciduous.  Twigs  rather 
stout,  stiff  and  divergent,  often 
squarish  or  compressed  at  the 
nodes:  pith  often  6-sided  or  lemon- 
shaped.  Buds  sessile,  superposed 
with  the  lower  somewhat  'covered 
by  a  narrow  articular  membrane, 
with  2  or  3  pairs  of  opposite 
scales,  those  of  the  end-bud  often 
lobed.  Leaf-scars  opposite,  half- 
round  to  subelliptical  or  broadly 
U-shaped,  low:  bundle-traces  in 
an  elliptical  or  C-shaped  aggre- 
gate: stipule-scars  lacking. 

In  a  comparative  study  of  re- 
serve food  materials  in  buds  and 
surrounding  parts  published  in 
volume  2  of  the  Memoirs  of  the 
Torrey  Botanical  Club,  Halsted 
gives  the  ash  as  one  example  illus- 
trating the  accumulation  of  re- 
serve starch  in  winter  near  the  terminal  bud.  Schaar,  in  vol- 
ume 99  of  the  Sitzungsberichte  of  the  Vienna  Academy,  in- 
cludes Fraxinus  among  genera  which  store  food  in  their  bud 
scales;  and  Goebel  explains  the  color  of  the  scales  as  due  to 
the  dried  cell-contents  of  their  scurf. 

One  species,  •  .F.  Ornus,  is  spoken  of  sometimes  as  the 
manna  ash  because  when  wounded  it  exudes  a  sugary  sub- 
stance called  by  this  name.  A  tree  "boxed",  somewhat  as  a 
pine  is  for  turpentine,  is  pictured  *n  Baillon's  Dictionnaire 
de  Botanique,  vol.  2,  p.  643. 

Winter-character  references  to  Fraxinus: — F.  americana. 
Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  343,  556,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  1;  Denniston, 


OLEACEAE.  311 

Pharm.  Archiv.,  1:6-13,  pi.  3-4;  Hitchcock  (1),  3;  Otis,  212; 
Schneider,  f.  198.  F.  Bungeana.  Schneider,  f.  197.  F.  Bunge- 
ana  pubinervis.  Shirasawa,  274,  pi.  11.  F.  excelsior.  Blakes- 
lee  &  Jarvis,  343,  558;  Bosemann,  61;  Fant,  40,  f.  37;  Schnei- 
der, f.  198;  Ward,  1:14,  f.  6,  118,  f.  59;  Willkomm,  46,' f.  80; 
Zuccarini,  9,  pi.  5.  F.  lanceolata  (F.  viridis).  Blakeslee  & 
Jarvis,  343,  558;  Brendel,  pi.  1;  Hitchcock  (1),  3,  (3),  16, 
(4),  137,  f.  81-82;  Otis,  216.  F.  longicuspis.  Shirasawa,  274, 
pi.  11.  F.  nigra  (F.  sambucifolia) .  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  343, 
560,  pi.;  Brendel,  pi.  1;  Otis,  220.  F.  oregana.  Schneider, 
f.  197.  F.  Ornus.  Bosemann,  62;  Schneider,  f.  198;  Will- 
komm, 47,  f.  81.  F.  parvifolia.  Schneider,  f.  197.  F.  penn- 
sylvanica  (F.  pubescens).  Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  343,  558,  pi.; 
Brendel,  pi.  1;  Hitchcock  (1),  3,  (3),  16;  Otis,  214.  F.  quad- 
rangulata.  Brendel,  pi.  1;  Hitchcock  (1),  3;  Otis,  218.  F. 
Sieboldiana.  Shirasawa,  274,  pi.  11. 

1.  Twigs  acutely  4-angled:  buds  gray.     (1).  F.  quadrangulata. 
Twigs  not  acutely  angled  or  winged.     2. 

2.  Buds  blue-black.     3. 
Buds  brown.     7. 

3.  Leaf-scars  vertically  elliptical.    (Black  ash).      (2).F.  nigra. 
Leaf-scars  half-round.     4. 

4.  Shrubby.  F.  excelsior  nana. 
Trees.     5. 

5.  Not  weeping.     6. 

Weeping.     (Weeping  ash).  F.  excelsior  pendula. 

6.  Bark  gray.      (European  ash).  F.  excelsior. 
Bark  golden.    (Golden-barked  ash).  F.  excelsior  aurea. 

7.  Leaf-scars  deeply  concave  at  top.     8. 
Leaf-scars  nearly  straight  at  top.     9. 

8.  Twigs  very  velvety.    (Pumpkin  ash).  F.  profunda. 
Twigs  glabrate.    (White  ash).  (3).  F.  americana. 

9.  Twigs  glabrate.     (Green  ash).  (4).  F.  lanceolata. 
Twigs  velvety.     (Red  ash).  F.  pennsylvanica. 


312 


OLEACEAE. 


SCHREBEBA. 

(Family  Oleaceae). 

Tender  trees:  deciduous.  Twigs 
slender,  subterete  though  a  little 
compressed  and  sometimes  with 
slight  decurrent  lines  at  the  nodes; 
pith  moderate,  round,  white, 
spongily  chambered  at  the  nodes 
but  disappearing  between  them. 
Buds  small,  with  2  overlapping 
ciliate  scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite, 
obtusely  shield-shaped,  somewhat 
raised:  bundle-trace  1,  compound, 
crescent-shaped:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. (Nathusia). 

The  name  of  the  genus  Schreb- 
era,  which  is  botanically  inter- 
mediate between  Forsythia  and 
Syringa,  illustrates,  like  Jamesia, 
the  conservative  retention  of 
names  that  have  had  often  earlier 
but  transient  use.  Nathusia  is 
sometimes  taken  as  the  proper 

name  for  the  present  genus  because  the  name  Schrebera,  first 

given  it  in  1798,  had  been  used  as  early  as  1791  for  another 

genus  not  now  considered  to  be  tenable. 

Twigs  very  minutely  gray-puberulent.  S.  Saundersiae. 


OLEACEAE. 


313 


SYRINGA.     Lilac. 
(Family  Oleaceae). 

Shrubs,  exceptionally  tree-like: 
deciduous.  Twigs  moderate  or 
slender,  usually  somewhat  4-lined 
or  6-sided:  pith  moderate,  homo- 
geneous, roundish,  pale.  Buds 
solitary  or  exceptionally  collater- 
ally multiple,  sessile,  ovoid,  mode- 
rate, with  about  4  pairs  of  scales, 
the  end-bud  frequently  absent  and 
the  branches  then  forking.  Leaf- 
scars  opposite,  crescent-  or  shield- 
shaped,  raised,  rather  small: 
bundle  -  trace  1,  transverse  and 
compound:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Winter-character  references:  - 
Syringa  amurensis.  Schneider,  f. 
212.  8.  chinensis.  Bosemann,  66; 
Schneider,  f.  211.  8.  japonica. 
Schneider,  f.  212;  Shirasawa,  277, 
pi.  11.  8.  josikaea.  Schneider,  f. 
211.  8.  ollata.  Schneider,  f.  210. 

8.  persica.     Bosemann,   66;    Schneider,   f.   211.     8.  pubescens. 

Schneider,   f.   210.     8.  vulgaris.     Bosemann,   66;    Pant,   46,   f. 

51;   Schneider,  f.  210;   Shirasawa,  277,  pi.  11;   Ward,  1:14,  f. 

5,  42,  157,  f.  74;  Willkomm,  46,  f.  79;  Zuccarini,  8,  pi.  5. 

1.  Bud-scales  fleshy.     (Common  lilac).  (1).  S.  vulgaris. 
Bud-scales  quickly  drying.     2. 

2.  Twigs  slender:  lateral  buds  compressed.        (2).  S.  persica. 
Twigs  rather  stout:  buds  plump.  (3).  S.  villosa. 


314 


OLEACEAE. 


PHILLYRAEA. 
(Family  Oleaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees:  ever- 
green. Twigs  rather  slender,  4- 
lined  from  the  nodes:  pith  round- 
ish, small,  continuous.  Buds 
small,  sessile,  superposed,  com- 
pressed-ovoid, with  1-3  pairs  of 
scales,  the  end-bud  frequently 
lacking.  Leaf  -  scars  opposite, 
raised,  crescent-shaped:  bundle- 
trace  1:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  petioled,  dotted  beneath. 

Loefling,  in  his  essay  on  Gem- 
mae Arborum,  191,  197,  noted  in 
1749  that  PUillyrea  appears  to 
have  two  terminal  buds.  This  re- 
sults, as  with  the  lilac,  from  the 
absence  of  a  true  terminal  bud, 
the  branching  of  the  next  year  re- 
sulting from  the  development  of 
the  uppermost  pair  of  axillary 
buds. 

1.  Exposed  bud-scales  2,  valvate.     2. 
Exposed  scales  4  or  6:   leaves  lanceolate. 

(1).  P.  angustifolia. 

2.  Buds  and  twigs  pubescent:  leaves  small,  toothed. 

(2).  P.  media. 
Glabrous:  leaves  larger  (8-10  cm.),  entire.      (3).  P.  decora. 


OLEAGEAE. 


315 


OSMANTHUS.     Fragrant  Olive. 
(Family  Oleaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees:  ever- 
green. Twigs  moderately  slender, 
rounded  or  4-lined  from  the 
nodes:  pith  angular  or  roundish, 
pale,  continuous.  Buds  small,  ses- 
sile, sometimes  superposed,  with 
a  pair  of  valvate  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  opposite,  broadly  crescent- 
shaped,  somewhat  raised:  bundle- 
trace  1,  crescent-shaped:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Leaves  simple, 
coriaceous,  sometimes  pungently 
toothed. 

Osmanthus     Aquifolium     bears 
considerable    resemblance    to    an 
evergreen  holly  and  is  sometimes 
cultivated  as  a  holly;  but  it  may 
be   recognized   readily  by   its   op- 
posite leaves,  those  of  Ilex  being 
alternate.     0.    fragrans,    like    the 
related    jessamines,    emits   an   in- 
tense   and    penetrating    fragrance    which    gives    its    common 
name  to  the  genus. 

1.  Leaves  small   (5-7  cm.),  typically  toothed. 

(1).  O.  Aquifolium. 
Leaves  larger,  subentire.     2. 

2.  Leaves  elliptical,  somewhat  denticulate.      (2).  O.  fragrans. 
Leaves  oblanceolate,  entire,  revolute.      (3).  O.  americanus. 


316 


OLEACEAE. 


FORESTIEBA.     Swamp  Privet. 
(Family  Oleaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with 
many  short  divergent  almost 
spiny  twigs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
slender,  round:  pith  small,  con- 
tinuous, white,  rounded.  Buds 
superposed,  sessile,  globose,  small, 
with  2-4  pairs  of  exposed  scales. 
Leaf-scars  opposite,  shield-shaped, 
low  and  small:  bundle-trace  1, 
crescent  -  shaped :  stipule-s  cars 
lacking.  (Adelia). 

Winter-character  references  to 
Forestiera  acuminata: — Hitchcock 
(1),  3;  Schneider,  f.  205. 

In  the  rich  bottom  lands  of  the 
Mississippi  river  the  swamp  privet 
makes  thickets  that  are  very 
dense  at  top  but  open  near  the 

ground.  Such  a  thicket  is  pictured 

(pi.    10)    by    S.    M.    Coulter   in    a 
discussion    of     various    types    of 

swamps  in  volume  15  of  the  Report  of  the  Missouri  Botanical 
Garden. 


Twigs  glabrous  or  puberulent,  warty. 


F.  acuminata. 


OLEACEAE. 


317 


CHIONANTHUS.     Fringe  Tree. 
(Family  Oleaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees:  decidu- 
ous. Twigs  moderate,  more  or  less 
4-sided:  pith  moderate,  homogen- 
eous, roundish,  white.  Buds  often 
superposed,  sessile,  round-ovoid, 
rather  small,  with  about  3  pairs 
of  pungently  pointed  keeled 
scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite,  cres- 
cent-shaped, raised,  rather  small: 
bundle-trace  1,  transverse,  com- 
pound: stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Chionanthus  retusa.  Shirasawa, 
274,  pi.  11.  C.  virginica.  Schnei- 
der, f.  205. 

An  excellent  contrast  between 
the  woods  of  closely  related  gen- 
era is  afforded  by  the  cross  sec- 
tions of  the  strongly  ring-porous 
wood  of  Fraxinus  (p.  385),  the 
weakly  ring-porous  wood  of 

Chionanthus  (p.  401)  and  the  diffused-porous  wood  of  Foresti- 
era  (p.  403),  as  illustrated  in  Hough's  uniquely  "photo-de- 
scriptive" Handbook  of  the  Trees  of  the  Northern  States  and 
Canada. 

Buds  ovoid,  buff:   scales  short-pointed.  (1).  C.  virginica. 

Buds  subconical,  dark:  scales  often  long-attenuate.     C.  retusa. 


318 


OLE  ACE  AE. 


OLEA.    Olive. 
(Family  Oleaceae). 

Small  trees,  sometimes  with 
spiny  twigs:  evergreen.  Twigs 
slender,  more  or  less  4-lined  from 
the  nodes,  or  quadrangular,  mic- 
roscopically peltate-scurfy  like  the 
buds  and  the  lower  leaf-surface. 
Buds  solitary,  or  occasionally  2 
superposed,  sessile,  ovoid,  naked 
but  the  valvate  outer  leaves  simu- 
lating scales.  Leaf-scars  broadly 
crescent-shaped,  little  raised, 
small:  bundle-trace  1,  transverse: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  Leaves 
simple,  entire. 

Winter-character  reference:  - 
Olea  europaea  Oleaster  (0.  Oleas- 
ter). Bosemann,  49.  Malpighi 
figured  the  'buds  of  the  olive  as 
early  as  1687, — Opera  Omnia,  p. 
22,  pi.  9. 

1.  Spiny:  leaves  oblong,  gray  beneath.      O.  europaea  Oleaster. 
Unarmed:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute.     2. 

2.  Leaves  gray  beneath.     (Common  olive).  O.  europaea. 
Golden-scurfy.     (Golden-leaved  olive). 

(1).  O.  europaea  chrysophylla. 


OLEACEAE. 


319 


LIGUSTRUM.     Privet. 
(Family  Oleaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous,  but  holding 
their  foliage  late,  or  more  or  less 
evergreen,  where  winters  are  mild. 
Twigs  slender,  rounded,  or  4- 
ridged  below  the  nodes:  pith 
moderate,  white,  homogeneous. 
Buds  sometimes  superposed,  ses- 
sile, ovoid,  small,  usually  with  2 
or  3  pairs  of  exposed  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  opposite  or  the  pairs  some- 
times divided,  crescent-shaped  or 
transversely  elliptical,  raised, 
small:  bundle-trace  1,  transverse: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  Leaves, 
when  present,  simple,  entire. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Ligustrum  Ibota.  Shirasawa,  276, 
pi.  11.  L.  ovalifolium.  Schnei- 
der, f.  201.  L.  vulgare.  Bosemann, 
66;  Fant,  44,  f.  47;  Schneider,  f. 
60,  201;  Ward,  1:  174,  f.  86;  Will- 
komm,  44,  f.  78. 

1.  Scar  as  broad  as  bud:   subevergreen.        (1).  L.  ovalifolium. 
Leaf-scars  narrow:  deciduous.     2. 

2.  Scales  alternate:   twigs  rather  hairy.     3. 

Scales  at  most  acute:  twigs  barely  velvety.     (2).  L.  vulgare. 

3.  Tall,  with  outcurving  branches.     4. 

Low,  with  horizontal  branches.       (3).  L.  Ibota  Regelianum. 

4.  Lenticels  low:  pubescence  sometimes  short.  L.  Ibota. 
Lenticels  prominent:  pubescence  long.                L.  amurense. 


320 


OLEACEAE. 


JASMINUM.     Jessamine. 
(Family  Oleaceae). 

Shrubs,  tender  in  the  North, 
often  scrambling  or  climbing: 
sometimes  evergreen.  Twigs 
slender,  often  4-lined:  pith  small, 
roundish,  continuous  or  cham- 
bered. Buds  usually  solitary,  ses- 
sile, small,  divergent,  sometimes 
developing  the  first  season,  with  2 
or  3  or,  when  elongated,  several 
pairs  of  scales.  Leaf-scars  op- 
posite, or  separated  in  4-ranks, 
crescent-shaped,  small,  somewhat 
raised:  bundle-trace  1,  small:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking.  Leaves,  when 
present,  mostly  pinnately  parted 
or  compound. 

Winter-character  references:   - 
Jasminum  fruticans.  Schneider,  f. 
115.-    J.  nudiflorum.     Schneider,  f. 
Hi).     J.    officinale.     Schneider,    f. 
115.      The    chambered    or    discoid 

pith  is  noted  by  de  Candolle,  Vegetable  Organography,  1:48; 
Foxworthy,  Proceedings  of  the  Indiana  Academy  of  Sciences 
for  1903,  192;  Morren,  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  His- 
tory, 4:84,  pi.  2;  Solereder,  Systematic  Anatomy,  1:525. 

1.  Twigs  terete:   pith  spongy,  becoming  chambered.     2. 
Twigs  acutely  4-lined,  glabrous:   pith  continuous.     4. 

2.  Very  hairy:  climbing.     3. 

Glabrate:   loosely  scrambling.  •        J.  officinale. 

3.  Pubescence  white.  J.  Sambac. 
Pubescence  rusty.                                              (1).  J.  pubescens. 

4.  Buds  globose,  with  broad  blunt  scales.  (2).  J.  humile. 
Buds  and  their  scales  acute.                    (3).  J.  grandiflorum. 


LOGANIACEAE. 


321 


BUDDLEIA. 

(Family  Loganiaceae). 

Soft -wooded  shrubs  or  half- 
shrubs:  deciduous.  Stems  more 
or  less  strongly  4-ridged,  rather 
slender,  puberulent  or  yellow- 
woolly  or  glabrescent:  pith  rela- 
tively large,  white,  continuous. 
Buds  sessile,  sometimes  super- 
posed and  the  upper  commonly 
developing  the  first  season,  ob- 
long, with  a  pair  of  exposed 
scales..  Leaf -scars  opposite,  half- 
round  or  triangular,  small,  low: 
bundle-trace  1,  roundish:  stipule- 
scars  transversely  connected. 

Winter-character  reference  to 
Buddleia  japonica: — Schneider,  f. 
125. 

Buddleias,  which  are  coming  in- 
to popularity  for  cultivation  under 
glass  as  well  as  in  the  open,  be- 
long to  a  group  of  rather  pithy 

and  soft-wooded  or  suffruticose  plants,  untidy  in  winter  un- 
less cut  back,  of  which  Vitex,  Callicarpa  and  Caryopteris  are 
other  examples. 

Stems  gray-puberulent:   buds  small.  (1).  B.  Davidii. 

Stems  yellow-tomentose:   buds  larger  (5  mm.).     (2).B.  nivea. 


322 


LOGANIACEAE. 


GELSEMIUM.     Carolina  Jessamine. 
(Family  Loganiaceae). 

Woody  twiners:  evergreen. 
Stems  terete  or  somewhat  dilated 
and  angled  at  the  nodes,  slender, 
branched:  pith  white,  chambered 
at  the  nodes  and  finally  excavated 
between  them.  Buds  small,  soli- 
tary, sessile,  oblong  or  conical, 
with  about  2  pairs  of  scales,  or 
the  flower-buds  much  larger  and 
with  numerous  exposed  scales. 
Leaf-scars  opposite,  somewhat 
elevated,  crescent-shaped:  bundle- 
trace  1,  transverse:  stipule-scars 
minute  and  indistinct,  connected 
by  a  transverse  line.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  ovate,  petioled,  entire. 

The  Carolina  jessamine,  which  is 
tender  except  in  the  South,  is 
very  attractive  in  early  spring 
when  its  fragrant  yellow  flowers 
expand.  Its-  roots  are  of  medicinal 

value.     Strychnine  is  the  product  of  another  member,  Strych- 

nos,  of  the  same  family. 

Stems  purplish,  puberulent.  G.  sempervirens. 


APOCYNACEAE. 


323 


CAEISSA.    Amatungulu. 
(Family  Apocynaceae). 

Shrubs  with  milky  sap,  usually 
with  many  forking  axillary  terete 
spines:  evergreen.  Twigs  terete: 
pith  moderate,  spongy.  Buds  soli- 
tary, sessile,  small,  ovoid,  "with  1 
or  2  pairs  of  exposed  scales,  or, 
when  spines  are  present,  these  are 
above  the  axillary  buds.  Leaf- 
scars  opposite,  crescent-shaped, 
elevated:  bundle-trace  1:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Leaves  simple,  en- 
tire. 

Carissa  Arduina,  as  C.  bispinosa 
is  usually  called,  is  familiar  in 
greenhouses  and  is  grown  out-of- 
doors  in  parts  of  the  South  for  its 
large  fragrant  white  flowers.  The 
branches  of  its  regularly  forking 
spines  are  produced  from  the 
axils  of  small  leaf-scales  corres- 
ponding in  arrangement  to  the 

opposite  foliage  leaves,  the  end-bud  being  abortive. 

Glabrous:  branches  green,  glossy:  leaves  deltoid-ovate. 

C.  bispinosa. 


324 


APOCYNACEAE. 


ALLAMANDA. 
(Family  Apocynaceae). 

Tender  usually  scrambling 
shrubs  with  milky  sap:  ever- 
green. Stems  green  or  reddened, 
obtusely  somewhat  angled  below 
the  leaves,  moderate:  pith  rather 
large,  roundish,  spongy.  Buds 
rather  small,  solitary,  sessile, 
roundish,  with  2  pairs  of  scales. 
Leaf-scars  variably  opposite  or  in 
whorls  of  3  or  4  or  5,  half-round 
or  half-elliptical,  raised:  bundle- 
trace  1,  indistinct:  stipule-scars 
lacking,  but  persistent  outer 
scales  occupy  the  position  of  sti- 
pules, which  are  considered  to  be 
characteristically  absent  from  the 
family.  Leaves  simple,  entire. 

Though  the  Tropical  American 
allamandas  are  known  only  as 
conservatory  plants  in  the  North, 
in  one  or  other  of  the  distinct 

forms  that  are  collectively  named  A.  cathartica,  their  large 
yellow  flowers  are  familiar  everywhere.  In  the  extreme 
South,  they  make  effective  and  showy  covering  for  trellises, 
etc. 

1.  Bushy.  A.  neriifolia. 
Climbing.     2. 

2.  Slender:  flowers  purple.  A.  violacea. 
Moderately  stout:   flowers  yellow.               (1).  A.  cathartica. 


APOCYNAGEAE. 


325 


TKAOHELOSPERMTJM.     Star  Jasmine. 
(Family  Apocynaceae). 

Tender  twining  shrubs  with 
milky  sap:  evergreen.  Stems  ter- 
ete, moderate,  red-brown:  pith 
round,  spongy.  Buds  rather  small, 
solitary,  ovoid,  sessile,  appressed, 
with  several  fleshy  scales.  Leaf- 
scars  opposite,  raised,  half-round 
or  broadly  crescent-shaped:  bun- 
dle-trace 1,  C-shaped:  stipule- 
scars  connected  by  a  transverse 
line.  Leaves  elliptical  to  lanceo- 
late, acute  at  both  ends,  entire. 
(RhyncHospermum) . 

The  genus  Trachelospermum  is 
represented  in  the  coastwise  na- 
tive flora  from  Delaware  to  Texas 
by  the  climbing  dogbane,  which 
is  slightly  woody.  The  star  jas- 
mine or  jessamine — the  Confed- 
erate jessamine  of  the  reconstruc- 
tion period  of  the  South — gets  its 

common  name  from  its  star-shaped  very  fragrant  flowers. 
Like  allamandas  and  bougainvilleas,  it  is  grown  often  in 
bushy  masses  under  glass,  though  a  strong  climber  out-of- 
doors. 

Leaves  green,  often  granular  beneath.  T.  jasminoides. 

Leaves  variegated  with  yellow.        T.  jasminoides  variegatum. 


326 


APOCYNACEAE. 


NERIUM.     Oleander. 
(Family  Apocynaceae). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with 
milky  sap :  evergreen.  Twigs 
moderate,  more  or  less  3-sided: 
pith  moderate,  irregular,  spongy. 
Buds  solitary,  sessile,  small,  round- 
ed, with  2  or  3  exposed  scales. 
Leaf-scars  in  whorls  of  3  or  op- 
posite, broadly  triangular,  slight- 
ly notched,  little  raised,  the  axils 
tomentulose  and  fringed:  bundle- 
trace  1,  rounded:  stipule-scars 
lacking.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  en- 
tire, firm,  slightly  revolute,  the 
lower  surface  with  minute  pubes- 
cent pits  in  which  the  stomata 
are  grouped. 

Notwithstanding  its  attractive 
flowers,  the  oleander,  which  has 

^    ^  made  itself  at  home  in  the  South- 

west, is  regarded  with  disfavor. as 
being   poisonous.     This   aspect   of 

the  plant  is  presented  by  Wilson  in  Bulletin  59  of  the  Ari- 
zona Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 
Branches  green  and  puberulent,  becoming  glabrous. 

N.  Oleander. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE. 


327 


PERIPLOCA.     Silk  Vine. 
(Family  Asclepiadaceae). 

Soft-wooded  twiners  with  milky 
sap:  deciduous.  Stems  terete, 
moderate:  pith  round,  excavated. 
Buds  rather  small,  solitary,  near- 
ly concealed  by  the  leaf-bases. 
Leaf-scars  opposite,  raised,  shriv- 
eled or  elliptical  with  a  single 
crescent-shaped  bundle-trace:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking. 

Winter-characters  of  P.  graeca 
are  figured  by  Schneider,  f.  109. 

Several  herbaceous  milkweeds 
are  twining  plants  and  become 
troublesome  weeds  when  they  get 
a  foothold  in  orchards  or  beside 
fence-posts  where  it  is  hard  to 
dislodge  their  strong  perennial 
roots.  The  silk  vine,  which  is  the 
only  woody  representative  of  the 
family  that  is  hardy  well  into  the 
North,  is  a  strong  climber. 

A  technical  distinction  between  the  closely  related  fami- 
lies ^Apocynaceae  and  Asclepiadaceae  is  found  in  the  powdery 
or  granular  pollen  of  the  former  and  the  coherent  pollinia  of 
the  latter,  familiar  to  every  student  of  milkweed  pollination 
and  to  every  close  observer  of  bees  and  other  insects,  to  which 
the  pollen  masses  become  attached.  In  Periploca  these  pol- 
linia are  less  firm  than  in  most  genera  of  the  family.  A 
typographic  slip  in  one  case  has  caused  the  apocynaceous  pol- 
len to  be  called  glandular,  tempting  one  to  parallel  Engel- 
mann's  impatient  exclamation  when  what  he  wrote  for  glu- 
tinous pollen  appeared  in  type  as  gelatinous,  "but  who  ever 
heard  of  gelatinous  pollen?" 
Stems  glabrescent  from  somewhat  puberulent.  P.  graeca. 


328 


ASCLEPIADACEAE. 


STEPHANOTIS. 
(Family  Asclepiadaceae). 

Tender  twining  woody  plants 
with  milky  sap:  evergreen.  Stems 
somewhat  4-sided,  moderate:  pith 
angled,  spongy.  Buds  (often  sup- 
pressed) solitary,  small,  naked. 
Leaf-scars  opposite,  raised,  half- 
round:  bundle-trace  1,  indistinct: 
stipule-scars  minute  and  round, 
or  the  stipules  present  as  small 
points.  Leaves  simple,  entire, 
petioled,  grooved  near  the  apex, 
and  with  a  few  minute  glands  at 
top  of  the  petiole. 

Because  of  its  rich  green  leaves 
and,  particularly  at  night,  very 
fragrant  flowers,  Steplianotis  is  a 
popular  climber  where  the  cli- 
mate permits  its  cultivation. 

No  phase  of  out-of-doors  botany 
exceeds  in  interest  the  study  of 
pollen  interrelations  between  flow- 
ers and  certain  groups  of  insects  and  Knuth's  compendious 
Handbuch  der  Bliitenbiologie  affords  a  ready  key  to  under- 
standing many  queer  floral  structures  besides  giving  a  mean- 
ing to  those  that  are  most  familiar. 
Glabrous:  twigs  green  and  glossy.  S.  floribunda. 


VEBBENACEAE. 


329 


CLERODENDKON. 
(Family  Verbenaceae). 

Soft-wooded  loosely  branched 
shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs  more 
or  less  obscurely  4-sided,  moder- 
ate: pith  relatively  large,  round- 
ish, white,  continuous.  Buds  small, 
superposed  but  the  lower  often 
concealed  by  the  leaf-scar,  and 
the  upper  developing  the  first  sea- 
son, round-ovoid,  indistinctly  few- 
scaled.  Leaf-scars  opposite  or 
sometimes  in  whorls  of  3,  ellip- 
tical but  the  produced  top 
notched,  rather  low:  bundle- 
traces  about  9,  more  or  less  ag- 
gregated in  a  U-shaped  series: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-characters  of  dleroden- 
dron  trichotomum  are  described 
and  figured  by  Schneider,  f.  191; 
and  Shirasawa,  269,  pi.  10. 

Twigs  gray -buff,  glabrescent:  buds  violet.         C.  trichotomum. 
Winter-characters  of  Ehretia  acuminata  are  given  by  Shi- 
rasawa, 237,  pi.  2;  and  of  E.  serrata,  by  Schneider,  f.  84.   The 
genus  is  placed  in  the  family  Boraginaceae. 


330 


VERBENACEAE. 


PETKAEA.     Purple  Wreath. 
(Family  Verbenaceae). 

Tender  twining  shrubs:  subde- 
ciduous.  Stems  terete,  moderate: 
pith  rather  small,  continuous, 
pale.  Buds  small,  solitary,  ses- 
sile, roundish,  with  2  scales,  or 
an  upper  bud  quickly  developing. 
Leaf-scars  opposite,  half-round  or 
shield  -  shaped,  raised:  bundle- 
trace  1,  large:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. Leaves,  if  present,  lanceo- 
late, undulate,  or  somewhat 
toothed  above. 

Though  its  foliage  and  flowers 
are  very  different,  the  purple 
wreath  produces  something  of  the 
effect  of  a  wistaria  when  in  bloom, 
the  flowers  being  borne  in  long 
hanging  clusters.  In  tropical 
countries  it  is  frequent  as  a  cov- 
ering of  tree-trunks  and  hanging 
from  the  eaves  of  houses. 
Somewhat  pubescent:  cortex  cracking  below.  P.  volubilis. 


VERBENACEAE. 


331 


GALLIC  ARPA.     French  Mulberry. 
(Family  Verbenaceae). 

Rather  small  and  soft-wooded 
shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs  round 
or  obscurely  4-sided,  slender,  more 
or  less  stellate-scurfy:  pith  rela- 
tively large,  rounded,  white,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  small,  superposed, 
often  distinctly  stalked  or  the 
uppermost  developing  the  first 
season,  round  or  fusiform-oblong, 
naked  or  the  smaller  appearing  to 
have  2  nearly  valvate  scales. 
Leaf-scars  opposite  or  the  pairs 
often  irregularly  separated  in  4 
ranks,  broadly  crescent-shaped, 
low:  bundle-trace  1,  crescent- 
shaped:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Callicarpa  japonica.  Schneider,  f. 
191;  Shirasawa,  269,  pi.  10.  C. 
mollis.  Shirasawa,  269,  pi.  10.  C. 
purpurea.  Shirasawa,  269,  pi.  10. 

1.  Buds  fusiform  or  oblong:  twigs  gray-buff.     (I),.  C.  japonica. 
Buds  subglobose:  twigs  dingy  straw-color.     2. 

2.  Twigs  glabrescent.  (2).  C.  purpurea. 
Twigs  persistently  scurfy.  C.  americana. 


332 


VERBENACEAE. 


? 


Twigs  gray-puberulent. 


CARYOPTEEIS. 
(Family  Verbenaceae). 

Small,  soft-wooded  shrubs:  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  round  or  very  ob- 
scurely 4-sided,  slender:  pith  rel- 
atively large,  rounded,  white,  con- 
tinuous. Buds  small,  superposed, 
the  upper  often  developing  the 
first  season,  round-conical,  with  1 
or  2  pairs  t>f  indistinct  canescent 
scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite,  broad- 
ly crescent-shaped :  stipule-scars 
lacking.  (Mast  acanthus ) . 

Winter-characters  of  C.  incana 
(C.  Mastacanthus,  C.  sinensis) 
are  pictured  by  Schneider,  f.  122. 

Caryopteris.  Callicarpa,  Vitex 
and  Buddleia  are  somewhat  simi- 
lar suffruticose  or  soft-wooded 
genera  differing  more  in  detail 
than  in  general  winter  appear- 
ance. 

C.  incana. 


VERBENACEAE. 


333 


VITEX.     Chaste  Tree. 
(Family  Verbenaceae). 

Soft  -  wooded  peppery  -  aromatic 
shrubs  or  half-shrubs:  deciduous. 
Stems  compressed  at  the  nodes, 
quadrangular  with  obtuse  or  flat- 
tened angles,  rather  slender:  pith 
relatively  large,  more  or  less  an- 
gled, white,  continuous  and  homo- 
geneous. Buds  superposed,  ses- 
sile or  the  upper  commonly  de- 
veloping the  first  season,  subglo- 
bose,  the  1  or  2  pairs  of  leaf-rudi- 
ments or  scales  concealed  in  pu- 
bescence. Leaf-scars  opposite,  re- 
shaped, rather  small,  low;  the 
surface  usually  torn  and  the  soli- 
tary bundle-trace  indistinct:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Vitex  Agnus-castus.  Schneider,  f. 
191.  V.  Negundo.  Shirasawa, 
270,  pi.  10.  V.  trifolia  unifolio- 


lata. 
Stems 


Shirasawa,  270. 
gray-puberulent. 


V.  Agnus-castus. 


334 


LABIATAE. 


ROSMAKINUS.     Rosemary. 
(Family  Labiatae). 

Small  savory  half-shrubs:  de- 
ciduous. Twigs  moderate,  ob- 
scurely 4-sided:  pith  minute. 
Buds  small,  solitary,  round  and 
sessile  or  quickly  becoming  ob- 
long and  somewhat  stalked  or  de- 
veloping into  leafy  shoots.  Leaf- 
scars  opposite,  deeply  U-shaped, 
somewhat  raised:  bundle-traces  3, 
often  not  discernible:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Rosemary  is  one  of  a  number 
of  labiates  that  may  or  may  not 
be  considered  as  woody,  according 
to  one's  predilection.  Like  sage, 
hyssop  and  thyme  it  is  of  more 
interest  as  a  component  of  the 
kitchen  garden  than  as  a  deco- 
rative plant.  The  fact  that  most 
such  plants  are  herbaceous  lias 
given  the  word  herbs  an  old-fash- 
ioned popular  usage  as  their  collective  name. 
Stellate  tomentulose:  inner  bark  lace-like.  R.  officinalis. 

Winter-character  references  to  other  suffruticose  Labia- 
tae:— Hyssopus  officinalis.  Schneider,  f.  224.  Phlomis  fruti- 
cosa.  Schneider,  f.  224.  Salvia  officinalis.  Schneider,  f.  224. 
Thymus  vulgaris.  Schneider,  f.  224. 


SOLANACEAE. 


335 


LYCIUM.     Matrimony  Vine. 
(Family  Solanaceae). 

Spreading  or  (often  high) 
scrambling  shrubs  with  spinescent 
twigs:  deciduous.  Twigs  slender, 
5-angled,  glabrous,  often  whitish 
or  short  striate:  pith  moderate, 
spongy.  Buds  small  and  incon- 
spicuously multiple,  or  develop- 
ing into  very  dwarf  aggregates, 
subglobose,  indistinctly  scaly.  Leaf- 
scars  alternate,  crescent-shaped, 
small,  somewhat  raised:  bundle- 
trace  1:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Lycium  chinense.  Shirasawa,  235. 
L.  Jialimi folium  (L.  bar'barum  of 
common  usage;  L.  vulgare).  Bose- 
mann,  51;  Schneider,  f.  83. 

The  bushy  southwestern  ly- 
ciums,  in  common  with  condalias, 
ceanothuses,  etc.  enter  into  the 
composition  of  chaparral. 

1.  Intricately  branched  bushes  of  the  Southwest.     2. 
Loosely  branched,  sometimes  scrambling.     3. 

2.  Twigs  straight,  gray.  L.  californicum. 
Twigs  zig-zag,  buff.  L.  parviflorum. 

3.  Wide-spreading  or  scrambling.  (1).  L.  chinense. 
Bushy,  with  moderate  shoots.     4. 

4.  Twigs  red-brown,  with  fissured  gray  surface.      L.  pallidum. 
Twigs  pale.     5. 

5.  Axils  slightly  hairy.     (Garrambullo).  L.  Torreyi. 
Without  hairs  in  the  axils.     6. 

6.  Cultivated  everywhere.    (Matrimony  vine).    L.  halimifolium. 
Wild,  in  the  South.  L.  carolinianum. 


336 


SOLANACEAE. 


SOLANUM. 

(Family  Solanaceae). 

Soft-wooded  twiners  (for  our 
purposes) :  deciduous.  Stems 
rather  slender,  terete  or  tortuously 
somewhat  3-angled:  pith  relatively 
large,  greenish  and  white,  spongy. 
Buds  small,  solitary,  sessile,  sub- 
globose,  with  about  4  hairy  blunt 
scales.  Leaf-scars  alternate,  half- 
round,  much-raised:  bundle-trace 
1,  comparatively  large:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  Panicle  -  vestiges 
with  dried  berries  often  present, 
extra-axillary  and  often  opposite 
the  leaf-scars  above. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Solanum  Dulcamara.  Bosemann, 
40;  Fant,  12,  f.  7;  Schneider,  f. 
83. 

Notwithstanding  its  rather  suc- 
culent stem,  the  bittersweet  is  one 
of  the  hardiest  climbers.  Its 

berries  are  reputed  poisonous  if  eaten  and  some  of  the  most 
active   alkaloids   are  derived   from   the   Solanaceae;    but   the 
tomato,  potato  and  egg  plant  are  produced  by  species  of  the 
genus  Solanum  to  which  the  bittersweet  belongs. 
Stems  olivaceous,  glabrate.     (Bittersweet).          S.  Dulcamara. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE. 


337 


PAULOWNIA. 
(Family  Scrophulariaceae). 

Moderate-sized  trees:  deciduous. 
Twigs  stout,  resembling  those  of 
Catalpa,  compressed  at  the  nodes: 
pith  large,  white,  roundish,  chamb- 
ered or  hollowed  out  between  the 
nodes.  Buds  superposed,  sessile, 
half-round,  with  about  4  exposed 
blunt  scales,  the  end-bud  lacking. 
Leaf-scars  opposite,  subelliptical, 
more  or  less  notched  at  top,  raised: 
bundle-traces  many  in  a  nearly 
closed  and  sometimes  almost  con- 
tinuous ellipse:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. The  rather  large  ovoid  cap- 
sules persistent. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Paulownia  tomentosa  (P.  imperi- 
alist.  Schneider,  f.  200;  Shira- 
sawa,  281,  pi.  12. 

The  compact  wood  of  Paulownia 
is  said  to  be  a  favorite  for  mak- 
ing tea  boxes  in  Japan,  retaining  the  aroma  of  the  tea  well. 

Paulowina  tomentosa  is  not  hardy  in  the  northern  inte- 
rior where,  if  at  all,  it  is  seen  usually  in  the  form  of  strong 
large-leaved  suckers  from  the  persistent  roots,  but  it  is  one 
of  the  conspicuous  trees  in  front  of  the  Smithsonian  building 
in  Washington,  and  has  been  used  as  a  street  tree  as  far 
north  as  Brooklyn  near  the  coast. 
Minutely  velvety.  (Imperial  tree).  P.  tomentosa. 


338 


BlGNONIACEAE. 


BIGNONIA.     Cross  Vine. 
(Family  Bignoniaceae). 

Rather  soft-wooded  climbers. 
Stems  subterete  or  somewhat 
fluted,  rather  slender:  pith  pale, 
spongy  and  finally  excavated.  Buds 
moderate,  solitary,  sessile,  oblong, 
with  about  3  pairs  of  exposed 
scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite,  some- 
what elevated,  depressed,  shield- 
shaped,  with  1  C-shaped  bundle- 
trace:  or  the  more  or  less  ever- 
green leaves  of  2  lance-cordate 
leaflets,  not  disarticulating  and 
ending  in  coiling  tendrils  some- 
times thickened  at  tip:  stipule- 
scars  lacking,  the  leaf-bases  con- 
nected by  transverse  ridges. 

The  cross-vine  is  partly  ever- 
green where  it  is  native  or  suc- 

_  cessfully  grown.  Its  common  name 

refers    to    the    intrusion    of    four 
large  rays  into  its  wood, — one  of 

the  many  abnormalities  that  are    seen    in    lianas,   as    high- 
climbing  stems  are   called  in   the  tropics.     A  comprehensive 
account  of  such  stems  is  contained  in  Schenck's  Beitrage  zur 
Biologie  und  Anatomie  der  Lianen,  published  in  1893. 
Glabrous  except  about  the  nodes.  B.  capreolata. 


BlGNONIACEAE. 


339 


CAMPSIS.     Trumpet  Creeper. 
(Family  Bignoniaceae). 

Straggling  shrubs,  usually 
climbing,  often  by  aerial  roots 
emitted  in  double  bands  from  be- 
low the  nodes:  deciduous.  Stems 
subterete,  moderately  slender, 
warty:  pith  pale,  rounded,  con- 
tinuous or  progressively  disappear- 
ing from  the  nodes.  Buds  rather 
small,  mostly  solitary,  sessile,  tri- 
angular, compressed,  ascending, 
with  2  or  3  pairs  of  exposed  scales. 
Leaf-scars  opposite,  shield-shaped, 
low:  bundle-trace  1,  C-shaped,  com- 
pound: stipule-scars  lacking,  but 
the  leaf-scars  connected  by  hairy 
transverse  ridges.  (Tecoma). 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Campsis  chinensis.  Schneider,  f. 
200.  C.  radicans.  Brendel,  28,  pi. 
1;  Schneider,  f.  200. 

The  trumpet  creeper,   which  is 

native  as  far  north  as  middle  Illinois,  is  one  of  the  most  vig- 
orous and  tropical-appearing  of  hardy  climbers.  Its  flowers 
are  among  the  most  brilliant  and  largest  of  those  borne  by 
such  plants  and,  like  most  other  American  flowers  with 
large  red  tubular  flowers  containing  a  great  deal  of  nectar, 
are  pollinated  by  humming  birds  whose  visits  afford  another 
reason  for  planting  such  vines  as  this  and  the  trumpet 
honeysuckle. 

1.  Glabrous,  climbing.  C.  chinensis. 
Puberulent  or  scabrid.     2. 

2.  Climbing,  with  abundant  roots.  (1).  C.  radicans. 
Bushy.                                                          C.  radicans  speciosa. 


340 


BlGNONIACEAE. 


CHILOPSIS.     Desert  Willow. 
(Family  Bignoniaceae). 

Shrub  or  small  tree:  decidu- 
ous. Twigs  slender,  ridged  below 
the  leaf-scars:  pith  rather  small, 
rounded,  continuous,  white.  Buds 
solitary,  sessile,  small,  subglobose, 
with  some  3  or  4  pointed  scales 
swollen  at  base,  the  end-bud  lack- 
ing. Leaf-scars  6-ranked,  in  whorls 
of  3  or  in  pairs,  or  scattered  sin- 
gly, small,  half-elliptical,  raised: 
bundle-trace  1,  transverse:  stipule- 
scars  lacking.  The  long  terete 
pods,  with  seeds  ciliate  at  the 
ends  as  in  Catalpa,  persist  in 
winter. 

Chilopsis  is  the  southwestern 
equivalent  of  the  northeastern 
catalpas,  and  like  them,  though 
not  in  the  same  profusion,  pro- 
duces large  and  showy  flowers'  It 
is  scarcely  hardy  north  of  St. 

Louis  in  the  interior,  and  like  the  catalpa  is  of  rather  irregu- 
lar open  habit;  but  its  slender  willowy  twigs  and  narrow 
leaves  give  it  a  grace  entirely  lacking  to  its  coarser  relative. 
Somewhat  mealy:  lenticels  conspicuous.  C.  saligna. 


BlGNONIACEAE. 


341 


CATALPA.     Indian  Bean. 
(Family  Bignoniaceae). 

Small  or  moderate-sized  trees: 
deciduous.  Twigs  stout,  round: 
pith  large,  round,  continuous, 
pale.  Buds  solitary,  sessile,  glo- 
bose, with  some  half-dozen  rather 
loose  pointed  scales,  the  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf-scars  in  whorls  al- 
ternately of  two  large  scars  and 
one  small  scar,  and  one  large  scar 
and  two  small  scars,  round-ellipti- 
cal, raised;  bundle-traces  a  dozen 
or  so,  compound,  in  an  ellipse: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  The  long 
terete  pods,  with  thin  ciliate 
seeds,  persist,  and  afford  import- 
ant specific  characters. 

Winter-character     references:  — 
Catalpa  Mgnonioides  (C.  syringae- 
folia;   C.    Catalpa).     Blakeslee    & 
Jarvis,  562;   Bosemann,  67;  Bren- 
del,   28,  pi.   1;    Otis,   226;    Schnei- 
der, f.  15,  199.     C.  ovata  (C.  Kaempferi).     Schneider,  f.  179; 
Shirasawa,  280,  pi.  12.     C.  speciosa.     Blakeslee  &  Jarvis,  329, 
562,  pi.;   Hitchcock   (3),  16;   Otis,  224;   Schneider,  f.  199. 

1.  Twigs  and  fruits  (5  mm.)  slender.  (1).  C.  ovata. 
Twigs  and  capsules  stouter.     2. 

2.  Capsules  moderate (8  mm.):  seeds  pointed. 

(2).  C.  bignonioides. 
Capsules  thick  (10  mm.):  seeds  truncate.     (3).  C.  speciosa. 


342 


BlGNONIACEAE. 


TECOMA.     Yellow  Elder. 

(Family  Bignoniaceae). 

Soft-wooded  shrubs  or  half- 
shrubs:  deciduous.  Stems  some- 
what quadrangularly  compressed 
at  the  nodes,  rather  slender:  pith 
relatively  large,  roundish,  pale 
brown,  continuous.  Buds  super- 
posed with  the  upper  somewhat 
stalked,  flattened-ovoid,  with  2 
exposed  scales.  Leaf-scars  oppo- 
site, elliptical,  or  concave  at  top, 
low:  bundle-trace  1,  compound, 
following  the  contour  of  the  leaf- 
scar:  stipule-scars  lacking,  but  the 
leaf-scars  transversely  connected 
by  puberulent  lines.  (Stenolo- 


Numerous  misunderstandings 
seem  to  have  arisen  as  to  the 
earlier  generic  limitations  estab- 
lished in  the  Bignoniaceae,  and 
the  trumpet  creeper,  now  called 

Campsis,  is  still  known  to  most  people  as  a  Tecoma,  while 
these  low  bushy  plants  are  coming  to  be  known  as  species 
of  Stenolobium.  They  are  not  hardy  in  the  North,  but  their 
compound  leaves  and  large  yellow  flowers  give  them  an  at- 
tractive appearance  in  the  Southwest.  Apparently  they  pro- 
duce medicinally  active  organic  compounds. 
Glabrous:  twigs  brown,  with  orange  lenticels.  (1).  T.  stans. 
Gray-tomentulose.  T.  mollis. 


RUBIACEAE. 


343 


PINCKNEYA.     Georgia  Bark. 
(Family  Rubiaceae). 

Shrubs,  or  somewhat  arbores- 
cent: deciduous.  Twigs  rather 
stout,  terete:  pith  round,  very 
white,  continuous.  Buds  solitary, 
sessile,  ovoid  and  small  or  the  ter- 
minal irregularly  conical  and  en- 
larged, with  1  or  2  pairs  of  ex- 
posed scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite, 
crescent-shaped  to  angularly  is- 
odiametric,  at  first  much  raised: 
bundle-trace  1,  crescent-  or  C- 
shaped,  compound:  stipular  scars 
or  membrane  connecting  the  leaf- 
scars. 

A  century  ago  Pinckneya  pu- 
bens  possessed  considerable  repute 
in  the  South  as  a  specific  for  ma- 
larial fevers.  The  common  name 
Georgia  bark  comes  from  this  use 
of  the  bitter  bark.  The  genus  is 
related  to  Cinchona,  the  source 

of  quinine,  and  it  was  thought  at  one  time  that  Peruvian  or 
cinchora  bark  might  find  a  rival  in  Georgia  or  pinckneya  bark. 
Twigs  from  villous  glabrescent.  P.  pubens. 


344 


RUBIACEAE. 


CEPHALANTHUS.     Button  Bush. 
(Family  Rubiaceae). 

Rather  slender  openly  branched 
L       shrubs:   deciduous.     Twigs  round, 
I  i!  W       slender,  floriferous  or  dying  back 

u  Jw*^i\  I  a^  ^ne  en(*'  glabrous:   pith  rather 

small,  more  or  less  4-  or  6-sided, 
light  brown,  continuous.  Buds 
mostly  solitary,  sessile,  conical, 
indistinctly  scaly,  in  depressed 
supra-axillary  areas,  the  end-bud 
lacking.  Leaf-scars  in  whorls  of  3, 
or  opposite  in  pairs,  roundish, 
somewhat  raised:  bundle-trace  1, 
crescent-shaped:  stipule-scars  or 
persistent  stipules  connecting  the 
leaf-scars. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Cephalanthus  occidentalis.  Bren- 
del,  28,  30,  pi.  1;  Hitchcock  (3), 
16;  Schneider,  f.  223. 

Even  through  the  winter,  the 
button  bush  usually  carries  at  the 

ends  of  its  branches  some  of  the  round  inflorescence-heads 
that  have  given  it  its  common  name.  Its  prevailing  leaf- 
arrangement  appears  to  be  whorled,  but  many  plants  with 
opposite  leaf-scars  are  found.  In  this  respect  it  parallels 
Deutzia,  Diervilla  and  Hydrangea:  but  in  these  genera  the 
opposite  arrangement  seems  to  be  the  more  characteristic, 
and  the  whorled  the  exceptional. 
Twigs  reddish  and  glossy.  C.  occidentalis. 


RUBIACEAE. 


345 


GAKDENIA.     Cape  Jessamine. 
(Family  Rubiaceae). 

Shrubs:  evergreen.  Twigs  mode- 
rate, rounded  or  finally  4-sided: 
pith  relatively  large,  somewhat 
crenately  angled,  green,  continu- 
ous. Buds  small  and  naked  with- 
in a  supra-axillary  sheath  or  with 
a  single  enveloping  scale  when 
terminal.  Leaf-scars  opposite  or 
in  whorls  of  3,  slightly  raised, 
small,  half-round ;  bundle-traces 
7,  the  central  one  large  and  cres- 
cent-shaped. Leaves  nearly  ses- 
sile, with  their  stipules  connate  in 
a  tube  above  each  node. 

The  sheathing  stipules  of  Gar- 
denia florida  are  shown  by  Lub- 
bock,  on  Buds  and  Stipules,  f. 
133. 

Though  gardenias  are  known  in 
the  North  only  as  conservatory 
plants,  their  fragrant  large  white 

flowers  are  handled  by  florists  to  a  considerable  extent  in 
winter.  In  the  South  they  are  favorite  out-of-door  plants. 
Unless  the  flowers  are  removed,  they  fail  to  fall  promptly, 
and  neglected  plants  become  untidy  as  neglected  perpetual- 
flowering  roses  do. 
Twigs  harsh-pubescent:  leaves  very  glossy  above. 

G.  jaaminoides. 


346 


RUBIACEAE. 


COFFEA.     Coffee. 
(Family  Rubiaceae). 

Tender  shrubs  or  small  trees, 
more  or  less  deciduous.  Twigs 
rather  slender,  somewhat  flattened 
or  dilated  at  the  nodes:  pith 
roundish,  continuous,  pale.  Buds 
small,  naked,  nearly  covered  by 
the  stipular  sheath.  Leaf-scars 
opposite  or  sometimes  in  whorls 
of  3,  half-round  or  half-elliptical, 
somewhat  raised,  especially  on 
branches  with  short  internodes: 
bundle-trace  1,  crescent-shaped: 
stipules  united  into  a  sheath  about 
the  stem,  long  persisting.  Leaves 
simple,  entire. 

Coffee  and  tobacco  are  perhaps 
the  most  widely  used  unessential 
luxuries    derived    from    the    vege- 
table   kingdom.      Though    it    con- 
tains the   active   alkaloid   caffein, 
now    obtained    largely    from    tea- 
leaves,  it  is  not  commonly  conceded  by  those  whose  break- 
fast or  dinner  would  be  considered  impossible  without  it  that 
they  are  seeking  the  stimulus  afforded  by  coffee,   any   more 
than  those  who  follow  the  meal  by  tobacco  admit  that  they 
are  in  quest  of  its  sedative  effect. 
Glabrous:   stipular-sheath  2-pointed.  C.  arabica. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 


347 


Twigs  glandular-pubescent. 


DlPELTA. 

(Family  Caprifoliaceae). 

Shrubs  with  exfoliating  bark: 
deciduous.  Twigs  rather  slender, 
rounded:  pith  pale,  moderate,  be- 
coming excavated  between  the 
nodes.  Buds  solitary,  sessile,  coni- 
cal or  ovoid,  at  first  with  2  alter- 
nate scales  but  later  becoming 
more  open.  Leaf-scars  opposite, 
crescent-shaped  or  3-lobed,  moder- 
ate, low,  transversely  connected: 
bundle-traces  3:  stipule-scars  lack- 
ing. 

Dipeltas,  like  weigelias,  to 
which  they  are  closely  related,  are 
Asiatic  shrubs,  but  unlike  the  lat- 
ter, which  are  very  hardy  and  are 
seen  everywhere  and  have  been  in 
cultivation  for  a  very  long  time, 
they  are  rather  tender,  of  recent 
introduction,  and  not  commonly 
planted. 

D.  ventricosa. 


348 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 


DIEBVILLA. 
(Family  Caprifoliaceae). 

Shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs  ter- 
ete, straw-colored  or  brownish, 
with  2  or  4  often  crisp-puberulent 
ridges  decurrent  from  the  nodes, 
moderate:  pith  moderate,  pale, 
continuous.  Buds  often  super- 
posed, sessile,  oblong,  appressed, 
with  about  5  pairs  of  exposed 
scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite  or  oc- 
casionally in  whorls  of  3,  crescent- 
shaped,  moderate,  connected  by 
transverse  lines:  bundle-traces  3: 
stipule-scars  lacking.  The  linear 
2-valved  capsules  persist.  (In- 
cludes Weigelia). 

Winter-character  references:  - 
Diervilla  grandiflora.  Shirasawa, 
279,  pi.  12.  D.  japonica.  Schnei- 
der, f.  216;  Shirasawa,  279,  pi.  12. 
D.  rosea.  Bosemann,  64.  D.  ses- 
silifolia.  Schneider,  f.  216.  D. 
D.  trifida;  Lonicera  Diervilla). 


Lonicera    (D.    canadensis 

Schneider,  f.  216. 

1.  Lower  scales  very  much  shorter  than  the  bud. 


2. 


(Asiatic).     4. 

D.  rivularis. 


Lower  scales  nearly  as  long  as  the  bud. 

2.  Twigs  villous. 

Twigs  glabrescent  or  merely  velvety.     3. 

3.  Twigs  scarcely  lined:  capsule  slender-beaked: 

sepals  setaceous.  D.  Lonicera. 

Twigs  4-ridged:  capsule  with  shorter  beak  and 

relatively  short  and  broad  sepals.  (1).  D.  sessilifolia. 

4.  Calyx  with  an  evident  tube.  D.  florida. 
Sepals  linear,  distinct  to  the  base.             (2).  X  D.  hybrida. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 


349 


VIBURNUM.    Arrow  Wood. 
(Family  Caprifoliaceae). 

Shrubs  or  occasionally  small 
trees:  deciduous  except  for  a  few 
tender  species.  Twigs  moderate 
or  rather  slender,  more  or  less  6- 
sided:  pith  moderate,  round  or 
somewhat  6-sided,  white  or  brown- 
ing, continuous.  Buds  solitary  or 
very  exceptionally  superposed, 
mostly  stalked,  ovoid  or  oblong, 
without  scales  (1)  or  with  a  pair 
of  mostly  connate  scales  (2,  3),  or 
with  one  (4,  5)  or  rarely  several 
pairs  of  separate  exposed  scales. 
Leaf-scars  opposite,  crescent- 
shaped  or  exceptionally  broad, 
sometimes  ciliate  at  top,  often 
raised  and  meeting  or  transversely 
connected:  bundle^traces  3:  sti-. 
pule  scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:   - 
Viburnum  dentatum.    Brendel,  pi. 

1.  7.  dilatatum.  Shirasawa,  273,  pi.  11.  V.  furcatum.  Shi- 
rasawa,  269,  pi.  10.  V.  Lantana.  Bosemann,  57;  Schneider, 
f.  192;  Ward,  1:70,  f.  49,  165,  f.  80;  Willkomm,  3,  9,  49,  f.  88; 
Zuccarini,  28,  pi.  15.  V.  Lentago.  Brendel,  pi.  1;  Hitchcock 
(1),  3;  Otis,  228;  Schneider,  f.  192.  V.  Opulus.  Bosemann, 
57;  Fant,  45,  f.  50;  Lubbock,  On  Buds  and  Stipules;  Schnei- 
der, f.  192;  Shirasawa,  270,  pi.  10;  Ward,  1:168,  f.  82;  Will- 
komm, 9,  10,  11,  49,  f.  87;  Zuccarini,  27,  pi.  15.  V.  phlebotri- 
chum.  Shirasawa,  277,  pi.  12.  V.  prunifolium.  Hitchcock 
(1),  3.  V.  Sieboldii.  Shirasawa,  273,  pi.  11.  V.  tomentosum. 
Shirasawa,  273,  pi.  11.  V.  Wrightii.  Shirasawa,  274,  pi.  11. 
On  winter-characters  some  species  of  Viburnum  are  easily 


350  CAPEIFOLIACEAE. 

confused  with  Cornus  and  Acer,  though  in  each  genus  some 
species  stand  out  unmistakably  as  belonging  to  it.  The  na- 
tive high-bush  cranberry,  V.  americanum,  not  too  easily  dis- 
tinguished in  summer  from  its  European  counterpart,  V. 
Opulus,  is  believed  by  some  nurserymen  to  differ  from  the 
latter  in  golden  rather  than  brown  or  reddish  winter  twigs. 

1.  Evergreen.     2. 
Deciduous.     6. 

2.  Leaves  entire  or  denticulate:   more  or  less  pubescent.     3. 
Leaves  usually  distinctly  toothed:   glabrous.     5. 

3.  Leaves  neither  woolly  nor  impressed-veiny.     4. 
Leaves  impressed-veiny,  tomentose  beneath. 

V.  rhytidophyllum. 

4.  Glabrate  or  the  leaves  ciliate.  V.  Tinus. 
Hirsute.                                                                         V.  rigidum. 

5.  Leaves  crenate:  twigs  slender.  V.  suspensum. 
Leaves  serrate  to  subentire:  twigs  stouter. 

•  «  V.  odoratissimum. 

6.  Buds  naked,  stellate-scurfy,  like  the  twigs.     7. 
Buds  scaly.     11. 

7.  Leaf-scars  very  broad:  twigs  glossy-purple.    V.  alnifolium. 
Leaf-scars  narrow:  twigs  dull,  usually  brown.     8. 

8.  Dwarf:   twigs  slender   (scarcely  3  mm.).  V.  Carlesii. 
Tall:   twigs  stouter   (4-5  mm.).     9. 

9.  Twigs  soon  gray.  V.  macrocephalum. 
Twigs  brownish  straw-colored.     10. 

10.  Scurf  at  first  dense:  lenticels  prominent.     (1.).  V.  Lantana. 
Scurf  sparse:   lenticels  inconspicuous.          V.  cotinifolium. 

11.  Leaf-scars  broad,  meeting.  V.  Sieboldii. 
Leaf-scars  relatively  narrow.     12. 

12.  Scales  closely  valvate  or  connate  as  a  closed  sac.     13. 
Outer  scales  parted,  mostly  short.     22. 

13.  Buds  ovoid,  globose,  green.     14. 

Buds  subovoid,  stellate-scurfy.  V.  tomentosum. 

Buds  oblong  or  flask-shaped,  mostly  appressed,  scurfy.    17. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE.  351 

14.  Dwarf.     15. 
Tall.     16. 

15.  Buds  round-ovoid:  native.  V.  pauciflorum. 
Buds  oblong-ovoid:  cultivated.                    V.  Opulus  nanum. 

16.  Twigs  glabrous.  (2).  V.  Opulus. 
Twigs  more  or  less  bristly.  V.  Sargentii. 

17.  Buds  very  red-scurfy.  V.  rufidulum. 
Buds  brown,  becoming  lead-colored.     18. 

18.  Twigs  often  short,  rigidly  spreading:   buds  smooth.     19. 
Twigs  mostly  elongated  and  flexuous.     20. 

19.  Southern:  buds  very  small.  V.  obovatum. 
Northern:   buds  nearly  as  in  the  next.         V.  prunifolium. 

20.  Buds  smooth,  quickly  lead-colored.  (3).  V.  Lentago. 
Buds  rather  loosely  peltately  brown-scurfy.     21. 

21.  Twigs  dull:  northern.  V.  cassinoides. 
Twigs  rather  glossy:   southern.  V.  nudum. 

22.  Twigs  and  buds  hispid.     23. 

Not  hispid,  though  sometimes  sparingly  hairy.     24. 

23.  Twigs  very  hairy,  rather  stout  (3-4  mm.).      V.  dilatatum. 
Twigs  sparsely  hispid,  slender   (2-3  mm.).          V.  erosum. 

24.  Bark  freely  exfoliating.  V.  molle. 
Bark  not  exfoliating.     25. 

25.  Buds  stalked,  rather  small  or  slender.     26. 
Buds  sessile,  plump  and  rather  large.     29. 

26.  Bud-scales  4:  buds  appressed.     27. 

Bud-scales  often  6:  buds  plump,  spreading.    V.  pubescens. 

27.  Lower  scales  short:   twigs  mostly  pubescent. 

(4).  V.  acerifolium. 
Lower  scales  often  reaching  the  middle  of  the  bud.     28. 

28.  Twigs,  and  buds  below,  somewhat  hairy.          V.  venosum. 
Twigs  and  buds  glabrate.  (5).  V.  dentatum. 

29.  Twigs  purple.  V.  hupehense. 
Twigs  olive,  becoming  gray.     30. 

30.  Lower  scales  nearly  half  the  length  of  bud.      V.  theiferum. 
Lower  scales  nearly  as  long  as  bud.  V.  Wrightii. 


352 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 


SYMPHORICAKPOS. 
(Family  Caprifoliaceae). 

Rather  small  shrubs:  deciduous. 
Twigs  round,  slender,  more  or  less 
pubescent:  pith  small,  round, 
somewhat  brownish,  usually  ex- 
cavated. Buds  small,  solitary  or 
collaterally  multiple  or  developing 
lateral  branches  the  first  season, 
ovoid-oblong,  more  or  less  com- 
pressed, sessile,  with  about  3  pairs 
of  keeled  scales.  Leaf-scars  op- 
posite, half-round,  small  and 
mostly  torn,  raised,  partly  con- 
nected by  transverse  ridges: 
bundle-trace  1,  indistinct:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:  - 
Symphoricarpog  orHculatus  (8. 
vulgaris;  Lonicera  Symphoricar- 
pos).  Hitchcock  (3),  16,  (4),  137, 
f.  80;  Schneider,  f.  196.  8.  race- 
mosa.  Bosemann,  66;  Schneider, 
f.  196. 

Like  the  related  genus  Lonicera,  Symphoricarpos  pre- 
sents the  phenomenon  of  two  types  of  pith,  excavated  and 
continuous,  in  different  groups  of  species  that  are  referred  to 
it;  in  this  respect  recalling  Jasminum,  some  species  of  which 
have  a  continuous  pith,  while  the  pith  is  exquisitely  cham- 
bered in  others. 

1.  Pith  continuous.     (Coral  berry).  (1).  S.  orbiculatus. 
Pith  excavated.     (Snowberry).     2. 

2.  Buds  small  (2  mm.  long):  twigs  glabrate.       S.  racemosus. 
Buds  moderate  (3  mm.):  puberulent.       (2).  S.  occidentalis. 
Buds  large  (4  mm.).     (Hybrid  snowberry).       X  S.  Heyeri. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 


353 


LONICERA.     Honeysuckle. 

(Family  Caprifoliaceae). 

Bushes  or  woody  twiners:  de- 
ciduous or  exceptionally  partly  or 
wholly  evergreen.  Twigs  rounded, 
mostly  slender:  pith  moderate, 
pale  or  brown,  in  some  groups  ex- 
cavated between  the  nodes.  Buds 
often  superposed  with  the  lower- 
most largest  or  developing  into  an 
inflorescence  the  first  season,  ses- 
sile, variously  shaped,  with  2  to 
rather  numerous  4-ranked  scales. 
Leaf-s  cars  opposite,  crescent- 
shaped,  small,  on  the  narrowed 
extremities  of  raised  bases  that 
are  more  or  less  connected  by 
transverse  lines:  bundle-traces  3: 
stipule-scars  lacking. 

Sometimes  divided  into  several 
genera:  Capri-folium,  Distegium, 
Xylosteum,  etc.  References  under 
Leycesteria. 

1.  Bushy:   buds  often  superposed.     2. 
Twining:  buds  solitary:   pith  excavated.     17. 

2.  Pith  white,  continuous.     3. 

Pith  brown,  excavated  between  the  nodes.     12. 

3.  Buds  with  valvate  lower  scales.     4. 
Bud-scales  parted,  the  lower  mostly  short.     7. 

4.  Buds  flattened,  closely  appressed,  elongated.     5. 
Buds  flask-shaped,  ascending,  elongated.     6. 

Buds  short,  spreading.     (Mountain  fly-h.).         L.  caerulea. 

5.  Buds  pale,  long  (10  mm.).  (1).  L.  hispida. 
Buds  brown,  shorter   (8  mm.).  L.  chaetocarpa. 

6.  Buds  rather  long  (7  mm.).  (2).  L.  Standishii. 
Buds  moderate  (5  mm.).  L.  fragrantissima. 


354  CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 

7.  Lower  scales  essentially  as  long  as  the  bud.     8. 
Lower  scales  distinctly  shorter  than  the  bud.     10. 

8.  Inner  bud-scales  woolly.  L.  iberica. 
Buds  glabrate.     9. 

9.  Twigs  glabrous.    (Swamp  fly-honeysuckle).    L.  oblongifolia. 
Twigs  mostly  long-hairy,  4-lined.  L.  involucrata. 

10.  Buds  short-ovoid  or  nearly  globose,  glabrate.     11. 

Buds  distinctly  elongated,  grooved.     (3).  L.  Maximowiczii. 

11.  Scales  acuminate.  L.  gynochlamydea. 
Scales  acute.     (American  fly-honeysuckle).    L.  canadensis. 

12.  Lower  scales  as  long  as  the  bud.  (4).  L.  deflexicalyx. 
Lower  scales  distinctly  shorter  than  the  bud.     13. 

13.  Buds  oblong  or  ovoid  or  subglobose:   scales 

short-pointed.     14. 

Buds  oblong-ovoid:   scales  long-pointed.  L.  nigra. 

Buds  conical-fusiform,  hairy.     16. 

14.  Twigs  and  buds  glabrous.     (Tartarian  h.).      (5).  L.  tatarica. 
Twigs  pubescent.     15. 

15.  Buds  somewhat  puberulent,  small  and  blunt.     L.  Morrowii. 
Buds  gray-hairy,  oblong  or  acute.  (6).  L.  Maackii. 

16.  Twigs  somewhat  puberulent.  (7).  L.  Xylosteum. 
Twigs  with  long  as  well  as  short  hairs.          L.  chrysantha. 

17.  Stems  red-brown,  hairy:  subevergreen.  L.  Japonica. 
Stems  gray  or  straw-colored.     18. 

18.  Often  with  long  glandular  hairs  above.    L.  Periclymenum. 
Not  glandular-hairy.     19. 

19.  Rough  or  papillately  hairy.  L.  hirsuta. 
Essentially  glabrous,  often  glaucous.     20. 

20.  More  or  less  evergreen.     ( Trumpet  h.).          L.  sempervirens. 
Deciduous.     21. 

21.  Buds  oblong,  many-scaled.     (Woodbine).      L.  Caprifolium. 
Buds  ovoid,  the  lower  scarcely  surpassing  their 

lowest  scales.     22. 

22.  Scales  narrowly  triangular,  pointed.  L.  glaucescens. 
Scales  ovate,  abrupt.  L.  dioica. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 


355 


LINNAEA.     Twinflower. 
(Family  Caprifoliaceae). 

Low  trailing  and  rooting 
shrubs  with  finally  exfoliating 
red-brown  bark:  evergreen.  Twigs 
almost  filiform,  terete:  pith 
minute.  Buds  solitary,  sessile, 
oblong,  appressed,  minute  and  con- 
cealed by  the  dilated  petiole,  with 
2  valvate  scales.  Leaf-scars  op- 
posite, much  raised  and  shriveled, 
the  single  bundle-trace  obscured: 
stipules  or  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Leaves  small,  obovate-orbicular, 
crenate,  their  petioles  meeting 
transversely. 

Winter-characters  of  Linnaea 
borealis  are  given  by  Bosemann, 
37;  and  Fant,  51. 

Though     the     American     twin- 
flower,    Linnaea     ~borealis     ameri- 
cana,     or     L.     americana,     differs 
characteristically   from   its    Euro- 
pean representative,  typical  L.  borealis,  the  distinction  is  not 
readily  made  out  except  when  flowers  are  present. 
Sparingly  white-hairy.  L.  borealis. 

Linnaea  presents  the  seeming  anomaly  of  a  genus  dedi- 
cated to  himself  by  its  author.  Under  international  conven- 
tion the  nomenclature  of  flowering  plants  dates  from  the 
publications  of  the  great  author  of  the  binomial  system  of 
designating  plants.  Linnaea  was  published  by  Linnaeus  in 
his  Genera  Plantarum  in  1737,  and  embodied  in  his  Species 
Plantarum  in  1753.  He  appears  to  have  been  extremely  fond 
of  the  dainty  little  plant;  but  his  friend  Gronovius,  and  not 
he,  named  it  in  his  honor. 


356 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 


LEYCESTERIA. 
(Family  Caprifoliaceae). 

Soft-wooded  small  shrubs  or 
half-shrubs:  deciduous.  Twigs 
rather  slender,  round:  pith  mod- 
erate, excavated.  Buds  solitary, 
slightly  stalked,  oblong,  with  1  or 
2  pairs  of  exposed  scales,  the 
outer  attenuate.  Leaf-scars  oppo- 
site,  minute,  crescent-shaped, 
much  raised  so  as  to  equal  the 
bud,  with  a  connecting  cross-line: 
bundle-traces  3,  indistinct:  sti- 
pule-scars lacking. 

Though  tender,  Leycesteria  is  a 
very  attractive  little  plant  when 
in  fruit. 

Winter-characters    of    Leyceste- 
ria    formosa     are     pictured     by 
Schneider,  f.  202. 
Glabrate  and  slightly  glaucous. 

L.  formosa. 

Winter-character  references  to  Lonicera: — L.  alpigena. 
Bosemann,  42;  Schneider,  f.  204;  Willkomm,  11,  48,  f.  85; 
Zuccarini,  23,  pi.  13.  L.  caerulea.  Bosemann,  42;  Fant,  43, 
f.  45;  Schneider,  f.  203;  Shirasawa,  273;  Willkomm,  3,  48,  f. 
84;  Zuccarini,  24,  pi.  13.  L.  Caprifolium.  Bosemann,  41; 
Schneider,  f.  204;  Ward,  1:163,  f.  79;  Willkomm,  11,  48,  f.  86. 
L.  gracilipes.  Shirasawa,  273,  pi.  11.  L.  Morrowii.  Shira- 
sawa, 272,  pi.  11.  L.  nigra.  Bosemann,  42;  Schneider,  f.  203; 
Willkomm,  47,  f.  83.  L.  Periclymenum.  Bosemann,  41;  Fant, 
43,  f.  44;  Schneider,  f.  204;  Ward,  1:163,  f.  78;  Willkomm, 
11.  L.  tatarica.  Bosemann,  42;  Schneider,  f.  203.  L.  Xylos- 
teum.  Bosemann,  42;  Fant,  43;  Schneider,  f.  204;  Willkomm, 
11,  47,  f.  82. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 


357 


KOLKWITZIA. 

(Family  Caprifoliaceae). 

Shrubs  with  exfoliating  bark: 
deciduous.  Twigs  round,  at  first 
villous:  pith  small,  round,  white, 
continuous.  Buds  solitary,  ses- 
sile, ovoid,  with  3  or  4  pairs  of 
scales.  Leaf-scars  opposite,  cres- 
cent-shaped or  triangular,  raised, 
connected  by  transverse  lines: 
bundle-traces  3,  or  more  or  less 
conflue'nt  transversely:  stipule- 
scars  lacking. 

Only  the  one  species  of  Kolk- 
witzia,  related  to  Amelia,  is 
known.  From  twig  and  bud  char- 
acters it  is  likely  to  be  taken  for 
a  bushy  honeysuckle  with  solid 
pith,  or,  if  its  3  typically  distinct 
bundle-traces  seem  to  blend  in  a 
single  long  trace,  for  a  privet  or 
some  similar  oleaceous  shrub. 


Twigs  hispid  and  villous:  buds  canescent. 


K.  amabilis. 


358 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 


ABELIA. 
(Family  Caprifoliaceae). 

Rather  small  and  soft-wooded 
shrubs:  typically  deciduous  in  the 
North.  Twigs  round  or  some- 
what 4-sided,  very  slender,  puber- 
ulent:  pith  small,  excavated. 
Buds  small,  solitary,  sessile  or 
somewhat  developing  the  first 
season,  ovoid,  with  about  2  pairs 
of  rather  loose  scales.  Leaf-scars 
U-shaped,  somewhat  raised,  with 
connecting  cross-line :  bundle- 
traces  3:  stipule-scars  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Amelia  rupestris.  Schneider,  f. 
196.  A.  serrata.  Shirasawa,  281, 
pi.  12. 

As  far  north  at  least  as  Wash- 
ington, where  it  is  used  effect- 
ively at  the  foot  of  the  steps  west 
of  the  Capitol,  Amelia  is  one  of 
the  most  attractive  of  compact 

small-leaved  shrubs,  and  flowers  well  into  the  autumn.  The 
most  comprehensive  analysis  of  the  species  of  this  genus,  as 
of  other  genera  cultivable  in  cool-temperate  climates,  is 
given  in  Schneider's  Handbuch  der  Laubholzkunde,  which, 
like  his  Dendrologische  Winterstudien,  is  adequately  and  skil- 
fully illustrated. 

1.  Half-evergreen:   leaves  small,  ovate.     2. 

Truly  deciduous.  A.  chinensis. 

2.  Leaves  small   (under  2.5  cm.).  A.  floribunda. 
Leaves  medium   (3-4  cm.).                          (1).  A.  grandiflora. 
Leaves  large  for  the  genus  (4-5  cm.).  A.  triflora. 


CAPEIFOLIACEAE. 


359 


SAMBUCUS.     Elder. 
(Family  Caprifoliaceae). 

Open  shrubs,  or  exceptionally 
arborescent:  deciduous.  Twigs 
more  or  less  6-  or  8-  or  10-sided 
or  angled,  stout:  pith  very  large 
and  soft,  continuous.  Buds  soli- 
tary or  multiple,  the  larger  some- 
what stalked  and  occasionally  de- 
veloping the  first  year,  ovoid  or 
the  smaller  depressed,  with  3-5 
pairs  of  scales:  end-bud  mostly 
lacking.  Leaf-scars  opposite  or 
exceptionally  in  whorls  of  3, 
broadly  crescent-shaped  or  3-  or 
4-sided,  large,  low,  more  or  less 
transversely  connected :  bundle- 
traces  3  or  5  or  7:  stipule-scars 
usually  lacking. 

Winter-character  references:  — 
Sambucus  canadensis.  Brendel, 
28,  pi.  1;  Hitchcock  (3),  16,  (4), 
137,  f.  77-79.  S.  nigra.  Bose- 

mann,  65;   Fant,  45,  f.  49;   Schneider,  f.  20,  202;  Ward,  1:58, 

f.  75;   Willkomm,  9,  49,  f.  89.     8.  racemosa.     Bosemann,   65; 

Schneider,  f.  202;  Willkomm,  4,  7,  50,  f.  90.     S.  racemosa  Sie- 

boldiana.     Shirasawa,  277. 

1.  Pith  white:  buds  rather  small  (4  mm.),  often  superposed.  2. 
Pith  brown:  bundle-traces  mostly  three.     3. 

2.  Lenticels  moderate.  (1).  S.  canadensis. 
Lenticels  very  numerous  and  prominent.  S.  nigra. 

3.  Buds  rather  small,  often  multiple.  S.  racemosa. 
Buds  large   (10  mm.),  solitary.  S.  pubens. 


360 


COMPOSITAE. 


BACCHARIS.     Groundsel  Tree. 
(Family  Compositae). 

Openly  bushy  soft-wooded 
shrubs  with  resin-passages  in  the 
wood,  etc.:  tardily  deciduous. 
Twigs  slender,  about  8-ridged,  for 
a  long  time  green:  pith  small, 
crenulate,  pale,  continuous.  Buds 
rather  small,  solitary,  sessile, 
nearly  globose,  with  about  4  ex- 
posed scales,  all  or  all  but  the 
outermost  encased  in  hardened 
greenish  resin.  Leaf-scars  alter- 
nate, small,  angularly  crescent- 
shaped,  slightly  raised,  decurrent 
in  ridges  from  the  angles:  bun- 
dle-traces 3:  stipule-scars  lacking. 
Inflorescence  or  its  vestiges  often 
present  as  rather  small  composite 
heads  or  their  involucres. 

Winter-characters  of  Baccharis 
halimifolia  are  indicated  by 
Schneider,  f.  77. 

Twigs  minutely  puberulent,  or  glabrescent.  B.  halimifolia. 
Winter-character  references  to  other,  rather  suffruticose, 
Compositae: — Artemisia  camphorata  and  A.  tridentata.  Schnei- 
der, f.  102.  Aster  (or  Amphiraphis)  albescens.  Schneider, 
f.  102.  Chrysanthemum  indicum.  Schneider,  f.  77.  Gutier- 
rezia  euthamiae.  Schneider,  f.  77.  Iva  frutescens.  Schnei- 
der, f.  98. 


REFERENCES. 

Blakeslee,  A.  F.  &  C.  D.  Jarvis.  New  England  trees  in  winter. 
(Bulletin  no.  69,  Storrs  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
pp.  307-576,  with  many  half-tone  illustrations).  1911. 
References  are  to  this  edition.  The  work  was  reissued 
under  the  title  Trees  in  winter  by  the  Macmillan  Com- 
pany of  New  York  in  1913. 

Blakeslee,  A.  F.  &  C.   D.  Jarvis.     The  identification  of  trees. 
Storrs,  Conn.    1913.    Pp.  195-209.— A  separate  issue  of  the 
keys  from  the  Macmillan  edition  of  Trees  in  winter. 
Bosemann,  F.  A.     Deutschlands  Geholze  im  Winterkleide.    Pp. 

91,  ff.  17.     Hildburghausen.     1884. 

Brendel,  F.     The  tree  in  winter.     (Bulletin  no.  1,  Illinois  Mu- 
seum of  Natural  History,  pp.  26-32,  73-76,  4  pi.).     1876. 
Fant,  C.  G.     Sveriges  trad  och  buskar  i  vinterdragt.     Pp.  56, 

pi.  11.     Stockholm.     1872. 
Frank,  A.  B.     Pflanzen-Tabellen.     Leipzig,   1869.     Pp.   169-176 

consist  of  keys  to  woody  plants  in  winter. 
Hitchcock,  A.  S. 

(1).  Key  to  Kansas  trees  in  their  winter  condition.  Pp. 
6,  pi.  1.  (Biennial  Report  of  the  Kansas  Board  of 
Agriculture).  1893. 

(2).  A  key  to  the  woody  plants  of  Manhattan  based  upon 
twig  characters.   Pp.  1-8.    Manhattan,  Kansas.   1901. 
(3).  The  woody  plants  of  Manhattan  in  their  winter  con- 
dition.    Pp.  20.     Manhattan.     1893. 

(4).  The  opening  of  the  buds  of  some  woody  plants. 
(Transactions  of  the  Academy  of  Science  of  St. 
Louis.  6:133-141,  4  pi.).  1893. 

Huntington,  A.  O.  Studies  of  trees  in  winter.  Boston.  1901. 
Pp.  xxiv  -f  198,  with  many  beautiful  photographic  illus- 
trations of  habit  and  bark. 

361 


362  REFERENCES 

Otis,  C.  H.     Michigan  trees.     (University  Bulletin,  University 

of  Michigan,  n.  s.  vol.  14,  no.  16).     Pp.  xxxii  -f-  246,  with 

illustrations  of  all  of  the  species.     Ann  Arbor.     1913. 

Sargent,  F.  L.     Key  to  common  deciduous  trees  in  winter  and 

key  to  common  woods.     Cambridge,  Massachusetts.     1903. 

Schneider,    C.    K.     Dendrologische    Winterstudien.     Pp.    vi  -j- 

290,  ff.  224.     Jena.     1903. 

Shirasawa,    H.     Die    japanischen    Laubholzer    im    Winterzu- 
stande.     (Bulletin  of  the  College  of  Agriculture,  Imperial 
University,    Tokio.     2:229-300,    pi.    5-17 — renumbered,    and 
referred  to  in  the  text,  as  1-13).     1895. 
Trelease,  W. 

(1).  Juglandaceae  of  the  United  States.  (Report  of  the 
Missouri  Botanical  Garden.  7:25-46,  pi.  1-25).  1896. 
Pp.  28-45  and  pi.  13-15  and  23-25  deal  with  winter- 
characters. 

(2).  The  sugar    maples,  with  a  winter    synopsis    of    all 
North  American  maples.     (Report  of  the  Missouri 
Bot-nicnl   Garden.     5' 88-106,  pi.   4-16).     1894.     Pp. 
100-105  and  pi. '4-7,  9,  11,  12  and,  especially,  14-16 
ar^  concerned  with  winter-characters. 
(3).  Clrssification  of  the  black  oaks.    (Proceedings  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society.    51:167-171,  pi.  10- 
13).     1912. 
W-H-r,  E.     Der  Baum  im  Winter.     Pp.  47,  with  a  series  of 

loose  determination-tables.     Bern.     1894. 
Ward,  H.  M.     Trees,   vol.  1,  Buds  and  twigs.    Cambridge.  1904. 

Pp.  xiv  -f-  271,  frontispiece  and  ff.  136. 

Wiegand,  K.  M.  &  P.  W.  Foxworthy.  A  key  to  the  genera  of 
woody  plants  in  winter.  Pp.  33.  Ithaca,  New  York. 
1904.— 2  ed.  1906.— 3  ed.  1908. 

Willkomm,  M.  Deutschlands  Laubholzer  im  Winter.  Pp.  ii  -f- 
60,  ff.  106.  Dresden.  1859.  References  are  made  to  the 
third  edition,  published  in  1880. 

Zuccarini,  J.  G.  Charakteristik  der  deutschen  Holzgewachse 
im  blattlosen  Zustande.  Pp.  32,  pi.  18.  Miinchen.  1829. 


GLOSSARY. 

Abortive.     Undeveloped,  rudimentary. 

Abscission.  The  falling  of  leaf,  twig-tip,  etc.  from  a  clean- 
cut  scar,  by  a  self-healing  wound. 

Acuminate.     Pointed,  with  a  line-of-beauty  curve. 

Acute.     Sharp-pointed,  in  contrast  with  obtuse  and  acuminate. 

Adnation.     Growing  together  of  different  members. 

Adventitious.  Not  in  the  usual  place  (buds  that  have  re- 
mained undeveloped  so  that  they  are  no  longer  evidently 
axillary,  or  that  really  originate  elsewhere,  as  on  a  root). 

Aerial  roots.  Roots  produced  above  ground,  often  used  for 
j!  climbing  (ivy). 

Aggregated.  Joined  together,  confluent,  as  applied  to  bundle- 
i|  traces. 

Alternate.     On.e  at  a  node,  as  applied  to  leaf-scars. 

Amplexicaul.  Encircling  the  stem  (magnolia  stipules,  nan- 
dina  leaves). 

Analogous.  Of  comparable  function  but  different  origin. — See 
physiology. 

Angiosperms.  Plants  that  mature  their  seeds  within  the  pis- 
til. They  constitute  the  dominant  vegetation  of  today. 

Appressed.     Not  spreading,  as  applied  to  buds,  hairs,  etc. 

Approximated.  Brought  near  to  one  another,  as  applied  to 
buds. 

Arboreous.     Tree-like. 

Arborescent.     Becoming  small  trees. 

Arcuate.     Arched,  bent  like  a  bow. 

Armed.  With  spines  (barberry,  Japanese  quince)  or  prickles 
(brambles).  Leaves  that  are  pungent  at  tip  or  around 
the  margin  (holly),  are  not  included  in  this  limited  defi- 
nition. 

Aromatic.     Fragrantly  scented,  at  least  when  broken. 

Articular-membrane  or  tegment.  A  membrane  consisting  of 
the  thin  enlarged  base  of  the  petiole,  on  which  the  leaf- 
scar  occurs  (mock-orange,  locust). 


364  GLOSSARY 

Ascending.  Between  spreading  and  appressed,  as  applied  to 
buds. 

Attenuate.     Narrowly  drawn  out,  in  contrast  with  acute. 

Auricled.     With  small  projections  at  base  (leaf  of  heather). 

Axil.     The  angle  above  a  leaf:  the  point  above  a  leaf-scar. 

Axillary.     In  the  axil. 

Balsam.     A  fragrant  gum. 

Balsamiferous  or  Balsamifluous.  Producing  or  exuding  bal- 
sam. 

Bark.  The  rough  outer  part  of  the  cortex;  loosely  used  for 
the  entire  cortex. 

Bast.  The  fibrous  part  of  the  cortex.  Technically,  the  phloem 
or  part  of  the  fibro-vascular  bundles  of  higher  plants  that 
contains  sieve-cells. 

Beaked.     Ending  in  a  beak  or  prolonged  point. 

Berry.     A  fleshy  fruit,  usually  small. 

Bi-.     Twice,  or  doubly   (bipinnate:   bibracteate). 

Bract.  A  modified  leaf  of  an  inflorescence.  Several  bracts 
form  an  involucre. 

Bracteate  or  bracted.     With  bracts. 

Branch.  One  of  the  coarser  divisions  of  a  trunk  or  main 
stem:  loosely,  any  division  of  the  stem. 

Branch-spine.     The  same  as  twig-spine. 

Bristly.     With  stiff  hairs. 

Broken.     Not  continuous,  as  applied  to  bundle-traces. 

Bud.  The  rudimentary  or  resting  end  or  branch  of  a  stem: 
usually  referring  to  the  stage  in  which  the  growing  tips 
pass  the  winter  or  dry  season;  also  applied  to  undeveloped 
flowers  or  flower-clusters.  Scaly  buds  are  protected  by 
modified  leaves  or  stipules.  Naked  buds  lack  such  spe- 
cial protection.  Usually  one  bud  occurs  in  each  axil  or 
angle  above  a  leaf,  but  these  often  branch  and  collateral 
buds,  standing  side  by  side,  are  thus  produced:  in  some 
plants  (walnut,  honeysuckle)  several  buds  occur  one 
above  the  other  (superposed)  in  an  axil. 


GLOSSARY  365 

Bundle-traces.  The  points  on  a  leaf-scar  where  woody  strands 
passed  from  the  stem  into  the  leaf;  their  number  and 
position  afford  good  winter-distinctions,  and  usually  they 
are  constant  in  number  and  position  for  a  given  species. 
Some  entire  families  are  characterized  by  the  number  of 
their  bundle-traces:  1  in  Myrtaceae  and  Ericaceae,  2  in 
Ginkgoaceae,  etc.  In  long  narrow  leaf-scars  their  num- 
ber is  usually  greater  in  the  species  with  longer  scars 
(3  to  5  in  maple).  Frequently  the  common  number  3  is 
increased  by  the  fragmentation  or  division  of  one  or  all 
into  a  corresponding  number  of  groups  of  aggregated 
traces  (species  of  maple,  Juglandaceae,  elm).  In  Olea- 
ceae,  which  frequently  have  1  transversely  elongated  bun- 
dle-trace, this  may  be  transformed  into  a  nearly  closed  el- 
lipse, either  uninterrupted  or  broken  at  rather  short 
intervals.  Rather  exceptionally,  numerous  bundle-traces 
occur  scattered  over  the  leaf-scar,  as  in  oak. — See,  fur- 
ther, foliar  gaps. 

Burl.  A  knot  or  woody  growth  of  very  irregular  grain,  usu- 
ally because  of  the  continued  activity  of  many  slowly 
developing  buds  or  branch-rudiments. 

Buttressed.     With  supporting  wings   (mahogany  trunk). 

Caducous.     Falling  away  early   (bud-scales  of  clethra). 

Calyx.     The  outer  floral  envelope,  consisting  of  sepals. 

Canes.     The  long  shoots  of  blackberry,  grape,  etc. 

Canescent.     Ash-colored,  with  gray  hairs. 

Capsule.     A  dry  dehiscent  fruit  (rose-of-sharon,  mock  orange). 

Cataphyls.  Scales  or  leaf  rudiments  on  the  lower  part  of  a 
stem. 

Catkin.     The  simple  elongated  flower-cluster  of  willow,  etc. 

Cauliflorous.  Flowering  on  the  trunk  or  on  specialized  spurs 
from  it  or  from  the  larger  branches  (redbud,  cacao). 

-celled.     Referring  to  the  number  of  seed-cavities  in  a  fruit. 

Chaffy.  With  flattened  hairs  (chiogenes) ;  thin  and  chaff -like 
(coca  scales). 


366  GLOSSARY 

Chambered.  With  cavities  separated  by  plates  or  disks,  as 
applied  to  pith;  discoid. 

Ciliate.     Hairy  on  the  margin,  like  the  eyelids. 

Cladophylls  or  cladodia.  Leaf-like  flattened  branches  which 
serve  the  purpose  of  foliage  (ruscus). 

Clasping.     Growing  around;  amplexicaul. 

Climber.  A  plant  which  raises  its  foliage  by  supporting  itself 
on  surrounding  objects,  either  by  twining  or  coiling  about 
them  (bittersweet),  by  the  aid  of  tendrils  (greenbrier, 
Virginia  creeper)  or  aerial  roots  (ivy),  or  by  scrambling 
over  them  without  either  coiling  or  having  such  special- 
ized organs  of  attachment  (rose). 

Coiling.     Twining;  winding  about  a  support. 

Collateral.     Side-by-side  (buds  of  silver  maple  in  winter). 

Composite.  Compound:  the  common  name  of  a  member  of 
the  Compositae. 

Compound.  Of  several  distinct  parts  (tamarind  leaf;  bundle- 
traces  of  some  maples,  branched  buds). 

Compressed.  Flattened  from  the  sides,  as  applied  to  nodes  or 
buds. 

Cone.     The  characteristic  scaly  fruit  of  larch  and  cypress. 

Confluent.  Blending  together,  not  easily  distinguishable  apart, 
as  applied  to  bundle-traces. 

Connate.  Grown  together  (ephedra  scales;  gardenia  stipules; 
weigelia  sepals). 

Continuous.  Not  broken  by  chambers  or  spongy:  solid  as  ap- 
plied to  pith. 

Cordate.     Heart-shaped  in  the  conventional  sense. 

Coriaceous.     Firm  and  leathery. 

Corky.  Soft  and  springy,  like  bottle-cork  (bark  of  Ohio 
buckeye). 

Corky-ridged.  With  elongated  warts  or  ridges  on  the  bark 
(twigs  of  bur-oak,  sweet  gum,  rock  elm). 

Corolla.     The  inner  floral  envelope,  consisting  of  petals. 

Corrugated.     Closely  grooved   (stem  of  moonseed). 


GLOSSARY  367 

Cortex.     The  rind  or  outer  covering  of  a  stem;  technically  it 

lies  outside  of  the  vascular  bundles,  which  constitute  the 

stele. 

Cottony.     Much  the  same  as  woolly,  with  white  hairs. 
Creeping.     Prostrate  and  spreading  over  the  ground. 
Crenate.     Scalloped;  with  rounded  teeth. 
Crenulate.     Finely  crenate. 
Crisped.     Wavy  on  the  margin   (leaves  of  laurel) ;   short  and 

curly  when  applied  to  pubescence. 

Cuticle.     The  outermost  layer  of  the  epidermal  cell  walls. 
Deciduous.     Falling  away  (leaves  of  elm  in  contrast  with  the 

persistent  or  evergreen  leaves  of  ivy;    terminal    bud    of 

ailanthus  in  contrast  with  the  persistent  end-bud  of  false 

cedar).     Deciduous  leaf -scars  occasionally  form  at  the  top 

of  a  leaf-cushion  which  later  falls  away   (cercidiphyllum, 

cornus,  garrya,  hamamelis). 
Decompound.     Repeatedly  compound. 
Decurrent.     Continued  down  the  stem  in  a  ridge  or  wing,  as 

applied  to  leaf-bases. 
Decussate.     With  the  pairs  successively  over  the  gaps  of  those 

below   (leaf-scars  of  maple). 
Dehiscent.     Opening  to  discharge  the  seeds   (fruit)   or  pollen 

(anther). 

Deliquescent.     Breaking  up  into  fine  branches  (white  elm). 
Deltoid.     Triangular,  with  equal  sides. 
Dentate.     Toothed,  the  teeth  spreading. 
Denticulate.     Finely  dentate. 

Denuded.     Naked  through  loss  of  pubescence,  epidermis,  etc. 
Depressed.     Shortened,  as  applied  to  round  buds  or  fruits. 
Diaphragmed.     With   firmer   plates   at  the  nodes    (grape%)    or 

between  them  (tulip  tree),  as  applied  to  continuous  pith. 
Dicotyledonous.     Belonging  to  or  characteristic  of  Dicotyledo- 

neae,  one  of  the  two  main  groups  of  angiosperms. 
Diffused-porous.     Wood  in  which  the  ducts  are  scattered  and 

neither   larger  nor   more   numerous   in   the   spring   wood 


368  GLOSSARY 

than  in  that  formed  in  summer  (willow,  basswood).  Con- 
trasted with  ring-porous. 

Digitate.  Spreading  like  the  fingers,  the  leaflets  leaving  the 
petiole  at  one  point  (stauntonia),  as  applied  to  compound 
leaves. 

Dingy.  Neither  white  nor  brightly  colored,  as  applied  to 
pubescence. 

Disarticulating.  Palling  away  by  abscission,  leaving  a  clean- 
cut  scar,  as  with  most  leaves,  many  flowers,  some  twig- 
tips,  etc. 

Discoid.     The  same  as  chambered,  when  applied  to  pith. 

Disk.     An  enlarged  tip,  as  applied  to  tendrils   (Boston  ivy). 

Distichous.     Two-ranked. 

Divergent.     The  same  as  spreading. 

Divided.     Deeply  lobed    (leaves):   compound    (bundle-traces). 

Dorsal.     Of  or  on  the  back  of  a  leaf,  etc. 

Dotted.  With  lighter  or  darker  spots  or  blackened  hairs  or 
glands,  usually  on  the  lower  leaf-surface,  as  here  used. 

Downy.     Pubescent  with  soft  short  straight  hairs. 

Drupe.  A  stone-fruit  (cherry).  Many  "berry-like"  fruits  are 
technically  small  drupes, — even  that  of  the  huckleberry. 

Duct.  A  water-passage  in  the  wood;  a  trachea  or  vessel: 
easily  seen  in  oak  which  is  ring-porous,  and  walnut  which 
is  diffused-porous.  The  size  and  distribution  of  ducts 
afford  usable  means  of  distinguishing  between  bits  of 
wood. 

Dull.     Not  glossy. 

Dwarf-shoots.     The  same  as  spurs. 

Elbowed.     Bent,  like  an  arm  at  the  elbow  (crape  myrtle  bud). 

Ellipsoid.     Elliptical  in  section,  like  a  football. 

Emergences.  Appendages  other  than  hairs,  of  root,  stem  or 
leaf. 

End-bud.  The  growing  tip  normally  terminating  a  stem  or 
its  developed  branches:  sometimes  transformed  into  a 
flower  (magnolia)  or  inflorescence  (lilac),  or  cast  off 


GLOSSARY  369 

early  in  the  season  (linden),  or  killed  in  winter  (bram- 
ble). 

Endogenous.  Inside-growing.  Applied  formerly  to  stems  of 
Monocotyledoneae,  which  have  the  wood  in  fibers  scat- 
tered through  the  stem. 

Entire.     Neither  toothed  nor  lobed,  as  applied  to  leaves. 

Epidermis.  The  outer  layer  of  cells  covering  a  leaf  or  a 
young  twig;  often  detached  from  the  latter  as  a  thin 
gray  pellicle. 

Epiphyte.  A  plant  growing  on  another  without  being  a  para- 
site (conservatory  orchids),  or  on  a  rock  or  tree-trunk 
(mosses,  lichens).  Contrasted  usually  with  plants  rooted 
in  the  soil;  sometimes  with  parasites. 

Epitrophic.  More  nourished  and  developed  on  the  upper  side 
(horizontal  branches  of  linden). 

Erect.     Contrasted   with   spreading,   appressed,   prostrate,   etc. 

Evanescent.     Quickly  disappearing. 

Evergreen.  Holding  or  constituting  green  foliage  through 
the  winter. 

Excavated.  Hollowed  out,  as  applied  to  pith,  making  the 
stem  fistulous. 

Exfoliating.     Peeling  away   (bark  of  canoe  birch). 

Exogenous.  Outside  growing.  Applied  formerly  to  the  stems 
of  Dicotyledoneae  and  Gymnospermae,  which  have  the 
wood  in  a  zone  between  pith  and  bark  and  add  to  it  by 
annual  growth. 

Extra-axillary  or  supra-axillary.  Above  rather  than  in  the 
axil. 

Falcate.     Sickle-shaped   (leaves  of  mature  blue  gum). 

Fascicled.     Clustered,  like  leaves  on  a  spur  of  barberry. 

Fastigiate.     With  upright  branches   (Lombardy  poplar). 

Fibrous-flaking.  Flaking  in  narrow  shreds  (bark  of  osage 
orange). 

Filiform.     Thread-like  and  slender   (chiogenes  stem). 

Fimbriate.  Fringed:  perhaps  more  properly  with  a  torn 
membrane. 


370  GLOSSARY 

Fissured.  Torn  lengthwise,  as  applied  to  bark,  or  to  pith, 
for  which  the  more  general  term  spongy  is  used. 

Fistulous.     Hollow,  with  excavated  pith   (honeysuckle  stem). 

Flaking.     Shredding,  but  with  short  fragments. 

Fleshy,  or  -succulent.  Not  hard  and  woody  (stem) ;  not  dry 
(fruit,  bud-scales). 

Floriferous,  florigerous.     Flower-bearing,  or  producing  flowers. 

Fluted.     Corrugated  or  ridged  lengthwise. 

Foliage.  Collectively,  the  leaves  of  a  plant:  the  green  ex- 
panded organs  in  which  carbon  from  the  air  is  combined 
into  organic  compounds. 

Foliage-sprays.  Twigs  that  finally  fall  away  carrying  the 
small  leaves  with  them, — sometimes  at  end  of  the  first 
season  (tamarisk),  sometimes  after  several  years  (arbor 
vitae). 

Foliar-gaps  or  lacunae.  Breaks  between  the  vascular  bundles 
of  the  stem  which  run  continuously  from  one  internode 
into  another.  Through  these  breaks  certain  bundles  of 
the  stem  pass  out  into  the  leaves  to  constitute  the  net- 
work of  veins  through  which  these  organs  are  supplied 
with  water  absorbed  by  the  root  and  conducted  to  them 
through  the  stem.  An  admirable  illustrated  paper  on  the 
anatomy  of  the  node  as  an  aid  in  the  classification  of 
angiosperms  is  published  by  Sinnott  in  The  American 
Journal  of  Botany  for  July  1914. 

Follicle.  A  small  dry  fruit  opening  down  one  edge  (nine- 
bark). 

Fragmented.     Not  continuous,  as  applied  to  bundle-traces. 

Fringed.  Ciliate  with  glands  or  scales  rather  than  fine  hairs, 
as  here  used. 

Fusiform.     Spindle-shaped   (buds  of  beach). 

Gametes.     Sex-cells:   egg  and  sperm. 

Gamophyllous.  Of  united  leaves; — gamopetalous  when  these 
are  petals,  gamosepalous  when  they  are  sepals. 


GLOSSARY  371 

Glabrate.     Nearly  glabrous. 

Glabrescent.     Becoming  glabrous. 

Glabrous.     Not  hairy;  without  trichomes. 

Glands.  Secreting  organs  (resin-glands  of  sweet  bay, — nec- 
tar-glands of  cherry  laurel,  oil-glands  of  orange).  Leaf- 
teeth  and  stipules  often  end  in  minute  glands. 

Glandular-bristly.     With  stiff  gland-tipped  hairs. 

Glandular-ciliate.     Fringed  with  small  glands. 

Glandular-pubescent.     With  gland-tipped  hairs. 

Glaucous.     With  white  or  bluish  bloom  (box  elder  twig). 

Globose.     Shaped  like  a  globe;  spherical. 

Granular.     Minutely  roughened. 

Gritty,     Containing  hard  particles  (pith  of  aucuba). 

Gum.     A  rather  fluid  resin,  as  loosely  used. 

Gummy.     Sticky,  as  applied  to  sap. 

Gymnosperms.  Plants  that  have  naked  seeds,  not  enclosed 
in  a  pistil.  With  angiosperms,  they  constitute  the  flower- 
ing plants  or  seed-plants. 

Habit.     General  appearance  or  mode  of  growth. 

Hairs.  Superficial  outgrowths;  trichomes:  sometimes  flat  and 
scale-like  (rhododendron),  sometimes  of  rays  like  the 
spokes  of  a  wheel,  when  they  are  spoken  of  as  stellate 
(deutzia),  sometimes  round  plates  attached  in  the  middle, 
when  they  are  spoken  of  as  peltate  (oleaster). 

Hairy.  Pubescent:  often  used  when  the  hairs  are  rather 
long. 

Half-shrub.     A  suffruticose  or  soft-wooded*  plant. 

Hardy.     Used  in  the  horticultural  sense,  enduring  winter-cold. 

Harsh.     Rough  to  the  touch,  as  applied  to  pubescence. 

Head.    A  round  or  flat  cluster  of  sessile  flowers. 

Heath-like.  Fine-stemmed  and  low,  rather  simple,  with  per- 
sistent leaves. 

Herbaceous.     Not  woody;   in  contrast  with  lignified. 

Hispid.     With  stiff  bristly  hairs. 


372  GLOSSARY 

Homogeneous.  Without  firmer  plates  or  grit,  as  here  used 
for  pith:  composed  entirely  of  living  cells,  as  applied  by 
Gris. 

Homologous.  Of  comparable  morphological  origin. — See  mor- 
phology. 

Honeycombed.     Finely  spongy   (pith  of  wintergreen). 

Horrid.     Used  in  the  classical  sense. 

Hypotrophic.  More  nourished  and  developed  on  the  lower 
side  (horizontal  branches  of  yew). 

Imbricated.     Overlapping  like  shingles. 

Impressed-veiny  or  venulose.     With  sunken  veins  or  veinlets. 

Incipient.     Beginning  or  developing. 

Indefinite  or  indistinct.  Not  readily  made  out:  usually  be- 
cause very  small  or  hairy  (bud-scales),  or  because  over- 
grown by  a  corky  layer  (bundle-traces). 

Indehiscent.     Not  opening,  as  applied  to  fruits. 

Inequilateral.  With  unequal  sides:  the  same  as  oblique  when 
applied  to  leaves  or  leaflets. 

Inferior.  Applied  to  a  flower  or  fruit  in  which  the  pistil 
appears  to  bear  the  calyx  on  its  side  (witch  hazel)  or 
top  (apple). 

Inflorescence.     A  flower  cluster. 

Inflorescence-scar.  The  scar  from  which  a  flower-cluster  has 
fallen. 

Infra-.  Below. — Infra-axillary,  below  the  axil  or  leaf  (goose- 
berry prickle) ;  infraspinal,  below  the  spine  (bougainvil- 
lea  bud). 

Internode.     The  part  of  a  stem  between  two  nodes. 

Intricate.     Much  branched  with  entangled  branches. 

Involucrate.     With  an  involucre  or  cluster  of  bracts. 

Involucre.     A  cluster  of  modified  leaves  about  a  flower-cluster. 

Isodiametric.     As  broad  as  high. 

Junctures.  The  same  as  winter  nodes.  The  points  at  which 
one  season's  growth  is  succeeded  by  the  next:  they  com- 
prise the  interrameal  region  of  Gris. 


GLOSSARY  373 

Keel.     A  ridge  on  the  back  of  a  leaf  or  bud-scale. 

Knees.  Pointed  or  dome-like  outgrowths  from  cypress  roots, 
rising  above  the  water. 

Lacunae.     See  Foliar-gaps. 

Lanceolate.     Shaped  like  a  lance-head,  as  applied  to  leaves. 

Lateral.     Applied  to  all  but  the  truly  terminal  bud. 

Leaf.  The  foliage  appendages  of  the  stem,  though  not  al- 
ways serving  as  foliage:  sometimes  metamorphosed  into 
a  spine  (barberry)  or  tendril  (clematis)  or  reduced  to  a 
scale  (tamarisk).  Leaves  originate  at  and  mark  the 
nodes  or  joints  of  the  stem.  Buds  normally  occur  in  the 
angles  or  axils  above  leaves  and  are  correspondingly  alter- 
nate, opposite  or  whorled  on  the  stem. 

Leaf-axis.     The  same  as  rachis. 

Leaf-cushion.  A  raised  base  on  which  the  leaf-scar  sometimes 
appears. 

Leaf-scars.  Scars  from  which  leaves  have  fallen.  They  usu- 
ally occur  characteristically  either  singly  (alternate)  or 
paired  (opposite)  or  in  groups  of  more  than  2  (whorled) 
at  each  node.  Leaf-scars  differ  greatly  in  size  and  shape, 
and  offer  some  of  the  best  winter-characters.  The  points 
where  woody  strands  passed  up  into  the  leaf  are  usually 
evident,  and  are  called  bundle-traces.  Typical  leaf-scars 
are  essentially  at  the  level  of  the  stem;  but  they  are 
raised  on  a  pronounced  base  or  leaf-cushion  in  some  cases, 
or  the  buds  are  covered  by  an  articular  membrane  in 
others. 

Leaf-spine.     A  spine  metamorphosed  from  a  leaf. 

Leaflet.     One  of  the  divisions  of  a  compound  leaf. 

Legume.     A  pod:   characteristic  fruit  of  the  pea  family. 

Lenticels.  Wart-like  prominences  breaking  through  the  bark 
of  most  young  twigs  (elder,  cherry). 

Lignified.     Woody,  in  contrast  with  herbaceous. 

Linear.  Long  and  narrow  (leaves) ;  nearly  straight  (leaf- 
scars). 


374  GLOSSARY 

Lined.     Rather  lightly  ridged  or  ribbed. 

Lobed.     Divided  rather  deeply,  as  applied  to  leaves. 

Lucky-nuts  or  knots.  A  name  sometimes  given  by  children 
to  woody  structures  imbedded  in  the  bark  of  beech,  olive, 
etc.  They  represent  loosely  attached  rudimentary 
branches  and  are  comparable  with  burls. 

Matted.  Growing  in  very  compact  tufts,  or  so  as  to  form  a 
low  close  cover  to  the  ground. 

Medullary  rays.  The  plates  radiating  between  pith  and  cor- 
tex in  exogenous  stems.  Like  pith,  they  serve  for  the 
storage  of  reserve  food, — usually  starch  as  may  be  demon- 
strated by  a  drop  of  iodine  on  the  end  of  a  twig  cut  in 
winter. 

Member.     A  morphological  part  of  a  plant:  root,  stem,  leaf. 

Membranaceous.     Thinner  and  less  firm  than  coriaceous. 

Metamorphosis.  Conversion  of  a  member  of  the  plant  body 
into  an  organ  differing  in  function  from  its  usual  form: 
tendril  of  grape  (stem)  or  clematis  (leaf)  and  aerial  roots 
of  poison  ivy  (root)  as  organs  of  climbing;  spine  of  red- 
haw  (stem)  or  barberry  (leaf),  or  pea-tree  (leaf  rachis) 
as  organs  of  protection;  cladodia  of  butcher's  broom 
(stem),  green  roots  of  some  conservatory  orchids,  etc.," as 
foliage. 

Midrib.     The  strong  main  vein  of  a  leaf. 

Milky.     Colored,  usually  white,  as  applied  to  sap. 

Moniliform.     Resembling  a  necklace  of  beads   (sophora  fruit). 

Monocotyledonous.  Belonging  to  or  characteristic  of  Monoco- 
tyledoneae,  one  of  the  two  main  groups  of  angiosperms. 

Morphology.  The  science  of  form  in  living  things,  classify- 
ing their  parts  as  members  from  the  view-point  of  origin 
and  development.  However  they  may  differ  in  function, 
members  that  are  morphologically  of  like  origin  are  ho- 
mologous one  with  another. 

Mucronate.     With  a  short  stiff  abrupt  point. 

Mucronulate.     Minutely  mucronate. 


GLOSSARY  375 

Multiple.  Applied  to  several  buds  in  or  over  an  axil,  instead 
of  the  customary  single  or  solitary  bud. 

Naked.     Without  specialized  scales,  as  applied  to  buds. 

Nectar-glands.  Glands  that  secrete  the  sugary  fluid  nectar: 
common  in  flowers;  characteristic  of  the  petioles  of  cher- 
ries, the  under  surface  of  leaves  of  the  cherry-laurel,  the 
calyx  of  paeonies,  etc. 

Netted-veined.     Much  the  same  as  reticulate. 

Nodal.     At  or  pertaining  to  a  node. 

Node.  The  part  of  a  stem  marked  by  a  leaf,  or  a  pair  or 
whorl  of  leaves. 

Nodose.     Swollen  into  joints. 

Nutlets.  Small,  hard  fruits  or  their  parts,  or  the  stones  of 
a  small  drupe. 

Ob-.  Used  as  a  prefix  to  indicate  inversion:  obcordate  in  con- 
trast with  cordate,  oblanceolate,  etc. 

Oblique.  Not  immediately  over  the  leaf-scar  (mulberry 
bud):  not  equal-sided  at  base  (tamarind  leaflet). 

Obliquely  opposite.  Sometimes  said  of  normally  opposite 
leaves  with  some  pairs  broken  (ash,  etc.). 

Oblong.     Between  elliptical  and  linear  in  shape. 

Obscure.  Not  easily  made  out,  as  applied  to  buds,  bundle- 
traces,  etc. 

Obtuse.     Blunt,  in  contrast  with  acute. 

Ochreae.  Sheathing  stipules,  or  their  near  equivalent,  of 
Polygonaceae. 

Odd-pinnate.  Pinnate  with  a  terminal  or  odd  leaflet:  con- 
trasted with  abruptly  pinnate. 

Odoriferous.  Much  the  same  as  aromatic  but  of  questionable 
fragrance. 

Olivaceous.     Brownish  or  yellowish  green,  like  a  pickled  olive. 

Opposite.     Two  at  a  -node,  as  applied  to  leaf-scars. 

Organ.  A  physiological  part  of  a  plant,  considered  with  ref- 
erence to  the  work  it  does  rather  than  its  morphological 
origin. 


376  GLOSSARY 

Osier-like.     Long  and  lithe   (shoots  of  willow  or  dogwood). 

Ovate.     Shaped  like  the  section  of  an  egg. 

Ovoid.     Egg-shaped. 

Palmate.     The  same  as  digitate.     Contrasted  with  pinnate. 

Panicle.     A  branched  cluster  of  stalked  flowers   (lilac). 

Panicled.     In  panicles. 

Papery.     Firm  but  thin,  as  applied  to  leaves. 

Papillate.     Much  the  same  as    granular,  the    granules    more 

elevated. 
Papillately   hairy.     With   short    thick    hairs,   or    hairs    from 

papillae. 
Parted.     Much  the  same  as  divided,  when  applied  to  leaves  or 

stipules. 

Pedicel.     The  stalk  of  an  individual  flower  in  a  flower-cluster. 
Pedicel-  or  peduncle-scar.     The  scar  from  which  a  flower    or 

flower-cluster  has  fallen. 
Peduncle.     The   stalk   of    a   flower-cluster,   or    of    a    solitary 

flower. 
Pellucid-dotted   or   punctate   or   glandular.     With   translucent 

dots  when  held  to  the  light  (orange  leaf). 
Peltate.     Attached  to  a  stalk  nearly  by  its  center    (scales  of 

oleaster). 
Percurrent.     With  the  main  trunk  continued  through  to  the 

top:   contrasted  with  deliquescent. 

Persistent.     Not   deciduous,   as   applied   to  leaves:    not  disap- 
pearing, as  applied  to  pith,  pubescence,  epidermis,  etc. 
Petals.     Modified  leaves  forming  the  inner  floral  envelope. 
Petiole.     The  leaf-stalk;  rarely  (nandina)  persistent  after  the 

rest  of  the  leaf  has  fallen. 
Petioled  or  petiolate.     With  a  petiole:   stalked,  as  applied  to 

leaves. 

Petiolule.     The  petiole  or  stalk  of  a  leaflet. 
Phyllodia.     Dilated     petioles     taking     the     place     of     foliage 

(acacia). 


GLOSSARY  377 

Phyllotaxis.  Leaf-arrangement:  alternate,  or  separate  in  2, 
3,  5  or  8  ranks,  on  many  plants;  opposite,  or  in  groups 
of  2,  in  others;  whorled,  or  in  groups  of  more  than  2,  in 
still  others. 

Physiology.  The  science  of  function  in  living  things,  classi- 
fying their  parts  as  organs  with  respect  to  the  work  they 
perform.  Organs  of  unlike  morphological  origin  are  anal- 
ogous to  one  another. — See  metamorphosis;  morphology. 

Pinna.     One  of  the  divisions  of  a  pinnate  leaf. 

Pinnate.  Like  the  plume  of  a  feather:  having  the  leaflets 
along  a  rachis,  as  applied  to  compound  leaves  (tamarind). 
Contrasted  with  digitate  or  palmate. 

Pinnule.     A  leaflet  of  a  bipinnate  or  decompound  leaf. 

Pistillate.  Producing  pistil,  or  seed-organ,  but  not  stamens 
(ear  of  corn,  "female"  cottonwood). 

Pith.  The  central  part  of  a  dicotyledonous  or  exogenous 
stem,  surrounded  by  the  woody  cylinder:  usually  continu- 
ous and  of  uniform  texture,  or  gritty  or  surrounded  by 
cells  different  from  those  at  the  center,  or  exceptionally 
with  plates  of  firmer  cells,  or  diaphragms,  at  the  nodes 
(paper  mulberry,  grape)  or  at  intervals  between  them 
(tupelo)  though  otherwise  continuous;  rather  commonly 
with  cavities  like  a  sponge  (evonymus),  or  entirely  exca- 
vated or  disappearing,  at  least  between  the  nodes  (honey- 
suckle) so  as  to  make  the  stem  fistulous;  not  infrequently 
chambered  between  persistent  thin  plates  or  disks  (wal- 
nut) when  it  is  spoken  of  sometimes  as  discoid. 

Pithy.  Sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  having  large  pith 
and  little  wood. 

Pod.     A  dry  dehiscent  seed-vessel. 

Pointed.  The  general  equivalent  of  acute,  acuminate  or  mu- 
cronate. 

Pollen.     The  male  cells  or  microspores  produced  by  flowers. 

Pome.  An  apple-fruit,  with  a  papery  or  bony  core  at  center 
and  crowned  by  sepals  or  scars  from  which  they  have 


378  GLOSSARY 

fallen.  Many  "berry-like"  fruits  are  really  small  pomes 
(cotoneaster). 

Preformed.  Already  with  definite  shape  or  structure  (leaves 
within  the  bud). 

Prehensile.     Clasping,  coiling  in  response  to  touch  (tendrils). 

Prickle.  A  pungent  outgrowth  of  a  stem  or  leaf,  not  repre- 
senting a  modified  form  of  either  member  (rose). 

Prominent.     Standing  out,  usually  in  the  literal  sense. 

Pruinose.  Encrusted  with  wax,  very  glaucous  (bayberry 
fruit). 

Puberulent.     Minutely  pubescent. 

Pubescence.     Collective  name  for  the  hairs  of  a  plant. 

Pubescent.  With  hairs,  in  contrast  with  glabrous:  sometimes 
used  to  designate  the  presence  of  soft  short  hairs  in  con- 
trast with  villous,  hispid,  etc. 

Punctate.     Marked  with  small  points:   dotted. 

Pungent.     With  a  sharp  hard  point:  acrid  in  taste  or  odor. 

Raceme.     An  elongated  unbranched  cluster  of  stalked  flowers. 

Racemed  or  racemose.     In  racemes. 

Rachis.  The  axis  along  which  the  leaflets  of  a  pinnate  leaf 
are  arranged  (tamarind). 

Rachis-spine.     A  spine  metamorphosed  from  a  leaf-rachis. 

Ranks.  As  applied  to  leaf-scars,  the  longitudinal  series  in 
which  these  are  arranged  on  the  stem;  usually  2,  3,  5 
or  8  when  they  are  alternate,  and  twice  as  many  as  the 
scars  at  a  node  when  these  are  opposite  or  whorled;  also 
applied  to  bud-scales. 

Receptacle.  The  part  of  a  stem  that  bears  the  floral  organs 
or,  when  enlarged,  the  flower  (cashew  apple)  or  flowers 
(fig). 

Reduced.  Smaller  or  simpler  than  usual,  as  commonly  ap- 
plied. 

Resin.     A  hardening  gum,  as  loosely  used. 


GLOSSARY  379 

Resin-warts  or  glands.    Glands  that  secrete  resin   (bayberry, 

black  birch). 

Resiniferous  or  resinifluous.     Exuding  or  producing  resin. 
Reticulate.     Netted,  usually  referring  to  veins  of  a  leaf. 
Retrorsely  hairy.     With  hairs  directed  downward  on  stem  or 

leaf. 

Revolute.     With  the  margins  rolled  back,  as  applied  to  leaves. 
Ring-porous.    Wood  in  which  the  ducts  first  formed  in  the 

season  are  either  larger    or    more    crowded    than    those 

formed  in  summer  (oak). 

Root-climber.     A  plant  climbing  by  aid  of  aerial  roots. 
Rudiment.     Beginning    of     an    undeveloped    member.     Con- 
trasted with  vestige. 

Rugulose.     Minutely  rugose  or  wrinkled. 
Savory.     Smelling  like  thyme. 
Sap.     As  here  used,  the  fluid  that  flows  from  a  freshly  cut 

leaf-stalk  or  twig. 
Scabrous.     Rough  to  the  touch. 
Scale.    As  usually    employed,  a  reduced    leaf,  as    in    winter 

buds,  ruscus,  etc.:  one  of  the  parts  of  a  cone  of  the  larch, 

etc.:    a  flattened    (rhododendron)    or  peltate    (elaeagnus) 

hair. 

Scarious.     Thin,  dry  and  papery. 
Scattered.     Not  in  any  of  the  usual  definite  groups,  as  applied 

to  leaves,  bundle-traces,  etc. 
Scrambling-plants.     Climbers  that    neither    coil    nor    produce 

aerial  roots  or  tendrils   (rose). 
Scurfy.     Scaly  rather  than  hairy. 

Sepals.     Modified  leaves  forming  the  outer  floral  envelope. 
Serrate.     Saw-toothed:  the  teeth  pointed  upward. 
Serrulate.     Serrate  with  fine  teeth. 
Sessile.     Not  stalked. 
Setaceous.     Bristle-like,  very  narrow. 


380  GLOSSARY 

Sheathing.  Forming  a  (frequently  tubular)  sheath  (sea 
grape  stipules). 

Shield-shaped.  Of  the  conventional  shield-form  (leaf  scar  of 
cyrilla) :  peltate  (scale-chaff  of  oleaster). 

Shredding.     Falling  away  in  shreds   (bark  of  grape). 

Shrub.  A  woody  plant  not  becoming  a  tree:  usually  the 
equivalent  of  the  colloquial  word  bush,  which  also  ex- 
cludes climbers. 

Silky.     With  soft  appressed  hairs. 

Simple.  Not  compound,  of  one  part  (ivy  leaf;  maple  bundle- 
traces). 

Sinuate.     With  wavy  margin,  as  applied  to  leaves. 

Smooth.  Not  roughened,  not  warty:  wrongly  used  for  gla- 
brous. 

Soft-wooded.     Suffruticose,  not  fully  lignified,  as  here  used. 

Spatulate.  Oblong  with  the  upper  part  rather  abruptly 
widened. 

Spermatophytes.     Seed-plants:   flowering  plants. 

Spine.  A  specialized  pungent  form  of  the  leaf  (barberry)  or 
its  stipules  (locust)  or  rachis  (pea-tree) ;  or  of  a  twig 
(hawthorn).  Contrasted  with  prickle. 

Spinescent.     Turning  into  spines. 

Spirally  arranged.  Leaves  or  their  equivalent  that  are 
neither  opposite  nor  whorled  and  not  2-ranked. 

Spongy.     Porous,  suggesting  a  sponge,  as  applied  to  pith. 

Spreading.  Not  closely  appressed  to  the  twig  (buds)  or  the 
surface  (hairs) ;  horizontal  as  applied  to  branches. 

Spur.  A  dwarf-branch,  as  applied  to  twigs  (larch,  birch), 
often  bearing  the  flower-buds  (pear). 

Stalked.  Elongated  perceptibly  below  the  lowest  scales,  as 
applied  to  buds  (alder). 

Staminate.  Producing  stamens  or  pollen-organs,  but  not  pis- 
til (tassel  of  corn,  "male"  cottonwood). 


GLOSSARY  381 

Standard.  In  horticulture,  a  small  tree  commonly  produced 
by  grafting  a  weeping  or  dwarf  form  on  a  trunk  of  the 
desired  height. 

Star-shaped  or  stellate.  With  several  arms  radiating  from  a 
center  (hairs  of  deutzia;  pith  of  oak  in  cross  section). 

Staring.     Widely  spreading,  as  applied  to  hairs,  etc. 

Stellate-scurfy.     Scurfy  with  star-shaped  hairs  or  scales. 

Stem.  The  trunk  and  its  branches:  one  of  the  three  funda- 
mental parts  of  a  higher  plant, — root,  stem  and  leaf. 

Sterigmata.  The  raised  bases  from  which  some  small  leaves 
fall  (spruce). 

Stipular.     Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  stipules. 

Stipulate.     Provided  with  stipules. 

Stipule-scars.  Scars  from  which  stipules  have  fallen;  some- 
times forming  a  ring  around  the  twig  (magnolia),  or 
very  unequal  (elm) ;  usually  small. 

Stipule-spines.     Spines  metamorphosed  from  stipules. 

Stipules.  Small  basal  outgrowths  of  a  leaf;  sometimes  serv- 
ing as  bud  scales  (beech),  or  spines  (locust);  usually 
otherwise  represented  by  scars,  if  at  all,  in  winter.  The 
relation  of  stipules  to  the  nodal  anatomy  of  plants  is 
considered  by  Sinnott  and  Bailey  in  The  American  Jour- 
nal of  Botany  for  November  1914. 

Stolon.  A  stem  that  arches  over  and  roots  at  the  tip  (black- 
cap). 

Stoloniferous.     Producing  stolons. 

Stomata.     The  "breathing-pores"  of  a  leaf. 

Stone.  The  hard  inner  part  of  a  drupe  or  stonefruit 
(cherry). 

Stratified.  In  horizontal  layers  (foliage  of  red  haw  and 
tupelo). 

Striate.     Striped,  usually  by  alternating  ridges  and  grooves. 

Sub-.  Often  used  as  a  prefix  in  the  sense  of  nearly: — sub- 
acute,  subsessile,  etc. 


382  GLOSSARY 

Subtending.     Standing  below. 

Succulent.     Fleshy  (stem  of  ocotillo;  scales  of  hawthorn). 

Suckers.  Adherent  disks  on  tendrils  (Boston  ivy) ;  also  ap- 
plied to  new  stems  that  originate  underground  (poplar), 
or  to  canes  (rose). 

Sulcate.    Grooved. 

Sunken.     In  depressions  (buds  of  coffee-nut  or  buttonball). 

Supernumerary.  Beyond  the  usual  number  (superposed  or 
collateral  buds). 

Superposed.     One  above  the  other  (buds  of  coffee-nut). 

Suppressed.  Undeveloped  or  rudimentary,  when  applied  to 
buds,  etc. 

Surpassing.     Sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  longer  than. 

Tender.  In  the  horticultural  sense  of  not  enduring  winter 
cold. 

Tendril.  A  climbing  organ  metamorphosed  from  leaf  (cle- 
matis), stipules  (smilax)  or  stem  (grape). 

Terete.  Round  in  cross-section  as  though  rolled  between  the 
fingers,  as  applied  to  twigs,  capsules,  etc. 

Teretely.     In  a  terete  manner. 

Ternate.  Compound  or  decompound  with  3  divisions  (nan- 
dina  leaf). 

Thorn.     The  same  as  spine. 

Tomentose.     Woolly. 

Tomentulose.     Microscopically  tomentose  or  woolly. 

Toothed.  With  the  margin  cut  into,  but  not  deeply  enough 
for  lobing,  as  applied  to  leaves. 

Torsion.  Twisting.  It  frequently  gives  a  false  impression  of 
the  number  of  ranks  in  which  leaf-scars  stand.  Leaves 
of  privet,  pernettya  and  many  other  plants  lie  in  one 
plane  through  curving  of  their  petioles,  though  they  origi- 
nate on  the  stem  in  4  ranks. 

Torulose.     Much  the  same  as  moniliform:   necklace-like. 


GLOSSARY  383 

Tracheae.  The  ducts  or  vessels  of  wood;  chains  of  elongated 
cells  the  cross  partitions  between  which  have  more  or 
less  completely  disappeared. 

Tracheides.  Short  pitted  or  spirally  thickened  cells  replac- 
ing tracheae  as  water  channels  in  the  wood  of  most  gym- 
nosperms. 

Trailing.     Slender-stemmed,  prostrate  on  the  ground. 

Transverse.  Used  sometimes  in  the  sense  of  transversely 
lengthened. 

Transversely  joined  leaf-scars.  Those  of  a  pair  or  whorl  con- 
nected by  a  ridge  or  line  running  around  the  twig. 

Tree.  A  woody  plant,  usually  of  large  size  or  with  a  single 
trunk  when  smaller.  Contrasted  with  shrub,  but  not 
easily  separated  in  definition,  as  sumach,  witch  hazel  and 
many  other  plants  show. 

Trichomes.     The  same  as  hairs. 

Trifoliolate.     Of  3  leaflets,  as  applied  to  compound  leaves. 

Truncate.  Abruptly  cut  off  (seed  of  hardy  catalpa;  petiole 
of  fendlera;  leaf-scar  of  sorbaria). 

Truncately.     In  a  truncate  manner. 

Trunk.     The  main  stem  or  axis  of  a  tree. 

Tuberculate.    Warty. 

Tube.  The  lower  tubular  part  of  a  gamophyllous  calyx  or 
corolla,  etc. 

Twig-spine.     A  spine  metamorphosed  from  a  twig. 

Twigs.     The  finer  or  finest  branches  of  a  stem. 

Twiggy.     Used  in  the  sense  of  having  many  divergent  twigs. 

Twinned-hairs.     Two-armed  appressed  hairs   (dogwood). 

Unarmed.  Without  either  spines  or  prickles, — though  the 
leaves  may  have  pungent  teeth  or  tip  as  in  holly. 

Unifoliolate.  Really  compound,  though  of  only  one  leaflet 
(leaf  of  barberry  or  orange). 

Uniform.  Neither  diaphragmed  nor  gritty,  as  here  applied 
to  pith. 


284  GLOSSARY 

Urceolate.     Urn-shaped    in   the    conventional   sense,    with   the 

neck  contracted. 

Valvate.     Meeting  by  the  edges  but  not  overlapping. 
Valves.     The  parts  into  which  a  capsule  finally  breaks. 
Vascular  bundles.     The  strands,  chiefly  woody,  of  root,  stem 

or  leaf. 

Veinlets.     The  finer  or  finest  veins  of  a  leaf. 
Veins.     The  woody  bundles    of    a    leaf, — often  called    nerves 

when  they  run  rather  distinctly  from  its  base  to  tip. 
Veiny.     Usually  meaning  with  conspicuous  veins. 
Velvety.     Downy:   pubescent  with  short  spreading  hairs. 
Venulose.     Finely  veiny. 

Vernation.     Arrangement  of  leaves  in  the  bud. 
Verticillate.     Whorled. 
Vessels.     Ducts,  or  tracheae. 
Vestiges.     The   remnants   of   disappearing   parts.     Contrasted 

with  rudiments  or  unformed  parts. 
Villous.     With  long  spreading  hairs. 
Vine.     A- climbing  or  trailing  plant,  in  popular  usage. 
Warty.     With  rounded  warts  or    tubercles     (twig    of    elder). 

Contrasted  with  granular,  where  the  roughening  is  fine. 
Weeping.  With  drooping  branches,  as  used  horticulturally. 
Whorled.  Three  or  more  at  a  node,  as  applied  to  leaf-scars. 
Winged.  With  thin  border  or  appendage  (leaf-scar  of  some 

maples,  twig  of  some  spindle-trees,  petiole  of  orange). 
Wood.     Technically,  the  xylem  or  part   of  the   fibro-vascular 

bundles   of  higher  plants  that   contains  ducts  or  trache- 

ides,  in  contrast  with  the  bast  or  phloem  which  contains 

sieve-cells. 
Wood-parenchyma.     Tissue    with     ducts    and    tracheides,    in 

wood. 

Woody  fibers.     As  here  used  loosely,  the  vascular  bundles. 
Woolly.     With  long  curved  tangled  hairs. 
Zig-zag.     Bent  back  and  forth  at  the  nodes. 


INDEX. 


Abelia  358 
Acacia   133 
Acacia,  Rose  157 
Acanthopanax  259, 

258 

Acer   202,   208,   350 
Achras  302 
Acidoton  176 
Actinidia  232 
Adelia  316 
Adolphia  221,  197, 

214 

Aegle   169 
Aesculus  207,  208, 

209 

Aguacate  70 
Ailanthus  170,  11, 

116,  140 
Akebia  55 
Albizzia  132 
Alder  25 
Alder,  Black  193 
Algaroba  138 
Allspice   255 
All  thorn  241 
Allamanda  324 
Alligator  pear  70 
Almond  129 
Alnus  25,  26 


Amatungulu  323 
Amelanchier  110 
American  laurel  278 
Amorpha  150 
Ampelopsis  222,  225 
Amphiraphis  360 
Anacardium  184,  218 
Andrachne  175,  176 
Andromeda  284,  278, 

286 

Angelica  tree  260 
Annona  68 
Ants  133 

Apache  plume  118 
Aphananthe    41,    40 
Apricot   130 
Aralia  260,  51 
Arbutus,  Trailing  289 
Arctostaphylos    292, 

278 

Arctous  293 
Aristolochia  44 
Aronia  105 
Arrow  wood  349 
Artemisia  360* 
Ascyrum  236 
Ash  310 

Ash,  Mountain  106 
Ash,  Prickly  161 
385 


Ash,  Wafer  164 
Asimina  68,  67 
Asparagus   8 
Aspen  10 
Aster  360 
Aucuba  264 
Azalea  272 
Azalea,  Trailing  277 

Baccharis  360 
Bald  Cypress  5 
Balm  of  Gilead  10 
Balsam  9 
Banana  shrub  62 
Barberry  57,  59,  60 
Basswood  226 
Batodendron  295 
Bay  73 
Bayberry  13 
Bean,  Screw  135 
Bearberry  292,  293 
Beech  27 
Beech,  Blue  21 
Begonia,  Trailing 

223 

Benzoin  72 
Berberis   57,   59,   60 
Berchemia  217 
Betula  23,  26,  85 


386 


INDEX 


336 


Bignonia  338  (Buckthorn,   Sea  247 

Birch  23,  290  Buckwheat  tree  189 

Birch,    West    Indianj  Buddleia  321 

Buffalo  berry  248 
Bull  horn  133 
Bumelia  302 
Burning  bush  195 
Bursera  171 
Butcher's   broom   7 
Butneria  66 
Butternut  16 
Button  bush  344 


171 

Bittersweet  199, 
Black  alder  193 
Blackberry  115 
Blackjack  30 
Bladder  nut  201 
Bladder    senna   152 
Blue  beech  21 
Blueberry  295 
Blue  gum  257 
Bog  rosemary  284 
Boston  ivy  222 
Bougainvillea  46 
Box  177,  252 
Box,  Brisbane  256 
Box  elder  204 
Bramble  115 
Brisbane  box  256 
Broom  146 
Broom,  Butcher's  7 
Broom,  Spanish  145 


Buxus  177 

Cacao  229,  235 
Caesalpinia  134 
Caffein  235,  346 
Callicarpa   331,   321 
Calluna  298,  278 
Calocarpum  302 
Calophaca  155 
Calycanthus   66,    67 
Calycocarpum  61 
Calycotome  134 


Broom  crowberry  179,  Camellia  235 


Broussonetia  36 
Bryanthus    279 
Buckeye  207 
Buckeye,  Chinese 

211 
Buckeye,   Mexican 

210 

Buckleya  43 
Buckthorn  220 


Camphor  69 
Campsis  339,   342 
Caiiatillo  6 
Cape  jessamine  345 
Capillaire  297 
Capparis  73 
Caprifolium  353 
Caragana  154,  153, 
141 


Buckthorn,  False  302  Carica  243 


Carissa  323 
Carob  138 
Carolina   jessamine 

322 
Carolina    moonseed 

61 

Carpinus  21 
Carya  18,  17 
Caryopteris  332,  321 
Cascara  sagrada  220 
Cashew  apple  218 
Cassandra  285 
Cassena  193 
Cassia  bark  69 
Cassiope  282 
Castanea  28 
Cat  vine  232 
Catalpa  341,  337 
Cauliflory  229 
Ceanothus  219,  215 
Cedar,  False  173 
Cedrela  173 
Celastrus  163,  199 
Celtis  39,   40,  80 
Cephalanthus  344 
Ceratiola  181 
Ceratonia  138 
Ceratostigma  301 
Cercidiphyllum    49, 

47 

Cercidium  142 
Cercis  137 
Cercocarpus  120 
Chaenomeles  103 
Chamaebatia  122,  96 


INDEX 


387 


Chamaebatiaria  96, 

Clematis  52 

Corylopsis  89 

122 

Clerodendron   329 

Corylus  20 

Chamaecistus    277 

Clethra  268 

Cotinus  186 

Chamaedaphne  285 

Cliftonia  189 

Cotoneaster  100 

Chaparral  215,  216 

Climbing  hydrangea 

Cotton  gum  265 

Chaste  tree  333 

78 

Cottonwood  10 

Cherimoya  68 

Clove  255 

Covillea  160 

Cherry  127 

Coca  158 

Cowania  119,  118 

Cherry,   Cornelian 

Coccoloba  45 

Cranberry  295 

263 

Cocculus  61,  55 

Cranberry,   High- 

Cherry  laurel  129 

Cockspur  thorn  111 

bush  350 

Chestnut  28 

Cocoa  229 

Crape  myrtle  249 

Chick  pea  136 

Coffea  346 

Crataegus  111,  99, 

Chicozapote   302 

Coffee  346,  42,  229, 

121 

Chilopsis  340 

235 

Creeping    snowberry 

Chimonanthus    67 

Coffee  tree  140 

297 

China  berry  i74,  208;  Cola  231 

Creosote  bush  160 

Chinese  buckeye  211 

Colletia  214,  221 

Cross  vine  338 

Chinquapin  28,  31 

Colutea  152 

Crowberry   179,   180 

Chiogenes  297,  294 

Comandra  43 

Crown  of  thorns  213 

Chionanthus  317 

Comptonia  13 

Cupseed  61 

Chittam  wood  186 

Condalia  215 

Currant  82 

Chlorophora  35 

Confederate  jessa- 

Custard apple  68 

Chokeberry  105 

mine  325 

Cydonia  102,  103 

Chocolate  235 

Coral  berry  352 

Cypress,   Bald   5 

Chrysanthemum  360 

Corchorus  113 

Cyrilla  190 

Cinchona  343 

Corema  179 

Cytisus  146,  148 

Cinnamomum  69 

Coriaria  182,  132 

Cinnamon  69 

Cork  tree  165 

Daboecia  280 

Cinquefoil  117 

Corkwood  14 

Dahoon  193 

Cissus  223,  222 

Cormus  106 

Dangleberry  294 

Cistus  236 

Cornel  262 

Daphne  244 

Citrange  169 

Cornelian  cherry  263 

Dasiphora  117 

Citrus   168,   167,   169 

Cornus  262,  137,  350 

Davidia  266 

Cladrastis  144,  44 

Coronilla  156 

Decaisnea  53 

388 


INDEX 


Decumaria  79 
Dendrium  276 
Desert  willow  340 
Deutzia  77,  78,  344 
Devil's  club   260 
Dewberry  116 
Diapensia  300 
Diervilla  348,  344 
Dimorphanthus   260 
Diospyros  303 
Dipelta  347 
Dirca  245 
Disanthus  86 
Distegium  353 
Dogwood  262 
Dorycnium  134 
Dutchman's  pipe  44 

Echinopanax  260 
Edwinia  75     , 
Egg  plant  336 
Ehretia  329 
Elaeagnus  247,  246, 

248 

Elder  359 
Elder,  Box  204 
Eleutherococcus   259 
Elliottia  269,  270 
Elm  38,  85 
Empetrum  180 
Enkianthus  281,  270 
Ephedra  6 
Epigaea  289,  278 
Erica  278,  299 
Eriobotrya  108 


Eriogonum  150 
Erythroxylon  158 
Eucalyptus  257 
Eucommia  48,   47 
Eugenia  255 
Euonymus  195 
Euptelea  47 
Euscaphis  201 
Evodia  162 
Evonymus  195,  194 
Exochorda  98 

Fadyenia  267 
Fagus  27,  32 
Fallugia  118,  119 
False  buckthorn  302 
False  cedar  173 
False  indigo  150 
Fatsia  258 
Feijoa  254 
Fendlera  76 
Fetter  bush   283 
Ficus   36,    37,   45,   73 
Fig  37 
Filbert  20 
Fire  thorn  99 
Fontanesia  309 
Forestiera  316,   317 
Forsellesia  197 
Forsythia  242,   308 
Fortunella  168 
Fothergilla  87,  86,  89 
Fouquieria  239 
Fragrant  olive   315 
Frangula  220 


Franklinia  234 
Fraxinus  310,  317 
French    mulberry 

331 

Fringe   tree   317 
Furze  149 
Fustic  35 

Gardenia  345 
Garrambullo    335 
Garrya  267 
Gaultheria  290,   271, 

275,  278 

Gaylussacia   294 
Gelsemium   322 
Genista  147 
Georgia  bark  343 
Ginkgo  3 

Gleditsia  139,   132 
Glossopetalon   197 
Golden  chain  148 
Gooseberry   82,   161 
Gordonia  234,  269 
Grape  224 
Grape,  Sea  45 
Greenbrier  8 
Grevillea  42. 
Grewia  227 
Groundsel  tree  360 
Guaiacum  157 
Guarana  235  - 
Guava  253,  254 
Gum,  Blue  257 
Gum,  Cotton  265 
Gum,   Sweet  85 


INDEX 


389 


Gum  styrax  306 
Gumbo  limbo  171 
Gutierrezia   360 
Gymnocladus    140, 
170 

Hackberry  39 
Hahnia  106 
Halesia   304,    305 
Halimodendron    153 
Hamamelis  88,   86, 

87,  89 

Harrimaniella  282 
Hawthorn  111 
Hazel  20 
Heath  299 
Heath,   Mountain 

278 
Heath,    St.   Dabeoc's 

280 

Heather  298 
Hedera  258 
Hedysarum  134 
Helianthemum    240 
Helwingia  261,  7 
Herbs,   Savory  334 
Hercules'  club  260 
Hibiscus    228 
Hickory  18 
Highbush   cranberry 

350 

Hippocastanum    207 
Hippophae  248,  246 
Holly  191,  194,  315 
Honey  locust  139 


Honey  tree  218 
Honeysuckle   353 
Hop  hornbeam  22 
Hop  tree  164 
Hopea  307 
Hornbeam  21 
Hornbeam,   Hop  22 
Horse  sugar  307 
Horsechestnut  207 
Hortensia  81 
Hovenia  218 
Huckleberry  294 
Hudsonia  240 
Hugeria  295 
Humming  bird  339 
Hybrid   barberry   60| 
Hybrid     chokeberry 

105 

Hybrid   orange   169 
Hydrangea   81,    344 
Hydrangea,  Climb- 
ing 78 

Hypericum  237 
Hyssop  334 
Hyssopus  334 

Idria  239 

Ilex   191,   163,   235, 

315 

Ilicioides  194 
Imperial  tree   337 
Incense  84 
Indigo,  False  150 
Indigofera  134 
Inkberry  193 


Itea  80,  75 
Iva  360 
Ivy  258,  177 
Ivy,  Boston  222 
Ivy,  Marine  223 
Ivy,  Poison  188 

Jamesia  75,   312 
Jasmine  320,  325 
Jasminum  320 
Jerusalem   thorn 

141,  213 
Jessamine   320,   322, 

325,  345 
Jojoba  178 
Judas  tree  137 
Juglans  16,  68,  80 
Jujube  212,   213 
Julibrissin  132 
Jute. 113 

Kalmia  278 
Kalmiella  278 
Kalopanax  259 
Kerria  113,  93 
Kinnikinnik  263 
Koeberlinia  241,214, 

221 

Koelreuteria  209 
Kola  231 
Kolkwitzia  357 
Kumquat  168 
Kunzia  121 

Labrador  tea  271 


290 


INDEX 


Laburnum  148,  134, 

146 

Lace  bark  245 
Lagerstroemia    249 
Lagetta  245 
Larch  4 
Larix  4 
Larrya  160 
Laurel  73 
Laurel,   American 

278 

Laurel,  Cherry  129 
Laurus  73 
Lead  plant  150 
Leather  leaf  285 
Leatherwood   245 
Ledum  271,  278,  285 
Leiophyllum  276 
Leitneria  14 
Lemon  168 
Lepargyraea  248 
Lespedeza  134 
Leucaena  134 
Leucothoe  283,   270, 

278 

Leycesteria  356 
Lignum  vitae  159 
Ligustrum   319 
Lilac  313,  113 
Lilac,   Californian 

219 

Lime  226 

Lime,   Ogeeche   265 
Limeberry  167 
Limonia  167 


Linden  226 
Lindera  72 
Linnaea  355 
Liquidambar   85,  89, 

306 
Liriodendron  62,  47, 

65 

Locust   157,   161 
Locust,   Honey   139 
Loiseleuria  277,   216 
Lonicera   353,   356 

348,  352 
Loquat  108 
Lotus  212 
Lucuma  302 
Lycium  335,  215 
Lyonia  287,  286,  270, 

278 

Maackia  144 

Maclura  35 

Maddenia  126 

Magnolia  63,   65,  68, 
45,  47 

Mahoberberis  60,  155J 

Mahogany  172 

Mahogany,   Moun- 
tain 120 

Mahonia  59,  57 

Maidenhair  tree  3 

Mairania  293 

Malus  102,  104 

Mamey  302 

Mangifera  183 

Mango  183 


Mangrove  251 
Manna  ash  310 
Maple  202 
Marica  267 
Marine  ivy  223 
Mastacanthus  332 
Mastic  184 
Mate  231 

Matrimony  vine  335 
Melia  174 

Menispermum  61,  55 
Menziesia  275,   270 
Meratia  67 
Mespilus    105,    110 
Mesquite  135 
Mexican  buckeye  210 
Mezereon  244 
Michelia  64,   147 
Micromeles  106 
Microrhamnus    216 
Mimosa,  Texas  133 
Mistletoe  43 
Mock  orange  74 
Mockernut  18 
Mohrodendron    304 
Monkey  tree  260 
Moonseed  61 
Morus  34 
Mountain  ash  106, 

105 
Mountain   bearberry 

293 

Mountain  heath  279 
Mountain  holly  194 
Mountain  lover  198 


INDEX 


391 


Mountain    mahog- 

Ocotillo 239 

any  120 

Odostemon  59 

Moxie  plum  297 

Ogeeche  lime  265 

Muhlenbeckia  7 

Olea  318 

Mulberry  34 

Oleander  326 

Mulberry,   French 

Oleaster  247 

331 

Olive  318 

Mulberry,  Paper  36 

Olive,  Fragrant  315 

Myrica  13 

Ononis  134 

Myricaria  238 

Opulaster  91 

Myrslne  252 

Orange  168 

Myrtle  252 

Orange,  Hardy  169 

Myrtle,  Crape  249 

Orange,  Mock  74 

Myrtle,  Running  252 

Orange,  Osage  35 

Myrtle,  Sand  276 

Orixa,   163 

Myrtle,  Wax  13 

Osage  orange  35 

Myrtus  252 

Osmanthus   315 

Osmaronia  125 

Nandina  56,  51 

Osoberry   125 

Nathusa  312 

Ostrya  22 

Negundo  202 

Othera  163 

Neillia  92,  91,  94 

Oxycoccus  95 

Nemopanthus   194 

Oxydendrum   288, 

Nerium  326 

270 

Nespera  108 

Neviusia  114 

Pachistima  198 

New  Jersey  tea  219 

Paeonia  50 

Ninebark  91 

Paeony  50 

Nuttallia  125 

Pagoda  tree  143 

Nyssa  265,  266,  68 

Paliurus  213 

Palo  verde  142 

Oak  29,  16,  85,  215 

Papain  243 

Oak,  Poison  180 

Papaw   68,   243 

Oak,  Silk  42 

Papaya  243 

Oakesia  179 

Paper  mulberry  36 

Paraguay  tea  231, 

235 
Parkinsonia,  141, 

153 

Parrotia  86,  89 
Parthenocissus    225, 

222 

Paullinia  235 
Paulownia  337 
Pavia  207 
Pea  tree  154 
Pear  104 

Pear,  Alligator  70 
Peach  129 
Pearl  bush  98 
Pecan  18 
Pepper  bush  268 
Pepper  tree  185 
Pepper  vine  222 
Pepperidge   265 
Peraphyllum  110 
Iperiploca  327 
Periwinkle    252 
Pernettya   291 
Persea  70 
Persimmon  303 
Peruvian  bark   343 
Petraea  330 
Petteria  134 
Phellodendron   165 
Philadelphus  74,  76, 

79,  113 

•Phillyraea  314 
Phlomis  334 


,392 


INDEX 


Photinia  109 
Phyllanthus  7 
Phyllodoce  279 
Physocarpus   91,   82 
Pieris  .286,  270 
Pigeon  plum  45 
Pignut  18 
Pimenta  255 
Pinckneya  343 
Pineapple  guava  254 
Pistacia  184 
Pittosporum  84 
Plagiospermum    131 
Planera  39,  40 
Platanus  90,  44,  45 
Platycarya  15 
Plum  127 
Plum,  Moxie  297 
Plum,  Pigeon  45 
Poison  oak  188 
Poison  ivy  188 
Polycodium  295 
Pomegranate  250 
Poncirocitrus    169 
Poncirus   169,   167 
Popinac  134 
Poplar  9,  33 
Populus  9 
Potato  336 
Potentilla   117,    119 
Pourthiaea   110 
Prickly  ash  161 
Prinsepia  131 
Privet  319 
Privet,   Swamp  316 


Prosopis,  135,  182 
Prunus   127,   194,   94 
Psedera  222,  225 
Pseudolarix  4 
Psidium  253 
Ptelea  164,   165, 
Pterocarya  19 
Pterostyrax  305 
Puccinia  57,   59 
Punica  250 
Purple   wreath   330 
Purshia  121,   118 
Pyracantha  99 
Pyrus  104,   107,   94, 

102,  105,  127 
Pyxidanthera  301 
Pyxie  301 

Quercus  29,   32,  194 
Quinine  343 

Rambler   124 
Raphiolepis  107 
Raspberry  115 
Redbud  137 
Red  haw  111 
Retama  141 
Rhamnus  194,   220, 

221 

Rhizophora  251 
Rhododendron    272, 

278 

Rhodora  272 
Rhodotypos  112 
Rhus  187,  186 


Rhynchospermum 

325 

Ribes  82,  75 
Rice  paper  258 
Robinia  157,  76,  132 
189  Rosa  123 

Rose  123,  161 
Rose  acacia  157 
Rose  of  Sharon  228 
Rosemary   334 
Rosemary,  Bog  284 
Rosmarinus  334 
Rowan  tree  106 
Rubus  115 
Rue  163 
Rulac   202 

Running  myrtle  252 
Ruscus  7 
Rust,  Wheat  57,  59 

Sage  334 

St.    Andrew's    cross 

236 
St.    Dabeoc's   heath 

280 

St.  John's  bread  138 
St.   John's  wort  237 
St.  Peter's  wort  236 
Salisburia  3 
Salix  11 
Salt  tree  153 
Salvia  334 
Sambucus   359 
Sand  myrtle   276 
Sapindus  208 


INDEX 


393 


Sapodilla  302 
Sapote  302 
Sassafras  71 
Schinus  185 
Schizandra  65 
Schizophragma    78 
Schmaltzia  187 
Schrebera  312 
Scorpion  senna  156 
Screwbean  135 
Sea  buckthorn   247 
Sea  grape  45 
Securinega   176,    175 
Senna,  Bladder  152 
Senna,  Scorpion  156 
Sequoia   257 
Shadbush  110 
Shagbark  18 
Shepherdia   248 
Silk  oak  42 
Silk  vine  327 
Silver  bell  304 
Silver  plant  150 
Simmondsia  178 
Skimmia  166 
Smilax  8 
Smoke  bush  186 
Snowberry  352 
Snowberry,       Creep- 
ing 297 
Soapberry  208 
Solanum   336 
Sophora  143,  76 
Sorbaria  97,  94 
Sorbaronia   105 


Sorbus  106,  109,  105 
Soursop    68 
Spanish  broom  145 
Spartianthus   145 
Spartium  145 
Spice  bush  72 
Spindle  tree   195 
Spiraea  94 
Stachyurus  242 
Stagger  bush  286 
Staphylea   201,    164 
Star  jasmine  325 
Stauntonia  54 
Stenolobium    342 
Stephanandra  93,  92, 

94 

Stephanotis  328 
Sterculia  230 
Stewartia  233 
Storax  306 
Strawberry  bush  196 
Strawberry  guava 

254 
Strawberry   shrub 

66 

Strombocarpa  135 
Strychnine   322 
Strychnos   322 
Styrax  306 
Sumach  187 
Supple   Jack   217 
Swamp  privet  316 
Sweetbrier  124 
Sweetfern   13 
Sweetgale  13 


Sweetsop   68 
Sweet  bay  73 
Sweet  gum  85 
Sweet  leaf  307 
Swietenia   172,    171 
Sycamore  173,   90 
Symphoricarpos    352 
Symplocos  307 
Syringa  313,  113,  74 

Tamarack  4 
Tamarind  136 
Tamarindus   136 
Tamarisk  238 
Tamarix  238 
Tangelo  168 
Taxodium   5 
Tea  235,  229 
Tea,  Labrador  271 
Tea,  New  Jersey  219 
Tea,    Paraguay    231r 

235 

Tear  blanket  260 
Tecoma   342,   339 
Thea  235 
Theobroma    229 
Theobromin    235 
Thorn,   Jerusalem 

213 

Thyme  334 
Thymus  334 
Ti  ti  190 
Tigarea  121 
Tilia   226,    227,   11, 

116,  152 


394 


INDEX 


Tobacco  346 
Tomato  336 
Torminaria  106 
Tornillo  135 
Toxicodendron  188 
Trachelospermum 

325 

Trailing  arbutus  209 
Trailing    azalea    277 
Trailing  begonia  223 
Tree  of  Heaven  170 
Triphasia  167 
Tripterygium  200 
Tristania  256 
Trumpet  creeper  339 
Tsuga  43 

Tuckermannia  179 
Tulip  tree  62 
Tupelo   265 
Turquoise  berry  222 
Twinflower    355 

Ulex  149 

Ulmus  38,   11,  41 

Ungnadia  210 


Vaccinium   295,   278, 

285 

Vella  73 
Viburnum    349,    91, 

203 

Vinca  252 
Virginia  creeper  222, 

225 

Virgin's  bower  52 
Vitex  333,   321 
Vitis  224,  223 
Vitis  Idaea  295 

Waahoo    196 
Wafer  ash  164 
Walnut  16 
Washington    thorn 

111 

Wax  myrtle   13 
Weigelia   348 
West   Indian   birch 

171 

Wheat  rust  57,   59 
Whin  147 
Whitebeam    106 


Wild  lilac  219 
Willow  11,  33 
Willow,  Desert  340 
Wineberry   116 
Winterberry  193 
Wintergreen  290 
Wistaria   151,    330 
Wisteria  151 
Woodbine  354 
Woman's  tongue  132 

Xanthoceras   211 
Xolisma  287 
Xylosteum  352 

Yellow  wood  144 
Yellowroot  51 

Zanthorhiza  51 
Zanthoxylum    161, 

162 

Zapote   302 
Zelkova  40 
Z-enobia  270 
Zizyphus    212,    215, 

132,  182 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


C  0  3  M  T  4  5  ft  a  1 


